# Intonaco

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{{Short description|Italian term for the final, very thin layer of plaster on which a fresco is painted}}
thumb|Example of spray fireproofing, using a gypsum based plaster in a low-rise industrial building in Vancouver, British Columbia.
'''Intonaco''' is an Italian term for the final, very thin layer of [plaster](/source/plaster) on which a [fresco](/source/fresco) is painted. The plaster is painted while still wet, in order to allow the pigment to penetrate into the intonaco itself.  An earlier layer, called '''arriccio''', is laid slightly coarsely to provide a key for the intonaco, and must be allowed to dry, usually for some days, before the final very thin layer is applied and painted on.<ref>[Ugo Procacci](/source/Ugo_Procacci), in ''Frescoes from Florence'', pp. 15-25 1969, Arts Council, London, gives a full account of the process.</ref>  In Italian the term intonaco is also used much more generally for normal plaster or mortar wall-coatings in buildings.

Intonaco is traditionally a mixture of [sand](/source/sand) (with granular dimensions less than two millimeters) and a binding substance.

==Types of intonaco==
Different types of intonaco are classified based on the binding material used:
* Intonaco based on [lime](/source/Lime_(mineral)), where the only binding substance is [hydrated lime](/source/hydrated_lime)
* Intonaco lime/cement, where the binding element is a mixture of hydrated lime with [Portland cement](/source/Portland_cement), with a majority of lime
* Intonaco cement/lime, where the binding element is a mixture of hydrated lime, and Portland cement, with a majority of Portland cement
* Intonaco with a plaster base, where the binding element is exclusively plaster

The [sand](/source/sand) utilized in the intonaco can be [limestone](/source/limestone) or [silicate](/source/silicate), taken from a natural source such as a river or from sand that is pulverized.

==Types of stabilizers==
Intonaco can be stabilized using: 
* Lime
* plaster
* Calcium-sulfate based plaster
* Terracotta-based cement

==References==
{{reflist}}

Category:Painting techniques
Category:Plastering

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