# Jam Sanjar

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Sultan of Sindh 1454-1461

Jam Sanjar ڄام سنجر Jam (Sindhi: ڄام) Malik (Sindhi: مَلِڪ) Shah (Sindhi: شاهه) Sultan of Sindh (Sindhi: سنڌ جو سُلطان) 15th Sultan of Sindh (Jam) Reign Hereditary Elective monarchy 6 May 1454 – 29 December 1461 [1] Predecessor Jam Sikandar II Successor Jam Nizamuddin II Born Sanjar bin Unar Died Gujarat Sultanate Issue Jam Nizamuddin II Malik Rahu [2] (Another Unnamed Son) House House of Unar Dynasty Samma Dynasty Father Jam Salahuddin I Religion Sunni Islam

**Sadruddin Shah III** ([Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language): صدرالدين شاهه ثالث) also known as **Jam Sanjar** ([Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language): ڄام سنجر) or **Raidhan** ([Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language): راءِ ڌن) was the fifteenth [Sultan](/source/Sultan) of [Sindh](/source/Sindh) from the [Samma dynasty](/source/Samma_dynasty), ruling from 1454 to 1461.[3][4]

## Biography

### Names

Sanjar was his birth name. After taking power he adopted the [regnal name](/source/Regnal_name) Sadruddin Shah III, following [Samma](/source/Samma_dynasty) tradition.[5][6] During his years in the [Kingdom of Kutch](/source/Kingdom_of_Kutch), the [Jarejas](/source/Jadeja) gave him the alias Malik Raidhan.[1]

### Life

He was the son of Jam Salahuddin I and the younger brother of [Jam Nizamuddin I](/source/Jam_Nizamuddin_I). Jam Sanjar was known as a strikingly handsome young man, said to leave people awestruck. After Jam Karan seized the throne by killing [Jam Ali Sher](/source/Jam_Ali_Sher), the Unar branch fled to Kutch. Jam Sanjar lived there among the [Jarejas](/source/Jadeja) after his brother's death.[1] Among the [Jareja](/source/Jadeja) [Sammas](/source/Samma_(tribe)), he earned trust through generosity, gaining the name Raidhan.[7]

Before ascending the throne, Jam Sanjar was on friendly terms with a [Fakir](/source/Fakir) of deep counsel. One night he visited him and said, “It is my wish to reign over [Samanagar](/source/Thatta), if only for eight days.” The Fakir replied, “You will be king for eight years.”[7][8]

## Reign

He ruled the country very wisely. Under his rule people of [Sindh](/source/Sindh) enjoyed much peace.

### Accession

When news of [Jam Sikandar II](/source/Jam_Sikandar_II)’s death reached him, Jam Sanjar came forth on 6 May 1454. With many followers he marched to [Samanagar](/source/Thatta) and gathered the [Emirs](/source/Emir) of Sindh, declaring he had come not to seize the country but to safeguard it, and that they should make king whoever they deemed worthy, with him first to give homage. As none was considered fit, all agreed to elect Jam Sanjar as the Sultan.[1] The [Emirs](/source/Emir) invested him with authority over the whole land, and the frontier [Hakims](/source/Hakim_(title)) and [Emirs](/source/Emir) obeyed without resistance.[9]

### Expansion

Within a year and a half he brought all Sindh under his rule, from the [Arabian Sea](/source/Arabian_Sea) to the limits of [Mathelo](/source/Mirpur_Mathelo), Gajrelli, Kandhi, and [Ubauro](/source/Ubauro).[2]

### Reforms

Jam Sanjar introduced customs previously unknown in the country. In his time the [sepoys](/source/Sepoy) and [ryots](/source/Ryot) lived contentedly and in comfort. Each Friday he gave generous charity to [fakirs](/source/Fakir) and the poor and granted proper salaries to those with rightful claims. Before his reign, [Hakims](/source/Hakim_(title)) paid little to government employees, but Jam Sanjar changed this.[10][11] He showed special care for scholars, the learned, and the pious, ensured their comfort, and granted them liberal stipends.[12][13]

Around 1459, despite good relations and intermarriages between Sindh and the [Gujarat](/source/Gujarat_Sultanate), Jam Sanjar settled [Soomras](/source/Soomro), [Sodhas](/source/Sodha), and Baloch groups along the [Thar](/source/Thar_Desert), [Kutch](/source/Kutch_district), and [Jodhpur](/source/Kingdom_of_Marwar) frontiers.[2]

### Jam Sanjar and a Qazi

When Jam Sanjar acceded to the throne, [Bukkur](/source/Bukkur) had a [Qazi](/source/Judge) named Qazi Munruf, appointed under the former Sultan, who received only a small salary.[10] Because of this, he often extorted money from people through intimidation. The matter reached Jam Sanjar, who summoned him. Jam Sanjar asked, “I hear you take money from those who quarrel.” The Qazi admitted it and added that he also wished to take something from witnesses, but they left before he could ask. Jam Sanjar laughed, and the Qazi continued, “I sit all day in the hall of justice; I have spent my life in this work, and my children are hungry morning and evening.” Jam Sanjar then gave him a valuable gift and raised his salary to match his expenses. He ordered that the pay of all government officials be increased so they could live without worry.[14]

