# Jack Souther

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American-Canadian geologist, volcanologist, and engineer (1924–2014)

Jack Souther Born (1924-04-25)April 25, 1924 Chicago, Illinois Died June 1, 2014(2014-06-01) (aged 90) North Vancouver, British Columbia Alma mater University of British Columbia; Princeton University Known for Studying volcanoes and volcanism Awards Bancroft Award, Royal Society of Canada, 1984 Career Achievement Award, Geological Association of Canada, 1995 Scientific career Fields Geology, volcanology

**Jack Gordon Souther** (April 25, 1924 – June 1, 2014) was an [American-born Canadian](/source/American_Canadian) [geologist](/source/Geologist), [volcanologist](/source/Volcanologist), [professor](/source/Professor) and [engineer](/source/Engineer). He contributed significantly to the early understanding of [recent](/source/Quaternary) volcanic activity in the [Canadian Cordillera](/source/Canadian_Cordillera). Many of his publications continue to be regarded as classics in their field, even now several decades after they were written.

## Biography

Souther was born in [Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Illinois](/source/Illinois), United States on April 25, 1924.[1] As a young child he moved to the [U.S. state](/source/U.S._state) of [Alabama](/source/Alabama). In his teenage years, Souther relocated with his family to the Canadian province of [Alberta](/source/Alberta) at a cattle ranch near the [First Nations](/source/First_Nations_in_Canada) settlement of [Morley](/source/Morley%2C_Alberta). After his family lost the ranch, Souther moved with his family to the mountain town of [Banff](/source/Banff%2C_Alberta). Here, he attended Banff High School. In 1945 at the age of 21, Souther graduated as the [class president](/source/Class_president). He was later accepted into a [geological engineering](/source/Geological_engineering) program at the [University of British Columbia](/source/University_of_British_Columbia) in [Vancouver](/source/Vancouver).[2]

He was offered a full scholarship to [Princeton University](/source/Princeton_University) in [Princeton, New Jersey](/source/Princeton%2C_New_Jersey), after excelling to such a degree at the University of British Columbia. Consequently, he enrolled in the [Ph.D.](/source/Doctor_of_Philosophy) program for [geology](/source/Geology).[2] After completing his degree, Souther joined the [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada) (GSC) office in Vancouver and carved out a remarkable career as one of the country's leading authorities on geothermal resources and volcanism in the [Canadian Cordillera](/source/Canadian_Cordillera).[2][3]

Souther had long been in demand as a public speaker because of his ability to communicate scientific ideas to lay audiences. This included his ability to be a principal in media interviews, a participant in radio and television open-line shows and as a main figure in television broadcasts handling with its scientific concentration.[3]

Souther received the [Bancroft Award](/source/Bancroft_Award) for "publication, instruction, and research in the earth sciences that have conspicuously contributed to public understanding and appreciation of the subject" from the [Royal Society of Canada](/source/Royal_Society_of_Canada) in 1984.[3][4] After retiring to the position of [emeritus](/source/Emeritus) scientist in 1992, Souther began his second career as a ski guide/mountain host at the [Whistler Blackcomb](/source/Whistler_Blackcomb) [ski resort](/source/Ski_resort).[1][5] In 1995, he received the [Career Achievement Award](/source/Career_Achievement_Award) in volcanology and [igneous petrology](/source/Igneous_petrology) by the [Geological Association of Canada](/source/Geological_Association_of_Canada).[5]

Jack Souther was one of the first members to join the Whistler Naturalists, a society founded in the [resort town](/source/Resort_town) of [Whistler, British Columbia](/source/Whistler%2C_British_Columbia), during the late 1990s. During his time with the society he discussed the geology and [natural history](/source/Natural_history) of the Whistler area.[2]

Jack Souther died on June 1, 2014, in Lions Gate Hospital, [North Vancouver](/source/North_Vancouver_(city)) at the age of 90 following a long battle with cancer.[1][2] He is survived by his wife Betty and their three daughters Anne, Barbara and Janet.[1]

## Scientific research

The [Mount Edziza volcanic complex](/source/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex) was a major focus of Jack Souther's scientific career and was among the subjects of his numerous publications.

