# Irish Catholic Martyrs

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Irish Catholic men and women martyed by English monarch

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Irish Catholic Martyrs Irish Catholic Martyrs formally recognized Born Ireland Died between 1535 (Venerable John Travers) – 1 July 1681 (Saint Oliver Plunkett), Ireland, England, Wales Martyred by Monarchy of England Commonwealth of England, Protectorate of England, First French Republic Venerated in Catholic Church Beatified 3 were beatified on 15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI 1 was beatified on 22 November 1987 by Pope John Paul II 18 were beatified on 27 September 1992 by Pope John Paul II Canonized 1 (Oliver Plunkett) was canonized on 12 October 1975 by Pope Paul VI Feast 20 June, various for individual martyrs

**Irish Catholic Martyrs** ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Mairtírigh Chaitliceacha na hÉireann*) were 24 [Irish](/source/Irish_people) men and women who have been [beatified](/source/Beatification) or [canonized](/source/Canonization) for both a life of [heroic virtue](/source/Heroic_virtue) and for dying for their [Catholic](/source/Catholic_Church) faith between the reign of King [Henry VIII](/source/Henry_VIII) and [Catholic Emancipation](/source/Catholic_Emancipation) in 1829.

The more than three century-long [religious persecution](/source/Religious_persecution) of the [Catholic Church in Ireland](/source/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland) came in waves, caused by an overreaction by the State to certain incidents and interspersed with intervals of comparative respite.[1][*[need quotation to verify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*]

The 1975 canonization of Archbishop [Oliver Plunkett](/source/Oliver_Plunkett), who was [hanged, drawn and quartered](/source/Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered) at [Tyburn](/source/Tyburn) on 1 July 1681, as one of the [Forty Martyrs of England and Wales](/source/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales) raised considerable public interest in other Irishmen and Irishwomen who had similarly died for their Catholic faith in the 16th and 17th centuries.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] On 22 September 1992 [Pope John Paul II](/source/Pope_John_Paul_II) beatified an additional 17 martyrs and assigned June 20, the anniversary of the 1584 martyrdom of Archbishop [Dermot O'Hurley](/source/Dermot_O'Hurley), as their feast day.[2]

## History

### Henry VIII

King [Henry VIII](/source/Henry_VIII) sitting with his feet upon [Pope Clement VII](/source/Pope_Clement_VII), 1641

Religious persecution of Catholics in Ireland began under [King Henry VIII](/source/Henry_VIII_of_England) (then [Lord of Ireland](/source/Lordship_of_Ireland)) after his [excommunication](/source/Excommunication) in 1533.[3] The [Irish Parliament](/source/Parliament_of_Ireland) adopted the [Acts of Supremacy](/source/Acts_of_Supremacy), which declared the Irish Church [subservient to the State](/source/Caesaropapism).[4] In response, Irish bishops, priests, and laity who continued to pray for the pope during [Mass](/source/Sarum_Rite) were tortured and killed.[5] The [Treasons Act 1534](/source/Treasons_Act_1534) defined even unspoken mental allegiance to the Holy See as [high treason](/source/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom). Many were imprisoned on this basis. Alleged traitors who were brought to trial.[6] King Henry and [Thomas Cromwell](/source/Thomas_Cromwell) continued [Cardinal Wolsey](/source/Cardinal_Wolsey)'s policies of [centralizing government power](/source/Unitary_State) in [Dublin Castle](/source/Dublin_Castle) and sought to destroy the political and military independence of both the [Old English](/source/Old_English_(Ireland)) nobility, the [Irish clans](/source/Irish_clan), and the [Gaelic nobility of Ireland](/source/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] This, in addition to the King's religious policy, ultimately triggered Old English aristocrat [Silken Thomas](/source/Thomas_FitzGerald%2C_10th_Earl_of_Kildare), 10th and last [Earl of Kildare](/source/Earl_of_Kildare), to launch a 1534-1535 military uprising against the rule of the [House of Tudor](/source/House_of_Tudor) in Ireland.[7]

On c.30 July 1535 [John Travers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Travers_(Martyr)&action=edit&redlink=1), a graduate of [Oxford University](/source/Oxford_University) and the Chancellor of [St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin](/source/St_Patrick's_Cathedral%2C_Dublin), was executed in Dublin for writing a volume denouncing the Act of Supremacy.[8] He was [burned at the stake](/source/Execution_by_burning) in the [Common](/source/Common_land) then known as, "[Oxmantown](/source/Oxmantown) Green", part of which has since become [Smithfield Market](/source/Smithfield%2C_Dublin) on the city's [Northside](/source/Northside%2C_Dublin).[9][7][10]

