# Intimidation

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Deterring or coercing someone

Acted intimidation in professional wrestling as shown by [Triple H](/source/Triple_H) staring down [CM Punk](/source/CM_Punk) during the [2010 Royal Rumble](/source/Royal_Rumble_(2010)) match

Criminal law Elements Actus reus Mens rea Causation Concurrence Scope of criminal liability Accessory Accomplice Complicity Corporate Mandated reporter Principal Use of force continuum Vicarious Severity of offense Felony (or Indictable offense) Misdemeanor (or Summary offense) Infraction (also called violation) Inchoate offenses Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Solicitation Offense against the person Assassination Assault Attempted murder Battery Child abuse Concealment of a corpse Criminal negligence Domestic violence False imprisonment Frameup Harassment Street Home invasion Hate crime Human trafficking Impersonation Intimidation Kidnapping Manslaughter (corporate) Mayhem Murder felony Mutilation Homicide Negligent homicide Reckless homicide Robbery Stalking Stabbing Torture Sexual offenses Adultery Bigamy Child sexual abuse Cybersex trafficking Fornication Homosexuality Groping Incest Indecent exposure Masturbation Obscenity Prostitution Rape Pederasty Sex trafficking Sexual assault Sexual harassment Sexual slavery Voyeurism Crimes against property Arson Arms trafficking Bank robbery Blackmail Bribery Burglary Cybercrime Embezzlement Extortion False pretenses Forgery Fraud Gambling Intellectual property theft Intellectual property violation Larceny Looting Payola Pickpocketing Possessing stolen property Robbery Shoplifting Smuggling Parallel import Tax evasion Theft Trespass to land Uttering Vandalism Mischief Crimes against justice Against public justice Compounding Contempt Error of impunity Judicial misconduct Justice delayed Malfeasance in office Miscarriage of justice Misprision Perjury Perverting the course of justice Sentencing disparity Crimes against the public Apostasy Corruption Political Kickback Censorship violation Dueling Genocide Ethnic cleansing Hostage-taking People smuggling Insider trading Smuggling Illegal consumption (such as drugs, alcohol, and smoking) Miscegenation Piracy Regicide Unreported employment Usurpation War crimes Crimes against animals Cruelty to animals Poaching Wildlife smuggling Bestiality Crimes against the state Lèse-majesté Treason Espionage Secession Sedition Subversion Defenses to liability Actual innocence Amnesty Automatism Consent Defense of property Diminished responsibility Duress Entrapment Ignorantia juris non excusat Infancy Insanity Intoxication Justification Might makes right Mistake (of law) Necessity Pardon Possession is nine-tenths of the law Provocation Sanctuary Self-defense Statute of limitations Other common-law areas Contracts Defenses Evidence Property Torts Wills, trusts and estates Portals Law v t e

**Intimidation** is a behavior and [legal wrong](/source/Legal_wrong) which usually involves deterring or coercing an individual by threat of violence.[1][2] It is in various [jurisdictions](/source/Jurisdiction) a [crime](/source/Crime) and a [civil wrong](/source/Civil_wrong) ([tort](/source/Tort)). Intimidation is similar to [menacing](/source/Menacing), [coercion](/source/Coercion), terrorizing[3] and [assault](/source/Assault) in the traditional sense.[note 1]

This includes intentional behaviors of forcing another person to experience general discomfort such as humiliation, embarrassment, inferiority, limited freedom, etc and the victim might be targeted based on multiple factors like gender, race, class, skin color, competency, knowledge, wealth, temperament, etc. Intimidation is done for making the other person submissive[4] (also known as **cowing**), to destabilize/undermine the other, to force compliance, to hide one's insecurities, to socially valorize oneself, etc. There are active and passive coping mechanisms against intimidation that include, but are not limited to, not letting the intimidator invade your personal dignity and space, addressing their behavior directly, understanding those behaviors as methods to bypass ethical norms and exploit fear as a means of securing compliance or dominance, or sometimes as final straws the person has to achieve their antisocial goals, avoiding the person, being cautious around them, honing breakaway skills, documenting, etc. Victims of intimidation would reasonably develop apprehension, experience [fear](/source/Fear) of [injury](/source/Injury) or [harm](/source/Harm), etc from the unwanted behaviors or tools of intimidation that include, and not limited to, condescending, rudeness, sarcasm, disrespecting, patronizing, degrading, disparaging, etc. However, it is not legally necessary to prove that the behavior caused the victim to experience [terror](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terror) or panic.[5]