Souther's scientific work embraced a broad spectrum of topics, including [volcanology](/source/Volcanology), [stratigraphy](/source/Stratigraphy), [hydrogeology](/source/Hydrogeology), [landslides](/source/Landslide), [tectonics](/source/Tectonics) and [mineral](/source/Mineral) deposits. But his most influential work was in the fields of volcanoes and volcanism. When he joined the Geological Survey of Canada, there was a curious gap in the [Pacific Ring of Fire](/source/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire) between the U.S. states of [Alaska](/source/Alaska) and [Washington](/source/Washington_(state)). This began to change in 1956 when the crash mapping program of Operation Stikine identified a number of [Cenozoic](/source/Cenozoic) volcanoes in northwestern British Columbia. Among these were [Level Mountain](/source/Level_Mountain), the [Iskut-Unuk River Cones](/source/Iskut-Unuk_River_Cones) and the [Mount Edziza volcanic complex](/source/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex).[5] Masterminded by Jack Souther, Operation Stikine continued to work in the late 1950s and 1960s.[6][7]

During an expedition of the [Canadian Arctic](/source/Canadian_Arctic) in 1963, Jack Souther observed and named two [geological formations](/source/Formation_(stratigraphy)). The [Strand Fiord Formation](/source/Strand_Fiord_Formation) on west-central [Axel Heiberg Island](/source/Axel_Heiberg_Island), [Nunavut](/source/Nunavut) consists mainly of [basaltic](/source/Basalt) lava flows and [agglomerates](/source/Agglomerate). Souther established a [type section](/source/Type_section) for this formation near the western tip of the Kanguk Peninsula. The overlying [Kanguk Formation](/source/Kanguk_Formation) was named after its locality.[8] It comprises dark grey [shale](/source/Shale) and [siltstone](/source/Siltstone) with subordinate [sandstone](/source/Sandstone) and some local thin [bentonitic](/source/Bentonitic) and [tuffaceous](/source/Tuffaceous) beds.[9]

In 1965, Canadian geologist [John Oliver Wheeler](/source/John_Oliver_Wheeler) foresaw the need for a volcanological program in Canada's western Cordillera. Souther was given the job of working on the Mount Edziza complex with the able assistance of Maurice Lambert. By 1970, the two geologists had established that eruptions of [alkali](/source/Alkali) basalt, followed by extrusion of [silicic](/source/Silicic) [peralkaline](/source/Peralkaline_rock) lavas, had occurred episodically at Edziza for the past 10 million years and that volcanism was accompanied by east-west extension and incipient [rifting](/source/Rift). However, the regional tectonic context was still unresolved.[5] During his geological studies in the area Jack Souther named [Eve Cone](/source/Eve_Cone) after a local [First Nations](/source/First_Nations_in_Canada) woman, Eve Brown Edzerza.[10] Edziza remained a significant study area for Souther until his last year of serious field work in 1992.[5][11] During this year he highlighted the importance and size of the region and proposed that numerous eruptions emplaced lava in a sub-ice or ice-contact environment.[11][12] This was confirmed by other scientists in 2006.[12]

As part of Operation St. Elias, Jack Souther studied the stratigraphy, structure and evolution of the Wrangell lavas of southwest [Yukon](/source/Yukon) in the mid 1970s.[13] He was surprised by the difference in volcanic style between the Wrangell lavas where an enormous volume of [andesite](/source/Andesite) lava had issued without any apparent breaks and was accompanied by profound [tectonic uplift](/source/Tectonic_uplift) and compressive [folding](/source/Fold_(geology)), in contrast to the episodic eruption of alkaline basalt and highly fractionated silicic peralkaline rocks at Edziza. The differences in eruptive style and chemistry of the Wrangell lavas led Souther to speculate they were related to a [calc-alkaline](/source/Calc-alkaline_magma_series) [volcanic arc](/source/Volcanic_arc) that formed along a [converging plate boundary](/source/Convergent_boundary).[5]

In 1977, a book published under the title *Volcanic Regimes in Canada* included a [chapter](/source/Chapter_(books)) on Cordilleran tectonics by Jack Souther. This information contributed significantly to the early understanding of Quaternary volcanism in Canada.[14] However, the origins of the east-west trending [Anahim Volcanic Belt](/source/Anahim_Volcanic_Belt) was still not understood.[5]

