# Insulin receptor substrate 2

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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

"IRS2" redirects here. For the chemical IrS2, see [Iridium disulfide](/source/Iridium_disulfide).

IRS2 Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 3FQW, 3FQX Identifiers Aliases IRS2, IRS-2, insulin receptor substrate 2 External IDs OMIM: 600797; MGI: 109334; HomoloGene: 2778; GeneCards: IRS2; OMA:IRS2 - orthologs Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 13 (human)[1] Band 13q34 Start 109,752,695 bp[1] End 109,786,583 bp[1] Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 8 (mouse)[2] Band 8 A1.1|8 5.35 cM Start 11,034,681 bp[2] End 11,058,458 bp[2] RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in decidua Region I of hippocampus proper postcentral gyrus dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve mucosa of paranasal sinus orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann area 46 lateral nuclear group of thalamus entorhinal cortex middle temporal gyrus Top expressed in skin of toe tail of embryo Rostral migratory stream molar muscle of thigh genital tubercle primary visual cortex superior frontal gyrus entorhinal cortex cerebellar cortex More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene ontology Molecular function insulin receptor binding 14-3-3 protein binding phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding protein binding protein kinase binding phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity signal transducer activity protein phosphatase binding protein domain specific binding Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol plasma membrane protein-containing complex Biological process positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation positive regulation of glucose import positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process cellular response to peptide positive regulation of cell migration positive regulation of glucose metabolic process response to glucose MAPK cascade mammary gland development regulation of lipid metabolic process negative regulation of long-chain fatty acid import across plasma membrane brain development positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation positive regulation of B cell proliferation positive regulation of cell population proliferation lipid homeostasis glucose metabolic process cellular response to insulin stimulus negative regulation of B cell apoptotic process cell population proliferation phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling cellular response to glucose stimulus signal transduction positive regulation of insulin secretion negative regulation of kinase activity phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process insulin receptor signaling pathway axon guidance interleukin-7-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction Sources:Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 8660 384783 Ensembl ENSG00000185950 ENSMUSG00000038894 UniProt Q9Y4H2 P81122 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003749 NM_001081212 RefSeq (protein) NP_003740 NP_001074681 Location (UCSC) Chr 13: 109.75 – 109.79 Mb Chr 8: 11.03 – 11.06 Mb PubMed search [3] [4] Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

**Insulin receptor substrate 2** is a [protein](/source/Protein) that in humans is encoded by the *IRS2* [gene](/source/Gene).[5]

## Function

This gene encodes the insulin receptor substrate 2, a cytoplasmic signaling molecule that mediates effects of [insulin](/source/Insulin), [insulin-like growth factor 1](/source/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1), and other [cytokines](/source/Cytokine) by acting as a molecular adaptor between diverse [receptor tyrosine kinases](/source/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase) and downstream effectors. The product of this gene is [phosphorylated](/source/Phosphorylated) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase upon receptor stimulation, as well as by an [interleukin 4 receptor-associated kinase](/source/IRAK1) in response to [IL4](/source/Interleukin-4) treatment.[6]

Mice lacking IRS2 have a diabetic phenotype[7] as well as a 40% reduction in brain mass.[8]

## Interactions

IRS2 has been shown to [interact](/source/Protein-protein_interaction) with:

- [PLCG1](/source/PLCG1),[9]

- [SOCS1](/source/Suppressor_of_cytokine_signaling_1),[10] and

- [PIK3R1](/source/PIK3R1),[11][12][13][14]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2) [GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000185950](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000185950) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2) [GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038894](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000038894) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Human PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=8660). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Mouse PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=384783). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid9312143_5-0)** Ogihara T, Isobe T, Ichimura T, Taoka M, Funaki M, Sakoda H, Onishi Y, Inukai K, Anai M, Fukushima Y, Kikuchi M, Yazaki Y, Oka Y, Asano T (Oct 1997). ["14-3-3 protein binds to insulin receptor substrate-1, one of the binding sites of which is in the phosphotyrosine binding domain"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.40.25267). *J Biol Chem*. **272** (40): 25267–74. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.272.40.25267](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.40.25267). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9312143](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9312143).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Entrez Gene: IRS2 insulin receptor substrate 2"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8660).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid15467829_7-0)** Lin X, Taguchi A, Park S, Kushner JA, Li F, