# Jackson Volcano

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**Jackson Volcano** is an [extinct volcano](/source/Extinct_volcano) 2,900 feet (880 m) beneath the city of [Jackson, Mississippi](/source/Jackson,_Mississippi), under the [Mississippi Coliseum](/source/Mississippi_Coliseum). The uplifted terrain around the volcano forms the [Jackson Dome](/source/Jackson_Dome), an area of dense rock clearly noticeable in local gravity measurements.[1] E.W. Hilgard published his theory of an [anticline](/source/Anticline) beneath Jackson in 1860 due to his observations of surface strata.[2][3] The dome contains relatively pure carbon dioxide which is used in oil production in Gulf Coast oil fields.[4] The [noble gas](/source/Noble_gas) data suggests mantle origins with a date of 70 million years for the Jackson Dome [intrusion](/source/Intrusion).[5] Geologists have evidence of repeated uplifts accompanied by dike intrusions and volcanic extrusions, erosion, and sedimentation with one coral reef having developed during a submergence. Much of the oil at the crest of the dome volatilized during a late uplift, but oil production wells numbered over a hundred in 1934.[6]

Jackson Volcano is believed to have been extinct for at least 66 million years.[7][8] A hypothesis states that the Jackson Volcano and related igneous activity in Mississippi were a result of the [North America Plate's](/source/North_American_Plate) passage over the [Bermuda hotspot](/source/Bermuda_hotspot) 66 million years ago.[9] Alternatively, the volcanism may have been part of a worldwide eruption driven by [superplumes](/source/Large_Low_Shear_Velocity_Provinces), similar to the conditions that created the [Deccan Traps](/source/Deccan_Traps) and the [Siberian Traps](/source/Siberian_Traps).[1]

The volcano is one of four total located inside cities in the [United States](/source/United_States), with [Diamond Head](/source/Diamond_Head,_Hawaii) in [Honolulu](/source/Honolulu,_Hawaii), [Hawaii](/source/Hawaii), [Pilot Butte](/source/Pilot_Butte_(Oregon)) in [Bend](/source/Bend,_Oregon), [Oregon](/source/Oregon), and [Mount Tabor](/source/Mount_Tabor_(Oregon)) in [Portland](/source/Portland,_Oregon), [Oregon](/source/Oregon) being the others. The volcano was discovered in 1819.[10]

## Geology

During the [Late Cretaceous](/source/Late_Cretaceous), the [Western Interior Seaway](/source/Western_Interior_Seaway) extended into present-day Mississippi forming the [Mississippi embayment](/source/Mississippi_embayment) and depositing the [Tuscaloosa Formation](/source/Tuscaloosa_Formation). Igneous activity progressed along an arc in the northern Gulf of Mexico Basin starting with the Prairie Creek [lamproite](/source/Lamproite) (110 [Ma](/source/Mega-annum)) in the west to the [Magnet Cove](/source/Magnet_Cove_igneous_complex) (105 Ma), [Granite Mountain](/source/Granite_Mountain_(Arkansas)) (90 Ma), Monroe-Sharkey Uplift with its [Midnight Volcano](/source/Midnight_Volcano) (80 Ma), and finally the Jackson Dome (70 Ma) in the east. The Jackson intrusion [metamorphosed](/source/Metamorphosed) the Cotton Valley formation and deformed it into a dome structure. Thus, the Tuscaloosa consists of ash and tuff at the dome and eroded igneous rock away from the dome. Volcanic material is also found in the overlying [Eutaw Formation](/source/Eutaw_Formation). Subsidence and sea level rise resulted in the deposition of the chalk and limestone of the [Selma Group](/source/Selma_Group). Natural gas accumulated in the Selma "gas rock" limestone underlying the Clayton limestone. The structure was noticed by Hopkins in 1917 and a successful gas well was drilled in 1930, but the field was nearly exhausted by 1939. Jackson Volcano ash within the Eutaw Formation produces oil in the [Tinsley Oil Field](/source/Tinsley,_Mississippi), where oil was first discovered in the Woodruff Sandstone (Selma Chalk), an eroded sand from Jackson.[11][12]

## References

1. Dockery III, David T.; John C. Marble; Jack Henderson (1997). ["The Jackson Volcano"](https://www.mdeq.ms.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Vol_18_3.pdf). *Mississippi Geology*. **18** (3): 33–45.

1. Moore, William H. (1965) Hinds County Geology and Mineral Resources. Jackson, Miss: Mississippi Geological Survey Bulletin 105. p. 149.

1. Hilgard, E.W. (1860) Report on the Geology and Agriculture of the State of Mississippi. Jackson: E. Barksdale, State Printer. p. 129

1. Denbury Resources. "CO2 Sources" Retrieved 28 August 2015. [Denbury website](http://www.denbury.com/operations/gulf-coast-region/co2-sources-and-pipelines/default.aspx)

1. Thomas, David C. and Benson, Sally M., editors. (2005) 1st ed. "Volume 2 -Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide with Monitoring and Verification." in Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 691-2

1. Priddy, Richard Randall (1960) Madison County Geology. University, Miss.: Mississippi State Geological Survey Bulletin 88. p. 36.

1. ["Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality: Frequently Asked Questions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060923111724/http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/page/Geology_faq?OpenDocument). Archived from [the original](http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/page/Geology_faq?OpenDocument) on 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2008-07-11.

1. Shelton, M.F. (1976). *Tinsley Oil Field, Yazoo County, Mississippi, in North American Oil and Gas Fields*. Tulsa: The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. p. 239. ISBN 978-0891813002.

1. Vogt, Peter R. & Woo-Yeol Jung (2007). ["Origin of the Bermuda volcanoes and the Bermuda Rise: History, observations, models, and puzzles"](http://www.mantleplumes.org/P%5E4/P%5E4Chapters/VogtBermudaP4AcceptedMS.pdf). *Special Paper 430: Plates, Plumes and Planetary Processes*. **430**: 553–591. [Geological Society of America](/source/Geological_Society_of_America). [CiteSeerX 10.1.1.484.2851](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.484.2851). [doi:10.1130/2007.2430(27)](https://doi.org/10.1130/2007.2430(27)). ISBN 978-0-8137-2430-0.

1. Mississippi, University of (2003-12-12). ["The Geology of Mississippi"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071126202854/http://smartweed.olemiss.edu/nmgk8/curriculum/middleschool/eighth/geology_of_mississippi/The%20Geology%20of%20Mississippi.pdf). *[University of Mississippi](/source/University_of_Mississippi)*. Archived from [the original](http://smartweed.olemiss.edu/nmgk8/curriculum/middleschool/eighth/geology_of_mississippi/The%20Geology%20of%20Mississippi.pdf) on 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2007-09-27.

1. Monroe, Watson (1954). *Geology of the Jackson Area Mississippi, USGS Bulletin 986*. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 114–116, 122–125.

1. Livesey, Christina Lee (1990). *Petrogenesis and Provenance of Epiclastic Volcanic Cobbles From the Cretaceous Woodbine Formation*. LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4933. pp. 155–159.

## External links

- [Jackson's Hidden Volcano](http://www.newsouthernview.com/pages/nsv_wht_jacksons_volcano.html)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Jackson Volcano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Volcano) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Volcano?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.