### Elizabeth I

The focus of religious persecution turned from Catholics to Protestants after the accession of the Catholic [Queen Mary](/source/Mary_I_of_England), but after Mary's death in November 1558, her half-sister [Queen Elizabeth I](/source/Queen_Elizabeth_I) arranged for Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy of 1559, which re-established the control by the State over the Church within her dominions and criminalized religious dissent as [high treason](/source/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] While reviving [Thomas Cranmer](/source/Thomas_Cranmer)'s prayerbook, the Queen ordered the [Elizabethan religious settlement](/source/Elizabethan_religious_settlement) to favor [High Church Anglicanism](/source/Anglo-Catholicism), which preserved many traditionally Catholic ceremonies. Meanwhile, the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity (1559), the Prayer Book of 1559, and the [Thirty-Nine Articles](/source/Thirty-nine_Articles) (1563) mixed the doctrines of [Protestantism](/source/Protestantism) and [Caesaropapism](/source/Caesaropapism).[11] From the early years of her reign, pressure was put on all her subjects to conform to the "[Established Church](/source/Established_Church)" of the realm or be considered guilty of high treason. Prosecutions for [Recusancy](/source/Recusancy_in_Ireland) and refusals to take the [Oath of Supremacy](/source/Oath_of_Supremacy), the issuing of [torture warrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torture_warrant&action=edit&redlink=1), and the use of [priest hunters](/source/Priest_hunter) escalated rapidly.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In 1563 the [Earl of Essex](/source/Walter_Devereux%2C_1st_Earl_of_Essex) issued a proclamation, by which all [Catholic priests](/source/Catholic_priest), secular and regular, were forbidden to officiate, or even to reside in Dublin or in [The Pale](/source/English_Pale). Fines and penalties were strictly enforced for [Recusancy](/source/Recusancy) from the Anglican Sunday service; before long. Catholic priests and others were hunted into the [Mass rocks](/source/Mass_rock) in mountains and caves; and the parish churches and few monastic chapels which had escaped earlier destruction were also destroyed.[12] It ultimately resulted in [Pope Pius V](/source/Pope_Pius_V)'s 1570 [papal bull](/source/Papal_bull) *[Regnans in Excelsis](/source/Regnans_in_Excelsis)*, which, "released [Elizabeth I's] subjects from their allegiance to her".[1]

In Ireland the [First Desmond Rebellion](/source/Desmond_Rebellion#First_Desmond_Rebellion), led by [James FitzMaurice FitzGerald](/source/James_FitzMaurice_FitzGerald) and which sought to replace Queen Elizabeth I with [Don John of Austria](/source/Don_John_of_Austria) as [High King of Ireland](/source/High_King_of_Ireland), was launched in 1569, at almost the same time as the [Northern Rebellion](/source/Northern_Rebellion) in England. The [Wexford Martyrs](/source/Wexford_Martyrs) were found guilty of [high treason](/source/High_treason) for aiding in the escape of [James Eustace, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass](/source/James_Eustace%2C_3rd_Viscount_Baltinglass) and refusing to take the [Oath of Supremacy](/source/Oath_of_Supremacy) and declare [Elizabeth I of England](/source/Elizabeth_I_of_England) to be the [Supreme Head of the Church of England](/source/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England) and Ireland.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The ongoing religious persecution also became highly significant as the primary cause of the [Nine Years War](/source/Nine_Years'_War_(Ireland)), which similarly sought to replace Queen Elizabeth with a High King from the [House of Habsburg](/source/House_of_Habsburg).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The war formally began when [Red Hugh O'Donnell](/source/Hugh_Roe_O'Donnell) expelled English [High Sheriff of Donegal](/source/High_Sheriff_of_Donegal) [Humphrey Willis](/source/Humphrey_Willis), but not before Red Hugh listed his reasons for taking up arms against the [House of Tudor](/source/House_of_Tudor) and alluded in particular to the recent torture and executions of Archbishop [Dermot O'Hurley](/source/Dermot_O'Hurley) and Bishop [Patrick O'Hely](/source/Patrick_O'Hely).[13]

Beatified Martyrs of this period include [Margaret Ball](/source/Margaret_Ball), former [Lady Mayoress](/source/Lady_Mayoress) of Dublin, who died as a [prisoner of conscience](/source/Prisoner_of_conscience) in [Dublin Castle](/source/Dublin_Castle) for refusing to take the [Oath of Supremacy](/source/Oath_of_Supremacy), in 1584.[14] [Dominic Collins](/source/Dominic_Collins), was Jesuit [lay brother](/source/Lay_brother) and former [Catholic League](/source/Catholic_League_(French)) military officer, under the [nom de guerre](/source/Nom_de_guerre) "Captain de la Branche", who served during the [Brittany Campaign](/source/Brittany_campaign_(1590%E2%80%931598)) of the [French Wars of Religion](/source/French_Wars_of_Religion). Captured following [Battle of Kinsale](/source/Battle_of_Kinsale) and the 11-day [Siege of Dunboy](/source/Siege_of_Dunboy). Officially hanged for [high treason](/source/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom), but in reality for refusing to take the [Oath of Supremacy](/source/Oath_of_Supremacy), outside the walls of his native [Youghal](/source/Youghal), [County Cork](/source/County_Cork), 31 October 1602[15]

### King James I

Lady Mayoress [Margaret Ball](/source/Margaret_Ball) and Lord Mayor [Francis Taylor](/source/Francis_Taylor_(martyr)), outside [St Mary's Pro-Cathedral](/source/St_Mary's_Cathedral%2C_Dublin), Dublin.