Several features in the [Mount Cayley volcanic field](/source/Mount_Cayley_volcanic_field) were illustrated by Jack Souther in 1980, including [Mount Cayley](/source/Mount_Cayley), [Ember Ridge](/source/Ember_Ridge), [Mount Fee](/source/Mount_Fee), [Cauldron Dome](/source/Cauldron_Dome), [Pali Dome](/source/Pali_Dome), [Slag Hill](/source/Slag_Hill) and [Ring Mountain](/source/Ring_Mountain_(British_Columbia)), the later of which he called *Crucible Dome*. This resulted in the recreation of a [geological map](/source/Geological_map) that showed the regional terrain and locations of the volcanoes.[15] Souther conducted the first detailed study of Mount Cayley itself during this period. At least three stages of volcanic activity were identified at the volcano.[16] He also hypothesized that the Ember Ridge domes shared a common magma source. However, significant variations in the percentage of [phenocrysts](/source/Phenocryst) in the six domes prove otherwise.[17]

Jack Souther added several hundred [Quaternary](/source/Quaternary) aged volcanoes on Canadian maps throughout his career.[14] His work contributed to the closing of Canada's gap in the Pacific Ring of Fire.[5]

## Whistler Naturalists Society

### Whistler Mountain

Jack Souther described the geology of [Whistler Mountain](/source/Whistler_Mountain) for the Whistler Naturalists Society on May 11, 2001. He speculated that its [shale](/source/Shale) originated as mud on the seafloor of a prehistoric ocean. [Granular material](/source/Granular_material), such as [clay](/source/Clay), [sand](/source/Sand) and [silt](/source/Silt), was carried into the ancient ocean by rivers that existed during the [Cretaceous](/source/Cretaceous) period. As the Cretaceous rivers continuously sent granular material into the former ocean, it was deposited yearly to eventually form layers of sedimentary material. Once the sedimentary material was compressed, it created the shale that now forms portions of Whistler Mountain.[18]

The most common rocks, andesite and dacite lavas, were said to have been deposited when volcanic activity created a series of islands and lava flows in the ancient ocean. Once the shale and lavas were deposited, they began to deform, crumple and uplift due to the extreme pressures created by movement of the [North American Plate](/source/North_American_Plate) and the [tectonic plates](/source/Tectonic_plates) under the [Pacific Ocean](/source/Pacific_Ocean). The large masses of solidified lava that formerly created the volcanic island chain and underwater lava flows yielded by demolishing into massive, mountain-sized blocks while the less dense, thinly layered shale was compressed, folded and crushed between the associated lavas. Souther classified these rocks as part of the [Gambier Group](/source/Gambier_Group), a geologic formation that was created within a shallow underwater basin about 100 million years ago during the [Early Cretaceous](/source/Early_Cretaceous) period.[18]

### Flute and Piccolo summits

On August 12, 2004, Jack Souther convinced that [Flute Summit](/source/Flute_Summit_(British_Columbia)) is an exposed [subvolcanic](/source/Subvolcanic_rock) [intrusion](/source/Intrusion) of an ancient volcano. The subvolcanic magma heated and set up convention in nearby groundwater, creating a [hydrothermal system](/source/Hydrothermal_circulation). This ancient hydrothermal system, combined with sulfurous gasses released from the magma, caused chemical alteration of both the crystallizing subvolcanic intrusion and the adjacent rocks. The weathering of [pyrite](/source/Pyrite) crystals inside the subvolcanic rock to [iron oxide](/source/Iron_oxide) has resulted in the redness of Flute Summit.[19]

The green [Piccolo Summit](/source/Piccolo_Summit) consists of lava flows that Souther speculated to have erupted about 100 million years ago.[2]

## Bibliography

### Books and theses

- Duffell, S.; Souther, J. G. (1964). *Geology of Terrace map-area, British Columbia*. [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources](/source/Department_of_Energy%2C_Mines_and_Resources).

- Souther, J. G. (1967). *Report of Activities, Part A: May to October, 1967*. [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources](/source/Department_of_Energy%2C_Mines_and_Resources). pp. 42, 43. {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: |work= ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored))

- Souther, J. G. (1971). *Geology and Mineral Deposits of Tulsequah map-area, British Columbia*. [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources](/source/Department_of_Energy%2C_Mines_and_Resources).

- Souther, J. G. (1972). *Telegraph Creek map-area, British Columbia*. [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources](/source/Department_of_Energy%2C_Mines_and_Resources).

- Souther, J. G.; Lambert, M. B. (1972). *Volcanic Rocks of the Northern Canadian Cordillera*. [International Geological Congress](/source/International_Geological_Congress).

- Souther, J. G.; Symons, D. T. A. (1974). *Stratigraphy and Paleomagnetism of Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, Northwestern British Columbia*. [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada).

- Souther, J. G. (1977). "Volcanism and Tectonic environments in the Canadian Cordillera – a second look". *Volcanic Regimes in Canada*. [Geological Association of Canada](/source/Geological_Association_of_Canada). pp. 3–24. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-608-17198-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-608-17198-0).

- Souther, J. G. (1992). *The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia*. [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-660-14407-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-14407-7).

- Souther, J. G.; Weiland, Irene (1993). *Current Research, Part A*. [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada). pp. 57–62. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-660-57948-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-57948-0). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: |work= ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored))

- Souther, J. G. (1994). *The Ilgachuz Range and Adjacent Parts of the Interior Plateau, British Columbia*. [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-660-15500-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-15500-1).

### Selected significant articles

- Souther, J. G. (1970). "Volcanism and its relationships to recent crustal movements in the Canadian Cordillera". *[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences](/source/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences)*. **7** (2). [NRC Research Press](/source/NRC_Research_Press): 553–568. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1970CaJES...7..553S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970CaJES...7..553S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1139/e70-054](https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe70-054).

- Monger, J. W. H.; Souther, J. G.; [Gabrielse, H.](/source/Hu_Gabrielse) (1972). ["Evolution of the Canadian Cordillera; a plate-tectonic model"](https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.272.7.577). *[American Journal of Science](/source/American_Journal_of_Science)*. **272** (7): 577–602. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1972AmJS..272..577M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972AmJS..272..577M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2475/ajs.272.7.577](https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.272.7.577).

- Aumento, F.; Souther, J. G. (1973). "Fission-track Dating of Late Tertiary and Quaternary Volcanic Glass from the Mount Edziza Volcano, British Columbia". *[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences](/source/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences)*. **10** (7). [NRC Research Press](/source/NRC_Research_Press): 1156–1163. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1973CaJES..10.1156A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973CaJES..10.1156A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1139/e73-099](https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe73-099).

- Bevier, Mary Lou; [Armstrong, Richard Lee](/source/Richard_Lee_Armstrong); Souther, J. G. (1979). "Miocene peralkaline volcanism in west-central British Columbia — Its temporal and plate-tectonics setting". *Geology*. **7** (8). [Geological Society of America](/source/Geological_Society_of_America): 389–392. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1979Geo.....7..389B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Geo.....7..389B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<389:MPVIWB>2.0.CO;2](https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281979%297%3C389%3AMPVIWB%3E2.0.CO%3B2).

- Clague, J. J.; Souther, J. G. (1982). "The Dusty Creek landslide on Mount Cayley, British Columbia". *[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences](/source/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences)*. **19** (3). [NRC Research Press](/source/NRC_Research_Press): 524–539. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1982CaJES..19..524C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982CaJES..19..524C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1139/e82-043](https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe82-043).

- Clark, I. D.; Michel, F. A.; Souther, J. G. (1982). "Isotope hydrogeology and geothermometry of the Mount Meager geothermal area". *[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences](/source/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences)*. **19** (7). [NRC Research Press](/source/NRC_Research_Press): 1454–1473. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1982CaJES..19.1454C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982CaJES..19.1454C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1139/e82-126](https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe82-126).

- Souther, J. G.; [Armstrong, R. L.](/source/Richard_Lee_Armstrong); Harakal, J. (1984). "Chronology of the peralkaline, late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, northern British Columbia, Canada". *Geological Society of America Bulletin*. **95** (3). [Geological Society of America](/source/Geological_Society_of_America): 337–349. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1984GSAB...95..337S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984GSAB...95..337S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<337:COTPLC>2.0.CO;2](https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281984%2995%3C337%3ACOTPLC%3E2.0.CO%3B2).

- Jessop, Alan M.; Souther, J. G.; Lewis, Trevor J.; Judge, A. S. (1984). "Geothermal measurements in northern British Columbia and southern Yukon Territory". *[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences](/source/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences)*. **21** (5). [NRC Research Press](/source/NRC_Research_Press): 599–608. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1984CaJES..21..599J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984CaJES..21..599J). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1139/e84-064](https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe84-064).

- Hickson, Catherine J.; Souther, J. G. (1984). "Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the Clearwater – Wells Gray area, British Columbia". *[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences](/source/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences)*. **21** (3). [NRC Research Press](/source/NRC_Research_Press): 267–277. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1984CaJES..21..267H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984CaJES..21..267H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1139/e84-029](https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe84-029).

