# Isolates

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{{About||the linguistics term dealing with languages unrelated to any other language in the world|Language isolate|other uses|Isolate (disambiguation){{!}}Isolate}}
'''Isolates''' is a term used in [developmental psychology](/source/developmental_psychology) and [family studies](/source/Sociology_of_the_family) to describe members of a study group, usually children through young adults, who do not actively participate in [cliques](/source/cliques) or [friendship](/source/friendship) [groups](/source/Group_dynamics). Isolates are one of four types of participants in friendship networks, the other three being [dyads](/source/Dyad_(sociology)), liaisons, and cliques.<ref name="Richards">Richards, W.D., & Rice, R.E., (1981). The NEGOPY network analysis program. Social Networks, 3, 215-223.</ref>

Isolates may have friendly relations with members of cliques and friendship groups, but they do not associate their [identity](/source/Identity_(social_science)) with any particular group. Isolates can be voluntarily or involuntarily isolated from [peer group](/source/peer_group)s, cliques, or friendship groups. Overall, isolates may experience higher levels of [depression](/source/Clinical_depression) than same-age peers. Studies by Ennett and Bauman (1993) found that isolates were more prone to smoke than members of friendship groups.<ref name="Ennett">Ennett, S.T., & Bauman, K.E. (1993) Peer group structure and adolescent cigarette smoking: A social group analysis. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34, 226-236.</ref> A study by Henrich et al. (2000) shows that isolates, both male and female, have more internalizing problems than non-isolates.<ref name="Henrich">Henrich, C. C.,  Kuperminc, G.P., Sack, A., Blatt, S.J., Leadbeater, B.J. (2000). Characteristics and Homogeneity of Early Adolescent Friendship Groups: A Comparison of Male and Female Clique and Nonclique Members. Journal of Applied Developmental Science, 4, 1, 15-26.</ref> The study also indicates that female isolates have significantly lower [GPAs](/source/Grading_in_education) than members of cliques.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Category:Social anthropology
Category:Cliques

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