According to D.P. Conyngham, "It was fondly hoped by the Catholics of Ireland that the accession of [James](/source/James_I_of_England) would bring peace and repose to the Church in that distracted and oppressed country. A general feeling of relief and joy pervaded all classes. Many of those who had been forced into exile returned to their native country: churches were rebuilt - monasteries repaired - the sacred duties of the sanctuary were resumed, and the offices of the Church were performed with undisturbed safety throughout the Kingdom. This state of comparative tranquility was not, however, suffered to continue..."[16] A Royal edict issued on 4 July 1605 announced that [Elizabethan-era](/source/Elizabethan_era) [Recusancy](/source/Recusancy_in_Ireland) laws were to be rigorously enforced and added, "It hath seemed proper to us to proclaim, and we hereby make it known to our subjects in Ireland, that no toleration shall ever be granted by us. This we do for the purpose of cutting off all hope that any other religion shall be allowed - save that which is consonant to the laws and statutes of this realm."[17]

### King Charles I

According to historian D.P. Conyngham, "Ireland was torn by contending factions, and was oppressed by two belligerents during the reign of [Charles](/source/Charles_I_of_England). The Catholics took up arms in defense of themselves, their religion, and their King. Charles, with the proverbial fickleness of the Stuarts, when pressed by the Puritans, persecuted the Irish, while he encouraged them when he hoped their loyalty and devotion would be the means of establishing his [royal prerogative](/source/Royal_prerogative). For eight years Ireland was the theatre of the most desolating war and implacable persecution."[18] Beatified Martyrs of the era included [Peter O'Higgins](/source/Peter_O'Higgins), [Dominican Order](/source/Dominicans_in_Ireland), hanged outside the walls of [Dublin](/source/Dublin) at [St Stephen's Green](/source/St_Stephen's_Green), on 24 March 1642.[19][20][21]

### The Commonwealth and Protectorate of England

On 24 October 1644, the Puritan-controlled [Rump Parliament](/source/Rump_Parliament) in London, seeking to retaliate for acts of [sectarian violence](/source/Sectarian_violence) like the [Portadown massacre](/source/Portadown_massacre) during the recent [1641 uprising](/source/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641), resolved, "that [no quarter](/source/No_quarter) shall [be given to any Irishman](/source/Ordinance_of_no_quarter_to_the_Irish), or to *any papist born in Ireland*." Upon landing with the [New Model Army](/source/New_Model_Army) at Dublin, [Oliver Cromwell](/source/Oliver_Cromwell) issued orders that no mercy was to be shown to the Irish, whom he said were to be treated like the [Canaanites](/source/Canaanites) during the time of the [Old Testament](/source/Old_Testament) prophet [Joshua](/source/Joshua).[22] After taking Ireland in 1653, the [New Model Army](/source/New_Model_Army) turned [Inishbofin, County Galway](/source/Inishbofin%2C_County_Galway), into a prison camps for [Catholic priests](/source/Catholic_priest) arrested while exercising their religious ministry covertly in other parts of Ireland. [Inishmore](/source/Inishmore), in the [Aran Islands](/source/Aran_Islands), was used for exactly the same purpose. The last priests held on both islands were finally released following the [Stuart Restoration](/source/Stuart_Restoration) in 1662.[23] Officially beatified martyrs of the era include [Theobald Stapleton](/source/Theobald_Stapleton), ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Teabóid Gálldubh*), slain during the [Sack of Cashel](/source/Sack_of_Cashel), 15 September 1647.[24] Another beatified martyr was [John Kearney](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Kearney_(Catholic_martyr)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1619-1653) who was born in [Cashel, County Tipperary](/source/Cashel%2C_County_Tipperary) and joined the [Franciscans](/source/Order_of_Friars_Minor) at the Kilkenny friary. After his novitiate, he went to Leuven in Belgium and was ordained in Brussels in 1642. Returned to Ireland, he taught in Cashel and Waterford, and was much admired for his preaching. In 1650 he became [erenagh](/source/Erenagh) of [Carrick-on-Suir](/source/Carrick-on-Suir), County Tipperary. During the [Cromwellian conquest of Ireland](/source/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland), he was arrested by the [New Model Army](/source/New_Model_Army) while continuing to exercise an illegal and underground priestly ministry throughout the valley of the [River Suir](/source/River_Suir) and executed by [hanging](/source/Hanging) at [Clonmel](/source/Clonmel), [County Tipperary](/source/County_Tipperary) on 21 March 1653. He lies buried in the chapter hall of the suppressed friary of Cashel.[25][26]

### Age of the Whig oligarchy

A [1709 Penal Act](/source/Popery_Act) demanded that Catholic priests take the [*Oath of Abjuration*](/source/Abjuration#English_Commonwealth), and recognise the Protestant [Queen Anne](/source/Anne%2C_Queen_of_Great_Britain) as [Supreme Head of the Church](/source/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England) within all her dominions and declare that Catholic doctrine regarding [Transubstantiation](/source/Transubstantiation) to be "base and idolatrous".[27] Priests who refused to take the oath abjuring the Catholic faith were arrested and executed.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Priests had to register with the local magistrates to be allowed to preach, and most did so.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Bishops were not permitted to register.[28] In 1713, the [Irish House of Commons](/source/Irish_House_of_Commons) declared that "prosecution and informing against Papists was an honourable service", which revived the [Elizabethan era](/source/Elizabethan_era) profession of the [priest hunter](/source/Priest_hunter),[29] the most infamous of whom remains [John O'Mullowny](/source/Sean_na_Sagart), nicknamed ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Seán na Sagart*), of the [Partry Mountains](/source/Partry_Mountains) in [County Mayo](/source/County_Mayo).[30] The reward rates for capture varied from £50–100 for a bishop, to £10–20 for the capture of an unregistered priest: substantial amounts of money at the time.[28]

## Investigations

*Mass in a [Connemara](/source/Connemara) Cabin* by [Aloysius O'Kelly](/source/Aloysius_O'Kelly), 1883. The custom of priests saying Mass secretly in people's homes dates to the [penal laws](/source/Penal_Laws_against_Irish_Catholics)-era. It was especially common in rural areas.

