# Internal flow

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Fluid flow within a fully confined region

In [fluid mechanics](/source/Fluid_mechanics), **internal flow** is a flow wherein the [fluid](/source/Fluid) is completely confined by inner surfaces of an item (e.g. a tube).[1] Hence the [boundary layer](/source/Boundary_layer) is unable to develop without eventually being constrained. The internal flow configuration represents a convenient geometry for heating and cooling fluids used in chemical processing, environmental control, and energy conversion technologies. Internal flow is fully dominated by viscosity throughout the flow field.[2]

An example includes flow in a pipe.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Çengel, Yunus A. (2014). *Heat and Mass Transfer : Fundamentals and Applications* (5th ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 449. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780077654764](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780077654764).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Çengel, Yunus A.; Cimbala, John M. (2006). *Fluid mechanics: fundamentals and applications*. McGraw-Hill series in mechanical engineering. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 10. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-07-247236-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-247236-3).

- E. M. Greitzer; C. S. Tan; M. B. Graf (26 February 2007). [*Internal Flow: Concepts and Applications*](https://books.google.com/books?id=z7z22pmYRjIC). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-139-45111-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45111-6).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Internal flow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_flow) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_flow?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.