- Souther, J. G. (1986). "The western Anahim Belt: root zone of a peralkaline magma system". *[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences](/source/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences)*. **23** (6). [NRC Research Press](/source/NRC_Research_Press): 895–908. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1986CaJES..23..895S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986CaJES..23..895S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1139/e86-091](https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe86-091).

- Souther, J. G.; Clague, J. J.; Mathews, R. W. (1987). "Nazko cone: a Quaternary volcano in the eastern Anahim Belt". *[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences](/source/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences)*. **24** (12). [NRC Research Press](/source/NRC_Research_Press): 2477–2485. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1987CaJES..24.2477S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987CaJES..24.2477S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1139/e87-232](https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe87-232).

- Green, Nathan L.; [Armstrong, Richard L.](/source/Richard_Lee_Armstrong); Harakal, J. E.; Souther, J. G.; Read, Peter B. (1988). "Eruptive history and K-Ar geochronology of the late Cenozoic Garibaldi volcanic belt, southwestern British Columbia". *Geological Society of America Bulletin*. **100** (4). [Geological Society of America](/source/Geological_Society_of_America): 563–579. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1988GSAB..100..563G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988GSAB..100..563G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0563:EHAKAG>2.3.CO;2](https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281988%29100%3C0563%3AEHAKAG%3E2.3.CO%3B2).

- Clark, Ian D.; Fritz, Peter; Souther, Jack G. (1989). "Geochemistry and isotope hydrogeology of the Mount Edziza – Mess Creek geothermal area". *[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences](/source/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences)*. **26** (6). [NRC Research Press](/source/NRC_Research_Press): 1160–1171. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1989CaJES..26.1160C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989CaJES..26.1160C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1139/e89-099](https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe89-099).

- Irving, E.; Souther, J. G.; Baker, J. (1992). "Tertiary extension and tilting in the Queen Charlotte Islands, evidence from dyke swarms and their paleomagnetism". *[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences](/source/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences)*. **29** (9). [NRC Research Press](/source/NRC_Research_Press): 1878–1898. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1992CaJES..29.1878I](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992CaJES..29.1878I). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1139/e92-147](https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe92-147).

## Honors and memberships

- [Bancroft Award](/source/Bancroft_Award), [Royal Society of Canada](/source/Royal_Society_of_Canada), 1984

- [Career Achievement Award](/source/Career_Achievement_Award), [Geological Association of Canada](/source/Geological_Association_of_Canada), 1995

- Fellow of the [Royal Society of Canada](/source/Royal_Society_of_Canada)

- Fellow of the [Geological Society of America](/source/Geological_Society_of_America)

- Whistler Naturalists Society

- [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada)

- [Geological Association of Canada](/source/Geological_Association_of_Canada)

- [American Geophysical Union](/source/American_Geophysical_Union)

## See also

- [Volcanology of Northern Canada](/source/Volcanology_of_Northern_Canada)

- [Volcanology of Western Canada](/source/Volcanology_of_Western_Canada)