The Irish Martyrs suffered over several reigns and even at the hands of both sides during [regime change](/source/Regime_change) wars.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] There was a long delay by the [Holy See](/source/Holy_See) in opening an Apostolic Process into the Sainthood Causes of the Irish Catholic Martyrs for fear of escalating the ongoing religious persecution. Further complicating the investigation is that the records of these martyrs could not be safely investigated or publicized except by the [Irish diaspora](/source/Irish_diaspora) in [Catholic Europe](/source/Catholic_Europe), due to the danger of being caught possessing such evidence at home. Details of their endurance in most cases have been lost.[4] The first general catalog, that of Father John Houling, S.J., was compiled in Portugal between 1588 and 1599. It is styled a very brief abstract of certain persons whom it commemorates as sufferers for the Faith under Elizabeth.[5]

Detailed accounts were also written and published by [Philip O'Sullivan Beare](/source/Philip_O'Sullivan_Beare), [David Rothe](/source/David_Rothe), [Luke Wadding](/source/Luke_Wadding), [Richard Stanihurst](/source/Richard_Stanihurst), [Anthony Bruodin](/source/Anthony_Bruodin), [John Lynch](/source/John_Lynch_(Gratianus_Lucius)), John Coppinger, and John Mullin.[31] A series of re-publications of primary sources relating to the period of the persecutions and meticulous comparisons against archival government documents in London and Dublin were also made by [Daniel F. Moran](/source/Francis_Moran_(cardinal)) and other historians. The first Apostolic Process under Canon Law began in Dublin in 1904, after which a *[positio](/source/Positio)* was submitted to the [Holy See](/source/Holy_See).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In the 12 February 1915 Apostolic decree *In Hibernia, heroum nutrice*, [Pope Benedict XV](/source/Pope_Benedict_XV) formally authorized the formal introduction of additional Causes for Catholic sainthood.[32] During a further Apostolic Process held at Dublin between 1917 and 1930 and against the backdrop of the [Irish War of Independence](/source/Irish_War_of_Independence) and [Civil War](/source/Irish_Civil_War), the evidence surrounding 260 alleged cases of Catholic martyrdom were further investigated, after which the findings were again submitted to the Holy See.[31] So far, the only martyr to complete the process was [Oliver Plunkett](/source/Oliver_Plunkett), [Archbishop of Armagh](/source/Archbishop_of_Armagh), who was canonized as a saint in 1975 by [Pope Paul VI](/source/Pope_Paul_VI).[4] Plunkett was certainly targeted during the anti-Catholic fabricated accusations connected to [Titus Oates](/source/Titus_Oates) and was executed following a [show trial](/source/Show_trial) motivated solely *in odium fidei* ("out of hatred of the Faith"), instead of being in any way guilty of any real crime against the state.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Lists of Martyrs

### Canonized Martyrs

Saint Oliver Plunkett

**12 October 1975 by [Pope Paul VI](/source/Pope_Paul_VI).**

- [Oliver Plunkett](/source/Oliver_Plunkett), [Archbishop of Armagh](/source/Archbishop_of_Armagh), 1 July 1681 at [Tyburn](/source/Tyburn), London; beatified 1920[4]

### Beatified Martyrs

**15 December 1929 by [Pope Pius XI](/source/Pope_Pius_XI).**[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- [John Carey](/source/John_Carey_(martyr)) (alias Terence Carey) and [Patrick Salmon](/source/Patrick_Salmon_(martyr)), laymen, 4 July 1594 at [Dorchester](/source/Dorchester%2C_Dorset), England

- [John Cornelius](/source/John_Cornelius_(priest)) ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Seán Conchobhar Ó Mathghamhna*), Jesuit priest, 4 July 1594 at [Dorchester](/source/Dorchester%2C_Dorset), England

- [John Roche](/source/John_Roche_(martyr)), layman, 30 August 1588 at [Tyburn](/source/Tyburn), England

**22 November 1987 by [Pope John Paul II](/source/Pope_John_Paul_II).**[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- [Charles Mahoney](/source/Charles_Mahoney_(martyr)) (alias Meehan), Franciscan, 21 August 1679, [Ruthin](/source/Ruthin), [Wales](/source/Wales)

### The 17 Blessed Irish Martyrs

**27 September 1992 by Pope John Paul II.**[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- [Patrick O'Hely](/source/Patrick_O'Hely) ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Pádraig Ó hÉilí*), Franciscan [Bishop of Mayo](/source/Bishop_of_Mayo), betrayed to [Lord President of Munster](/source/Lord_President_of_Munster) Sir [William Drury](/source/William_Drury) by the [Rebel Earl](/source/Gerald_FitzGerald%2C_14th_Earl_of_Desmond) and Countess of Desmond and executed at [Kilmallock](/source/Kilmallock) 13 August 1579

- Conn O'Rourke ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Conn Ó Ruairc*), Franciscan [Friar](/source/Friar), betrayed to the [priest hunters](/source/Priest_hunter) by the Rebel Earl and Countess of Desmond and executed at [Kilmallock](/source/Kilmallock), 13 August 1579

- [Wexford Martyrs](/source/Wexford_Martyrs), 5 July 1581: Matthew Lambert, Robert Myler, Edward Cheevers, Patrick Cavanagh (Irish: Pádraigh Caomhánach), John O'Lahy, and one other unknown individual

- [Margaret Ball](/source/Margaret_Ball), former Lady Mayoress of Dublin, died 1584, as a [prisoner of conscience](/source/Prisoner_of_conscience) inside [Dublin Castle](/source/Dublin_Castle)[14]