Intimidation as a political process is done through national level threats to compel or deter another country to operate in ways the intimidating country wants it to be, an example of political intimidation is putting an [embargo](/source/Economic_sanctions) on items that the target country depends through import for forcing their compliance.[6][7] Certain second and third world countries use terrorism as an intimidation tactic. "A terroristic threat is a crime generally involving a threat to commit violence communicated with the intent to terrorize other."[8] Personal intimidation is considered to be a management strategy to signal/inform potential rivals that they may face significant consequences if they act against the person in charge/management or to get workers in line.[9] Certain forms of intimidation like sexual and racial ones are considered as criminal offense in several civilized countries.

## Description

Intimidation is derived from the verb intimidate, and it comes from the Latin word *intimidat*, it means to "make timid." Intimidation is defined as an interaction style that emphasizes on "bullying, exploiting, or manipulating others, solely for one's own advantage."[10] Intimidation may be employed consciously or unconsciously, and a percentage of people who employ it consciously may do so as the result of selfishly rationalized notions of its appropriation, utility or self-[empowerment](/source/Empowerment). Intimidation related to [prejudice](/source/Prejudice) and [discrimination](/source/Discrimination) may include conduct "which annoys, threatens, intimidates, alarms, or puts a person in fear of their safety...because of a belief or perception regarding such person's race, color, national origin, ancestry, gender, religion, religious practice, age, disability or sexual orientation, regardless of whether the belief or perception is correct."[11]

Intimidation may manifest into coercion or threat with physical contacts, glowering countenance or in its own manner as [emotional manipulation](/source/Psychological_manipulation), [verbal abuse](/source/Verbal_abuse), making someone feel lower than you, purposeful [embarrassment](/source/Embarrassment) and/or actual physical assault. "Behavior may become [harassment](/source/Harassment) in forms of epithets, derogatory comments or slurs and lewd propositions, assault, impeding or blocking movement, offensive touching or any physical interference with normal work or movement, and visual insults, such as derogatory posters or cartoons."[11]

Threatening behaviors may be conceptualized as a maladaptive outgrowth of normal competitive urge for interrelational [dominance](/source/Dominance_(ethology)) generally seen in animals. Alternatively, intimidation may result from the type of society in which individuals are socialized, as human beings are generally reluctant to engage in confrontation or threaten [violence](/source/Violence).[12]

Like all behavioral traits, it exists in greater or lesser manifestation in each individual person over time, but may be a more significant "compensatory behavior" for some as opposed to others. Behavioral theorists often see threatening behaviours as a consequence of being threatened by others, including parents, [authority figures](/source/Teacher), playmates and siblings. For self-defense, [use of force](/source/Use_of_force) is justified when a person reasonably believes that it the force is necessary to defend themself or another against the immediate use of unlawful force.[13]

## As a criminal offense

### India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia & Singapore

[Indian Penal Code](/source/Indian_Penal_Code) (IPC), and penal codes of other nations based on IPC such as [Singapore Penal Code](/source/Singapore_Penal_Code), [Malaysian Penal Code](/source/Penal_Code_(Malaysia)), [Pakistan Penal Code](/source/Pakistan_Penal_Code), [Bangladesh Penal Code](/source/Bangladesh_Penal_Code), etc make the "criminal intimidation" a punishable offense under the section 503 to 506.[14][15][16][17][18]

### United States

"Intimidation" is the name of a criminal offence in several [U.S. states](/source/U.S._state). The definitions of the crime of Intimidation differ by state.

In [Montana](/source/Montana), Intimidation is defined as follows:[19]

45-5-203. Intimidation.

- (1) A person commits the offence of intimidation when, with the purpose to cause another to perform or to omit the performance of any act, the person communicates to another, under circumstances that reasonably tend to produce a fear that it will be carried out, a threat to perform without lawful authority any of the following acts: - (a) inflict physical harm on the person threatened or any other person; - (b) subject any person to physical confinement or restraint; or - (c) commit any felony.

- (2) A person commits the offence of intimidation if the person knowingly communicates a threat or false report of a pending fire, explosion, or disaster that would endanger life or property.