### Abdication

On 29 December 1461, Jam Sanjar abdicated in favor of his son [Jam Nizamuddin II](/source/Jam_Nizamuddin_II) and moved to Gujarat with his two other sons. There his granddaughter, Bibi Rani was married to [Muzaffar Shah II](/source/Muzaffar_Shah_II).[7] From this line later emerged Malik Rahu's son Jam Salahuddin II, who challenged his cousin [Jam Feroz II](/source/Jam_Feroz_II), twice for the throne.[15]

## Historiography

[Masum Shah](/source/Masum_Shah) treated Sanjar and Raidhan as separate individuals.[2] However, the *[Ain-i-Akbari](/source/Ain-i-Akbari)*, an earlier source than [Masum Shah](/source/Masum_Shah), and modern historians such as [Daudpotra](/source/Umar_Bin_Muhammad_Daudpota), [M. H. Panhwar](/source/M._H._Panhwar), [G. M. Lakho](/source/Ghulam_Muhammad_Lakho), [Suhail Zaheer Lari](/source/Suhail_Zaheer_Lari), and [N. A. Baloch](/source/Nabi_Bakhsh_Baloch), agree that Sanjar and Raidhan were the same person.[16]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983351_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983351_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983351_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983351_1-3) [Panhwar 1983](#CITEREFPanhwar1983), p. 351.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983352_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983352_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983352_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983352_2-3) [Panhwar 1983](#CITEREFPanhwar1983), p. 352.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983295_3-0)** [Panhwar 1983](#CITEREFPanhwar1983), p. 295.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELakho2006189_4-0)** [Lakho 2006](#CITEREFLakho2006), p. 189.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Pakistan Historical Records and Archives Commission (1954). ["Proceedings of the Meetings"](https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Proceedings_of_the_Meetings/6_RFAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Jam%20Sanjar). *Proceedings of the Meetings*: 26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELakho200654_6-0)** [Lakho 2006](#CITEREFLakho2006), p. 54.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELari199478_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELari199478_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELari199478_7-2) [Lari 1994](#CITEREFLari1994), p. 78.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslam1990151_8-0)** [Islam 1990](#CITEREFIslam1990), p. 151.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELari199711_9-0)** [Lari 1997](#CITEREFLari1997), p. 11.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Aitken_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Aitken_10-1) Aitken, Edward Hamilton (1907). ["Gazetteer of the Province of Sind"](https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Province_of_Sind/eU3RAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0). *Gazetteer*: 98.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslam1990152_11-0)** [Islam 1990](#CITEREFIslam1990), p. 152.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983171_12-0)** [Panhwar 1983](#CITEREFPanhwar1983), p. 171.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983174_13-0)** [Panhwar 1983](#CITEREFPanhwar1983), p. 174.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Aitken2_14-0)** Aitken, Edward Hamilton (1907). ["Gazetteer of the Province of Sind"](https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Province_of_Sind/eU3RAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0). *Gazetteer*: 99.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELakho2006120_15-0)** [Lakho 2006](#CITEREFLakho2006), p. 120.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhwar1983133_16-0)** [Panhwar 1983](#CITEREFPanhwar1983), p. 133.

### Bibliography

- Panhwar, M. H. (August 1983), [*Chronological Dictionary of Sindh (From Geological Times to 1539)*](https://archive.org/details/ChronologicalDictionaryOfSindh/page/n1/mode/2up) (1 ed.), Karachi: Educational Press: Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind, Jamshoro

- Lakho, G. M. (2006), [*The Samma Kingdom of Sindh*](https://books.google.com/books?id=g_dtAAAAMAAJ&q=samma%20kingdom%20of%20sindh), University of Jamshoro, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789694050782](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789694050782)

- Lari, Suhail Zaheer (1994), [*A History of Sindh*](https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/A_History_of_Sindh/LfFtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=history%20of%20Sindh%20Suhail%20Zaheer%20Lari), Oxford University Press, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195775013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195775013)

- Islam, Arshad (1990), [*History Of Sind During Pre Mughal Period*](https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfSindDuringPreMughalPeriod/page/n3/mode/1up), Aligarh University

- Lari, Suhail Zaheer (1997), [*The Jewel of Sindh: Samma Monuments on Makli Hill : with 326 Illustrations, 50 in Colour*](https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/The_Jewel_of_Sindh/fRtuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Jam%20Sanjar), Heritage Foundation, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195779011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195779011)

Jam Sanjar Samma dynasty Regnal titles Preceded by Jam Sikandar II Sultan of Sindh Sadruddin Shah III 1454-1461 Succeeded by Jam Nizamuddin II

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