- [Dermot O'Hurley](/source/Dermot_O'Hurley) ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Diarmaid Ó hUrthuile*), [Archbishop of Cashel](/source/Archbishop_of_Cashel), sentenced to death by [military tribunal](/source/Military_tribunal) and hanged at Lower [Baggot Street](/source/Baggot_Street), then outside the walls of Dublin, 20 June 1584

- [Muiris Mac Ionrachtaigh](/source/Muiris_Mac_Ionrachtaigh) (Maurice MacKenraghty), [military chaplain](/source/Military_chaplain) to the [Rebel Earl of Desmond](/source/Gerald_FitzGerald%2C_14th_Earl_of_Desmond), executed at [Clonmel](/source/Clonmel), during the [Second Desmond Rebellion](/source/Second_Desmond_Rebellion), 30 April 1585

- [Dominic Collins](/source/Dominic_Collins), Jesuit [lay brother](/source/Lay_brother) captured by the Tudor Army following the [Siege of Dunboy](/source/Siege_of_Dunboy) and executed without trial at [Youghal](/source/Youghal), [County Cork](/source/County_Cork), 31 October 1602[15]

- [Concobhar Ó Duibheannaigh](/source/Concobhar_%C3%93_Duibheannaigh) (Conor O'Devany), Franciscan Bishop of Down & Connor, 11 February 1612

- [Patrick O'Loughran](/source/Patrick_O'Loughran), priest from [County Tyrone](/source/County_Tyrone) and former spiritual director to [Aodh Mór Ó Néill](/source/Hugh_O'Neill%2C_Earl_of_Tyrone), 11 February 1612

- [Francis Taylor](/source/Francis_Taylor_(martyr)), former [Lord Mayor of Dublin](/source/Lord_Mayor_of_Dublin), died as a [prisoner of conscience](/source/Prisoner_of_conscience) inside [Dublin Castle](/source/Dublin_Castle), 1621

- [Peter O'Higgins](/source/Peter_O'Higgins) OP, Prior of the [Dominican](/source/Dominicans_in_Ireland) monastery of [Naas](/source/Naas), hanged under orders from [Sir Charles Coote](/source/Sir_Charles_Coote%2C_1st_Baronet), despite O'Higgins' well-documented and successful efforts to protect Protestant civilians from [sectarian violence](/source/Sectarian_violence) and [ethnic cleansing](/source/Ethnic_cleansing) during the [Irish rebellion of 1641](/source/Irish_rebellion_of_1641), at [St Stephen's Green](/source/St_Stephen's_Green), then outside the walls of Dublin, on 24 March 1642[19][20][21]

- [Theobald Stapleton](/source/Theobald_Stapleton), ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Teabóid Gálldubh*), [Catholic priest](/source/Catholic_priest) and one of the creators of modern [Irish language](/source/Irish_language) [orthography](/source/Irish_orthography). During the [Cromwellian conquest of Ireland](/source/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland), Fr. Stapleton sought sanctuary inside St. Patrick's Cathedral upon the [Rock of Cashel](/source/Rock_of_Cashel) and was slain, alongside six other priests, by the [Parliamentary Army](/source/Roundheads) of [Lord Inchiquin](/source/Murrough_O'Brien%2C_1st_Earl_of_Inchiquin) ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Murchadh na dTóiteán*) during the [Sack of Cashel](/source/Sack_of_Cashel), 15 September 1647. Fr. Stapleton is said to have blessed his attackers with [holy water](/source/Holy_water) moments before his death.[24]

- [Terence O'Brien](/source/Terence_O'Brien_(bishop)) OP, [Dominican Order](/source/Dominican_Order), Bishop of Emly, captured following the [Siege of Limerick](/source/Siege_of_Limerick_(1650-51)), [court martialed](/source/Court_martial), sentenced to [death](/source/Death_penalty), and hanged by [New Model Army](/source/New_Model_Army) General [Henry Ireton](/source/Henry_Ireton).[33] Gallows Green, [Limerick City](/source/Limerick_City), 31 October 1651

- [John Kearney](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Kearney_(Catholic_martyr)&action=edit&redlink=1), Franciscan Prior of Cashel, hanged at [Clonmel](/source/Clonmel), officially for high treason, but in reality for covertly continuing his priestly ministry throughout the valley of the [River Suir](/source/River_Suir) in [nonviolent resistance](/source/Nonviolent_resistance) to the [Commonwealth of England](/source/Commonwealth_of_England)'s recent decree banishing of all Catholic priests, 21 March 1653[25][26]

- [William Tirry](/source/William_Tirry) ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Liam Tuiridh*), [Augustinian](/source/Augustinians) [Friar](/source/Friar) from [St. Austin's Abbey](/source/Red_Abbey%2C_Cork) in [Cork City](/source/Cork_City), captured by the [priest hunters](/source/Priest_hunter) at [Fethard, County Tipperary](/source/Fethard%2C_County_Tipperary) and [executed by hanging](/source/Death_by_hanging), officially for [high treason](/source/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom) against [The Protectorate](/source/The_Protectorate) and [Commonwealth of England](/source/Commonwealth_of_England), but in reality for remaining in Ireland and continuing his priestly ministry in [nonviolent resistance](/source/Nonviolent_resistance) of the regime's decree of banishment for all priests, at [Clonmel](/source/Clonmel), [County Tipperary](/source/County_Tipperary), [12 May](/source/12_May) [1654](/source/1654_in_Ireland)

## Church dedications

Various parish churches have also been dedicated since 1992 to the Irish Catholic Martyrs, including:

- [Church of the Irish Martyrs](/source/Church_of_the_Irish_Martyrs), Ballyraine, [Letterkenny](/source/Letterkenny),[14] [County Donegal](/source/County_Donegal)

- Church of the Irish Martyrs, Ballycane, [Naas](/source/Naas)[34] [County Kildare](/source/County_Kildare)

## See also

- [List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation](/source/List_of_Catholic_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation)

- [Charles Reynolds](/source/Charles_Reynolds_(cleric)) ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Cathal Mac Raghnaill*) (c. 1496 – 1535), envoy of Silken Thomas to the Holy See who secured a Papal promise to excommunicate [Henry VIII](/source/Henry_VIII) over the [Act of Supremacy](/source/Act_of_Supremacy).