- (3) A person convicted of the offence of intimidation shall be imprisoned in the state prison for any term not to exceed 10 years or be fined an amount not to exceed $50,000, or both.

Several states have a crime called "**ethnic intimidation**". For instance, the law of the state of [Michigan](/source/Michigan) reads:[20]

750.147b Ethnic intimidation.

Sec. 147b.

- (1) A person is guilty of ethnic intimidation if that person maliciously, and with the specific intent to intimidate or harass another person because of that person's race, colour, religion, gender, or national origin, does any of the following: - (a) Causes physical contact with another person. - (b) Damages, destroys or defaces any real or personal property of another person. - (c) Threatens, by word or act, to do any act described in subdivision (a) or (b), if there is reasonable cause to believe that an act described in subdivision (a) or (b) will occur.

- (2) Ethnic intimidation is a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 2 years, or by a fine of not more than $5,000.00, or both.

- (3) Regardless of the existence or outcome of any criminal prosecution, a person who suffers an injury to his or her person or damage to his or her property as a result of ethnic intimidation may bring a civil cause of action against the person who commits the offence to secure an injunction, actual damages, including damages for emotional distress, or other appropriate relief. A plaintiff who prevails in a civil action brought according to this section may recover both of the following:

- (a) Damages in the amount of 3 times the actual damages described in this subsection or $2,000.00, whichever is greater.

- (b) Reasonable attorney fees and costs.

Crimes closely related to intimidation are [menacing](/source/Menacing), [coercion](/source/Coercion), terrorizing,[3] and [assault](/source/Assault).[note 1]

In [California](/source/California), making criminal threats is a [wobbler](/source/Hybrid_offence) and may be charged as either a misdemeanor or a felony under California Penal Code 422.[21] A felony criminal threat is a strike under California's [three strikes law](/source/Three-strikes_law).

## As a civil offense

### United States

Intimidation can also be a [civil offense](/source/Civil_offense), in addition to a criminal offense, in some [U.S. states](/source/U.S._state). For example, in Oregon a violation of the state criminal statute for intimidation results in a civil violation.[22] The plaintiff in the civil suit for intimidation may then secure remedies including an injunction or special and general damages.[22]

## See also

- [Abusive power and control](/source/Abusive_power_and_control)

- [Bullying](/source/Bullying)

- [Climate of fear](/source/Climate_of_fear)

- [Coercion](/source/Coercion)

- [Demoralization (warfare)](/source/Demoralization_(warfare))

- [Emotional blackmail](/source/Emotional_blackmail)

- [Fear mongering](/source/Fear_mongering)

- [Gaslighting](/source/Gaslighting)

- [Gunboat diplomacy](/source/Gunboat_diplomacy)

- [Guilt trip](/source/Guilt_trip)

- [Intimidation of Parliament](/source/Intimidation_of_Parliament)

- [Katagelasticism](/source/Katagelasticism)

- [Psychological abuse](/source/Psychological_abuse)

- [Psychological trauma](/source/Psychological_trauma)

- [Shock and awe](/source/Shock_and_awe)

- [Threat](/source/Threat)

- [Verbal aggression](/source/Verbal_aggression)

- [Witness intimidation](/source/Witness_intimidation)

## Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-assault_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-assault_4-1) The traditional [common law](/source/Common_law) definition of assault of putting the victim in fear/apprehension of harm is maintained in many states; in other states, assault is now defined as the contact itself, having replaced the traditional common law crime of [battery](/source/Battery_(crime)). Further, in other states, assault may encompass both the threat and the contact. For more details, see the [Assault](/source/Assault) and [battery](/source/Battery_(crime)) articles.

## Further reading

- Ringer, Robert J. (2004). *To Be or Not to Be Intimidated?: That Is the Question*. M Evans & Co Inc. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-59077-035-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59077-035-8).