- [Bill Mathews](/source/Bill_Mathews)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WW_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WW_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-WW_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-WW_1-3) ["Jack Gordon Souther"](http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nsnews/obituary.aspx?n=jack-gordon-souther&pid=171248838). North Shore News. Retrieved 2014-06-12.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SI_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SI_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-SI_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-SI_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-SI_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-SI_2-5) Barrett, Brandon (2014-06-12). ["Canada's first volcanologist remembered: Celebration of Life for Jack Souther planned for June 22 in North Vancouver"](http://www.piquenewsmagazine.com/whistler/canadas-first-volcanologist-remembered/Content?oid=2560248). Pigue Publishing. Retrieved 2014-06-15.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-DF_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-DF_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-DF_3-2) ["Bancroft Award"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120313045518/http://www.rsc.ca/awards_Bancroft_Award_winner.php#TOC9). *1984 – Jack G. Souther*. [Royal Society of Canada](/source/Royal_Society_of_Canada). 2012-02-13. Archived from [the original](http://www.rsc.ca/awards_Bancroft_Award_winner.php#TOC9) on March 13, 2012. Retrieved 2014-06-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["RSC Medals & Awards"](http://rsc-src.ca/en/fellows/medals-awards/rsc-medals-awards#Bancroft). *Bancroft Award*. [Royal Society of Canada](/source/Royal_Society_of_Canada). Retrieved 2014-06-15.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-QQY_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-QQY_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-QQY_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-QQY_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-QQY_5-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-QQY_5-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-QQY_5-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-QQY_5-7) "Newsletter of the Volcanology and Igneous Petrology Division". *Ash Fall*. [Geological Association of Canada](/source/Geological_Association_of_Canada). 1996. p. 3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Brown, Derek A.; Gunning, Michael H.; Greig, Charles J. (1996). *The Stikine Project: geology of western Telegraph Creek map area, northwestern British Columbia*. British Columbia Geological Survey. p. 4. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7726-2502-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7726-2502-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Logan, James M.; Drobe, John R.; McClelland, William C. (2000). *Geology of the forrest Kerr-Mess Creek area, northwestern British Columbia (NTS 104B/10, 15 & 104G/2 & 7W)*. British Columbia Geological Survey. p. 3. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7726-4038-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7726-4038-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Ricketts, B.; Osadetz, K. G.; Embry, A. F. (1985). ["Volcanic style in the Strand Fiord Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-8369.1985.tb00497.x). *National Institute Polar Research Memoirs*. **3** (1). [Norwegian Polar Institute](/source/Norwegian_Polar_Institute): 109. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1985PolRe...3..107R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PolRe...3..107R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1751-8369.1985.tb00497.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-8369.1985.tb00497.x). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [128485719](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128485719).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Douglas, R. J. W. (1970). "Geology and economic minerals of Canada". **2**. [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources](/source/Department_of_Energy%2C_Mines_and_Resources). {{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Eve Cone"](https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/11333.html). *[BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names)*. Government of British Columbia – B.C. Geographical Names Office (BCGNO). Retrieved 2014-06-19.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SSH_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SSH_11-1) "Stikine volcanic belt: Mount Edziza". *Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes*. [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada). 2008-02-13. {{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: Missing or empty |url= ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ZUI_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ZUI_12-1) Skilling, L.; Edwards, B.; Hungerford, J.; Lamoreaux, K.; Endress, C.; Lloyd, A. (2006). "Using Glaciovolcanic Processes and Products at the Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex (MEVC), British Columbia, Canada to Constrain Paleo-Ice Conditions: Initial Results". *AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts*. **2006**. [American Geophysical Union](/source/American_Geophysical_Union): V53C–1755. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2006AGUFM.V53C1755S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.V53C1755S).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Campbell, R. B.; Dodds, C. J.; Souther, J. G.; Stanciu, Constantina (1975). "Report of Activities Part A, April to October 1974". [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources](/source/Department_of_Energy%2C_Mines_and_Resources): 51, 63. {{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SJ_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SJ_14-1) Heiken, Grant (1998). "Volcanism in Canada". *IAVCEI News*. [International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior](/source/International_Association_of_Volcanology_and_Chemistry_of_the_Earth's_Interior). p. 15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Kelman, M.C.; Russel, J.K.; Hickson, C.J. (2001). *Preliminary petrography and chemistry of the Mount Cayley volcanic field, British Columbia*. Vol. 2001-A11. [Natural Resources Canada](/source/Natural_Resources_Canada). pp. 4, 6. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-662-29791-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-662-29791-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Kelman, Melanie (2009-03-10). "Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes". *Garibaldi Volcanic Belt: Mount Cayley Volcanic Field*. [Natural Resources Canada](/source/Natural_Resources_Canada).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Kelman, M. C.; Russell, J. K.; Hickson, C. J. (2002). *Glaciovolcanism at Ember Ridge, Mount Cayley volcanic field, southwestern British Columbia*. Vol. 2002-A15. [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada). p. 6. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-662-31449-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-662-31449-2).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GJ_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GJ_18-1) Souther, Jack (May 11, 2001). ["Rocks and Runs (the geology of Whistler Mountain)"](http://www.whistlernaturalists.ca/?page_id=323). Whistler Naturalists. Retrieved 2014-06-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-QQ_19-0)** Souther, Jack (August 12, 2004). ["Why Flute is Red and Piccolo Green"](http://www.whistlernaturalists.ca/?page_id=318). Whistler Naturalists. Retrieved 2014-06-24.

## External links

- [Notes by Jack Souther](http://www.whistlernaturalists.ca/?page_id=67)

Authority control databases VIAF

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Jack Souther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Souther) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Souther?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.