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-barry_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-barry_1-1) [Barry, Patrick, "The Penal Laws", *L'Osservatore Romano*, p.8, 30 November 1987](http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/PENALAWS.HTM)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [CREAZIONE DI VENTUNO NUOVI BEATI: OMELIA DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II](https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/it/homilies/1992/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19920927_xxi-beati.html), Piazza San Pietro - Domenica, 27 settembre 1992.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Irish Confessors and Martyrs"](https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08163a.htm). *www.newadvent.org*. Retrieved 2025-10-28.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-jesuits_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-jesuits_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-jesuits_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-jesuits_4-3) ["The Irish Martyrs", Irish Jesuits](http://livingspace.sacredspace.ie/F0620s), sacredspace.ie; accessed 16 December 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mcneill_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mcneill_5-1) ["CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Irish Confessors and Martyrs"](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08163a.htm).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Hale's *History of Pleas of the Crown* (1800 ed.) vol. 1, chapter XXIX](https://books.google.com/books?id=2KoDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR11) (from [Google Books](/source/Google_Book_Search)).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-R._Dudley_Edwards_1934_pp._687-699_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-R._Dudley_Edwards_1934_pp._687-699_7-1) R. Dudley Edwards (December 1934), "Venerable John Travers and the Rebellion of Silken Thomas", *[Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review](/source/Studies%3A_An_Irish_Quarterly_Review)*, pp. 687-699.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Team, todayinceltichistory com. ["John Travers, Chancellor of St Patricks Cathedral, is executed for high treason at Oxmantown Green for conspiring with Lord Offaly"](https://www.todayinceltichistory.com/august/john-travers-chancellor-of-st-patricks-cathedral-is-executed-for-high-treason-at-oxmantown-green-for-conspiring-with-lord-offaly/). *www.todayinceltichistory.com*. Retrieved 2025-10-28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-New_Catholic_Encyclopedia_1967_p._322_9-0)** "Martyrs of England and Wales" New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9 (1967), p. 322.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Philip O'Sullivan Beare (1903), *Chapters Towards a History of Ireland Under Elizabeth*, pages 2-3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-sommerville_11-0)** ["The Reign of Elizabeth I"](http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/361-14.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170509231703/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/361-14.htm) 2017-05-09 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) by J.P. Sommerville, University of Wisconsin.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-cusack_12-0)** [Cusack, Margaret Anne, *An Illustrated History of Ireland*](http://www.libraryireland.com/HistoryIreland/Catholic-Martyrs.php), libraryireland.com; accessed 11 July 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Philip O'Sullivan Beare (1903), *Chapters Towards a History of Ireland Under Elizabeth*, page 68.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ballyraine_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ballyraine_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ballyraine_14-2) [""The Irish Martyrs", The Church of the Irish Martyrs, Ballyraine"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130924043209/http://irishmartyrs.com/irishmartyrs.php). Archived from [the original](http://irishmartyrs.com/irishmartyrs.php) on 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ballymote_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ballymote_15-1) ["Archives"](http://homepage.tinet.ie/~jhiggins/missclarke.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** D.P. Conyngham, *Lives of the Irish Martyrs*, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 104.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** D.P. Conyngham, *Lives of the Irish Martyrs*, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Pages 104-105.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** D.P. Conyngham, *Lives of the Irish Martyrs*, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 137.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-newbridge_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-newbridge_19-1) ["Peter O'Higgins OP"](http://www.newbridge-college.ie/about-the-college/history/Peter-O%e2%80%99Higgins-OP). *Newbridge College*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Patrick_J_2005_Pages_148_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Patrick_J_2005_Pages_148_20-1) Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), *The Irish Martyrs*, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 148–156.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Clavin_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Clavin_21-1) Clavin, Terry (October 2009). ["Higgins, Peter"](https://www.dib.ie/biography/higgins-peter-a4004). In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). *[Dictionary of Irish Biography](/source/Dictionary_of_Irish_Biography)* (online ed.). Retrieved 4 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0)** D.P. Conyngham, *Lives of the Irish Martyrs*, P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York. Page 138.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Nugent, Tony (2013). *Were You at the Rock? The History of Mass Rocks in Ireland*. Liffey Press. Pages 51-52, 148.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_24-1) ["Stapleton, Theobald ('Teabóid Gálldubh') | Dictionary of Irish Biography"](https://www.dib.ie/biography/stapleton-theobald-teaboid-galldubh-a8259). *www.dib.ie*. Retrieved 2022-05-20.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-franciscan_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-franciscan_25-1) ["Franciscan Saints & Blessed"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140204001600/http://www.franciscans.ie/spirituality/franciscan-saints/76-spirituality/franciscan-saints-blessed/227-franciscan-saints-2). Archived from [the original](http://www.franciscans.ie/spirituality/franciscan-saints/76-spirituality/franciscan-saints-blessed/227-franciscan-saints-2) on 2014-02-04.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Patrick_J_2005_Pages_165_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Patrick_J_2005_Pages_165_26-1) Edited by Patrick J. Cornish and Benignus Millet (2005), *The Irish Martyrs*, Four Courts Press, Dublin. Pages 165–175.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** D. P. Conyngham, *Lives of the Irish Martyrs*, [P.J. Kennedy & Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P.J._Kennedy_%26_Sons&action=edit&redlink=1), [New York City](/source/New_York_City). Page 240-241.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-MacManus_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-MacManus_28-1) MacManus, Seumas (1921). [*The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland*](https://archive.org/stream/storyofirishrac00macm/storyofirishrac00macm_djvu.txt). New York: The Irish Publishing Co. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Tony Nugent (2013), *Were You at the Rock? The History of Mass Rocks in Ireland*, [The Liffey Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Liffey_Press&action=edit&redlink=1). Page 48.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Tony Nugent (2013), *Were You at the Rock? The History of Mass Rocks in Ireland*, pages 40-47.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorishMillet200579_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorishMillet200579_31-1) [Corish & Millet 2005](#CITEREFCorishMillet2005), p. 79.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-index_32-0)** *Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum* (in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 56.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-O'Brien_33-0)** [Terence Albert O'Brien](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11193d.htm). *The Catholic Encyclopedia*] Retrieved 28 September 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Naas Parish website"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071123111923/http://www.kildare.ie/naasparish/church-of-irish-martyrs.htm). Archived from [the original](http://kildare.ie/naasparish/church-of-irish-martyrs.htm) on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2008-01-29.