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["intimidation"](https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/intimidation). *LII / Legal Information Institute*. Retrieved July 26, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Definition of INTIMIDATE"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intimidate). *www.merriam-webster.com*. Retrieved November 18, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-maine-terror_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-maine-terror_3-1) ["Title 17-A, §210: Terrorizing"](http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/17-a/title17-Asec210.html). *www.mainelegislature.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Fein, Melvyn L. (1999). [*The Limits of Idealism: When Good Intentions Go Bad*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Qp1WZdvZXMMC). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 100+. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-306-46211-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46211-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** *Black's law dictionary* (9th ed.). St. Paul, MN: West. 2009. p. 737. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780314199508](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780314199508).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Spykman, Nicholas J. (2017). [*America's Strategy in World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power*](https://books.google.com/books?id=DSIuDwAAQBAJ&dq=intimidation+politics+embargo&pg=PT337). Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-351-53208-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-53208-2). It is not only possible to break the will of a nation by depriving it of essential imports; it is also possible to force a state to surrender...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Wegren, Stephen K. (2018). [*Putin's Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain*](https://books.google.com/books?id=riRyDwAAQBAJ&dq=intimidation+politics+embargo&pg=PA285). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 285. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-5381-1427-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1427-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Terroristic Threat Law and Legal Definition"](http://definitions.uslegal.com/t/terroristic-threat/). *uslegal.com*. USLegal.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Bolino, Mark C.; Turnley, William H. (2003). ["Counternormative impression management, likeability, and performance ratings: the use of intimidation in an organizational setting"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/job.185). *Journal of Organizational Behavior*. **24** (2): 237–250. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/job.185](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjob.185). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0894-3796](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-3796).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Morrison, Eileen F. (1992). ["A coercive interactional style as an antecedent to aggression in psychiatric patients"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nur.4770150604). *Research in Nursing & Health*. **15** (6): 421–431. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/nur.4770150604](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fnur.4770150604). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1448573](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1448573).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-harassment_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-harassment_12-1) ["Harassment Law and Legal Definition"](http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/harassment/). *uslegal.com*. USLegal.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Randall Collins, Violence: A Micro-sociological Theory (2009)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Simons, Kenneth W. (January 1, 2008). ["Self-Defense: Reasonable Beliefs or Reasonable Self-Control?"](https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/763). *New Criminal Law Review*. **11** (1): 51–90. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1525/nclr.2008.11.1.51](https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnclr.2008.11.1.51).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-crbritej1_15-0)** [Criminal intimidation in Indian law](https://devgan.in/ipc/chapter_22.php), accessed 12 July 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-crbritej2_16-0)** [Criminal intimidation in Singapore law](https://www.singaporecriminallawyer.com/criminal-force-and-assault/), accessed 12 July 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-crbritej3_17-0)** [Criminal intimidation in Pakistani law](https://caselaw.shc.gov.pk/caselaw/view-file/MTQ0NTAyY2Ztcy1kYzgz), India Law Portal, accessed 12 July 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-crbritej4_18-0)** [Criminal intimidation in Bangladesh law](https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/06/01/man-fined-rm3000-for-a-charge-of-outraging-modesty-of-woman), India Law Portal, accessed 12 July 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-crbritej5_19-0)** [Criminal intimidation in Malaysian law](https://www.burgielaw.com/resources/act?act_title=Penal+Code&section=506), India Law Portal, accessed 12 July 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Matheson, Dale. ["45-5-203. Intimidation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200810060442/https://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/45/5/45-5-203.htm). *Montana Legislative Services*. Archived from [the original](http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/45/5/45-5-203.htm) on August 10, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Michigan Legislature – Section 750.147b"](http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(koccjbzwql50hibj0nlh3355))/mileg.aspx?page=GetMCLDocument&objectname=mcl-750-147b). *www.legislature.mi.gov*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["California Penal Code 422"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133647/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=422-422.4). Archived from [the original](http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=422-422.4) on November 8, 2016.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Weblaws_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Weblaws_23-1) ["ORS 30.198 – Civil action for intimidation – 2017 Oregon Revised Statutes"](https://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/30.198). *www.oregonlaws.org*. Retrieved August 8, 2019.