## Further reading

- Corish, Patrick J.; Millet, Benignus, eds. (2005). *The Irish Martyrs*. Irish theological quarterly monograph series. Vol. 1. Dublin [u.a.]: Four Courts Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781851828586](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851828586).

- William P. Burke (1914),[The Irish priests in the penal times (1660-1760): from the state papers in H. M. Record Offices](https://archive.org/details/MN42003ucmf_6), Printed by N. Harvey & Co., [Waterford](/source/Waterford).

- Colin Murphy (2013), *The Priest Hunters: The True Story of Ireland's Bounty Hunters*, [The O'Brien Press](/source/The_O'Brien_Press).

- Nugent, Tony (2013). *Were You at the Rock? The History of Mass Rocks in Ireland*. Liffey Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781908308474](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908308474).

- *New Catholic Dictionary*: [Irish Martyrs](https://web.archive.org/web/20070217092451/http://www.catholic-forum.com/SAINTS/ncd05034.htm)

- O'Reilly, Myles (1880). [*Lives of the Irish Martyrs and Confessors*](https://archive.org/details/LivesOfTheIrishMartyrsAndConfessors/). New York: James Sheehy. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [173466082](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173466082).

## External links

- [Catholicireland.net](https://web.archive.org/web/20070808060436/http://www.catholicireland.net/pages/index.php?nd=68&art=864)