## External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Intimidation](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Intimidation)***.

v t e Manipulation (psychology) Positive manipulation Big lie Brainwashing Bribery Disinformation Flattery Love bombing Predatory marriage Propaganda Seduction Sexual grooming Negative manipulation Bullying Character assassination Coercion Intimidation Mind games Mobbing Smear campaign Social rejection Other manipulation Entrapment Gaslighting Good cop, bad cop Indoctrination Influence-for-hire Interrogation Spin (propaganda) Related manipulation topics Boosting Crowd manipulation Confidence trick Internet manipulation Market manipulation Media manipulation Nudge theory Shill Undue influence Emotional blackmail Guilt trip Passive-aggressive behavior

v t e Abuse Types Adverse childhood experiences Anti-social behaviour Bullying Child abuse neglect sexual military marriage Cruelty to animals Disability abuse military draft Domestic abuse Elder abuse Financial Marriage Gaslighting Harassment Humiliation Incivility Institutional abuse Intimidation Neglect Persecution Professional abuse Psychological abuse Physical abuse Police brutality Religious abuse Social abuse Sexual abuse Stalking Structural abuse Substance abuse Alcohol abuse Surveillance abuse Referee and umpire abuse Verbal abuse more... Related topics Abusive supervision Abuse of power Controlling behavior Post-traumatic stress disorder complex Dehumanization Denial Destabilisation Discrimination Exaggeration Just-world fallacy Lying Manipulation Minimisation Narcissism Playing the victim Psychological projection Psychological trauma Psychopathy Rationalization Sexual grooming Traumatic bonding Victim blaming Victimisation Victimology

v t e Bullying Types Abusive supervision Cyberbullying Disability bullying Displaced aggression Doxing LGBTQ bullying Hazing Military bullying Mobbing Parental bullying of children Peer victimization Prison bullying Rank Relational aggression School bullying Higher education Sexual bullying Workplace harassment Workplace bullying Academia Information technology Legal aspects Legal profession Medicine Nursing Teaching Toxic leader Toxic workplace Elements Betrayal Blacklisting Bullying and emotional intelligence Cancel culture Character assassination Coercion Culture of fear Defamation Destabilisation Discrediting Embarrassment False accusation Gaslighting Gossip Harassment Humiliation Incivility Intimidation Kiss up kick down Mind games Moving the goalposts Nagging Name calling Personal attacks Physical abuse Psychological abuse Rudeness Sarcasm Screaming Shame Smear campaign Social exclusion Social undermining Swatting Taunting Workplace incivility Verbal abuse Organizations Ban Bossy Bullying UK Bystander Revolution Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity Ditch the Label GRIN Campaign It Gets Better Project Kidscape Megan Meier Foundation Society Against Violence in Education Experts Academics Anna Costanza Baldry Wendy Craig Dorothy Espelage David P. Farrington Shelley Hymel Heinz Leymann Gary Namie James O'Higgins Norman Dan Olweus Debra Pepler Christina Salmivalli Kenneth Westhues Activists Andrea Adams Tim Field SuEllen Fried Liam Hackett Lizzie Velásquez Actions Anti-Bullying Day Anti-Bullying Week Anti-bullying legislation International Day of Pink International Stand Up to Bullying Day Think Before You Speak School shooting Notable suicides (List) William Arthur Gibbs (1877) Kelly Yeomans (1997) Hamed Nastoh (2000) Dawn-Marie Wesley (2000) Nicola Ann Raphael (2001) Ryan Halligan (2003) Megan Meier (2006) Sladjana Vidovic (2008) Phoebe Prince (2010) Tyler Clementi (2010) Jamey Rodemeyer (2011) Jamie Hubley (2011) Kenneth Weishuhn (2012) Audrie Pott (2012) Amanda Todd (2012) Jadin Bell (2013) Rehtaeh Parsons (2013) Rebecca Sedwick (2013) Leelah Alcorn (2014) Conrad Roy (2014) Tyrone Unsworth (2016) Lia Smith (2025) Murder–suicides (incidents) Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold Columbine, 1999 Jeff Weise Red Lake, 2005 Seung-Hui Cho Virginia Tech, 2007 Pekka-Eric Auvinen Jokela High School, 2007 Matti Juhani Saari Kauhajoki School of Hospitality, 2008 Jose Horacio Reyes Sparks Middle School, 2013 Elliot Rodger Isla Vista, 2014 Related topics Emotional blackmail Just-world fallacy List of LGBT-related suicides Machiavellianism in the workplace Narcissism in the workplace Personal boundaries Personality disorders Playing the victim Psychopathy in the workplace Scapegoating Self-esteem Social dominance orientation Suicide among LGBTQ people Victim blaming Victimisation Victimology

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