v t e Martyrs who are Saints of the Catholic Church Dicastery for the Causes of Saints Stages of canonization: Servant of God → Venerable → Blessed → Saint Abda and Abdisho Abdon and Sennen Abercius of Hieropolis Abibus of Edessa Abitinae Martyrs Acepsimas of Hnaita Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia Adrian of Batanea Aedesius of Alexandria Æthelberht II of East Anglia Afra Agape, Chionia, and Irene Agapitus of Palestrina Agatha Lin Agnes of Rome Agnes Tsao Kou Ying Alban Alexander of Comana Alphaeus and Zacchaeus Anastasia of Sirmium Andrew Dũng-Lạc Andrew Kim Taegon Andrew Stratelates Andronicus, Probus, and Tarachus Angelus of Jerusalem Ansanus Antiochus of Sulcis Antipas of Pergamum Anysia of Thessalonica Amandina of Schakkebroek Amphian Anthimus of Rome Aphrodisius Apollinaris of Ravenna Apollonia Apollonius the Apologist Aquilina Ariadne of Phrygia Asterius of Ostia Asterius, Claudius and Neon Artemius Athenogenes of Pedachtoë Auditus of Braga Augulus Augusta of Treviso Augustine Zhao Rong Babylas of Antioch Bademus Basiliscus of Comana Basilissa and Anastasia Basilides and Potamiana Balbina of Rome Barsimaeus Benedict of Skalka Benjamin Berard of Carbio Bertharius of Monte Cassino Blaesilla Blandina Boethius Boniface of Tarsus Boris and Gleb Caecilius of Elvira Calepodius Canadian Martyrs Canute IV of Denmark Cantius, Cantianus, and Cantianilla Cassius of Clermont Cassian of Imola Castulus Carthusian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs of London Charalambos Charbel Charitina of Amisus Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Chinese Martyrs Christina of Bolsena Christina of Persia Chrysolius Chrysanthus and Daria Cointha Coleman Concordius of Spoleto Constantius of Perugia Martyrs of Córdoba Cosmas and Damian Crispin and Crispinian Crispina Crispoldus Cristóbal Magallanes Cyriaca Cyricus and Julitta Cyprian and Justina Dasius of Durostorum Daniel of Padua Demetrius of Thessaloniki Devasahayam Pillai Devota Dionysius the Areopagite Digna and Emerita Dometius of Persia Dominguito del Val Domnius Dorothea of Caesarea Dismas the Good Thief Domingo Ibáñez de Erquicia Domnina, Berenice, and Prosdoce Donatian and Rogatian Edistus Edmund the Martyr Edwin of Northumbria Eleutherius and Antia Eliphius Engelbert II of Berg Emilianus of Trevi Emmeram of Regensburg Emerentiana Emygdius Epimachus of Alexandria Engratia Erik Eudokia of Heliopolis Eusebius of Samosata Eulalia of Barcelona Euplius of Catania Euphrasius of Illiturgis Faith Fausta of Cyzicus Faustinus and Jovita Faustus of Milan Felician of Foligno Felicitas of Rome Felix, Fortunatus, and Achilleus Felix and Adauctus Felix and Regula Felix of Nola Felinus and Gratian Febronia of Nisibis Fermin Ferreolus and Ferrutio Fidelis of Como Fidelis of Sigmaringen Firmina Firmus and Rusticus Flavia Domitilla Florian Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Fructus Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse Galaction and Episteme Genesius of Arles Gereon Germanicus of Smyrna Gervasius and Protasius Getulius Giordano Ansalone Glyceria Godelieve Gordianus Gordius Gregorio Grassi Hermias Hermione of Ephesus Hermes Hesychius of Cazorla Honoratus Hripsime Hyacinth of Caesarea Ignatius Maloyan The Holy Innocents Inocencio of Mary Immaculate Marina of Aguas Santas Mark and Marcellian Martyrs of Iona Irene of Rome Irish Martyrs Japan Martyrs James Intercisus Jan Sarkander Januarius John and Paul John of Nepomuk John Fisher John Ogilvie John Roberts Josaphat Kuntsevych José Sánchez del Río Julia of Corsica Julian of Antioch Julius and Aaron Julius the Veteran Justin of Siponto Justus and Pastor Juventinus and Maximinus Karolina Kózka Korean Martyrs Konstanti Kakhi Kyriaki Lawrence Leocadia Leonides of Alexandria Leontius, Hypatius and Theodulus Leucius of Brindisi Lorenzo Ruiz Lucian of Antioch Lucy and Geminian Lucy Yi Zhenmei Ludmila of Bohemia Luigi Versiglia Lyon Martyrs Mammes of Caesarea Marcella of Rome Marcellinus and Peter Marcellinus of Carthage Marcellus of Tangier Marciana of Toledo Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum Martina of Rome Martinian and Processus Martyrology Martyrs of Compiègne Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of Damascus Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Nicomedia Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Sigum Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Mary of Egypt The Massabki Brothers Mateo Correa Magallanes Maurice Maximilian of Lorch Maximilian Kolbe Maximus of Évreux Menas of Egypt Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora Mercurius Minias Nabor and Felix Nemesion Nereus and Achilleus Nestor of Magydos Nicetas the Goth Nicholas Tavelic Oliver Plunkett Olivia of Palermo Odran Óscar Romero Oswald of Northumbria Orontius of Lecce Palatias and Laurentia Pancras of Rome Pancras of Taormina Papulus Paraskevi of Rome Parthenius Patroclus of Troyes Paul and Juliana Pedro Calungsod Pedro de Arbués Pelagia of Tarsus Pelagius of Constance Perpetua and Felicity Peter of Jesus Maldonado Peter of Rates Peter To Rot Peter of Verona Petronilla Piatus of Tournai Pietro Parenzo Pionius Phanourios the Newly-Revealed Philetus Philemon Philomena Phocas Plautilla Placidus Phocas, Bishop of Sinope Polyeuctus Pontianus of Spoleto Pothinus Potitus Praejectus Primus and Felician Prisca Procopius of Scythopolis Protus and Hyacinth Ptolemaeus and Lucius Publius Quentin Quirinus of Neuss Regina of Autun Reverianus Romulus of Fiesole Romanus of Caesarea Rufina and Secunda Sabbas the Goth Sabina Sabinus of Spoleto Savinian and Potentian Saints of the Cristero War Sebastian Stephen Sandukht Scillitan Martyrs Forty Martyrs of Sebaste Secundian, Marcellian and Verian Secundus of Abula Secundus of Asti Serapia Serapion of Algiers Serenus the Gardener Sergius and Bacchus Seven Apostolic Men Seven Brothers of Lazia Seven Sleepers Severus of Barcelona Sigismund of Burgundy Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix Shemon bar Sabbae Sophia of Rome Soteris Speusippus, Eleusippus and Melapsippus Spyridon Stanislaus of Szczepanów Symphorian and Timotheus Symphorosa Tarbula Tarcisius Telemachus Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Tewdrig Tiburtius Timolaus and companions Titus Brandsma Titus Flavius Clemens Thecla Theodotus Theodore Stratelates Theodore, Philippa and companions Theodore Tiron Theodoret Theodora and Didymus Theofrid of Orange Theonistus 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Thraseas Thyrsus Toribio Romo Torpes of Pisa Torquatus of Acci Totnan Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha Martyrs of Turon Uganda Martyrs Ursula Ursus of Solothurn Varus Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Venera Venantius of Camerino Victoria, Anatolia, and Audax Vigilius of Trent Victor and Corona Victor Maurus Vincent of Saragossa Vicente Liem de la Paz Victor of Marseilles Victoricus, Fuscian, and Gentian Viktor of Xanten Vitalis and Agricola Warinus Wenceslaus I Wiborada Zacharias of Vienne Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia Zeno of Verona Zoe of Rome Zoilus Catholic Church portal Saints portal

[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Irish Catholic Martyrs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.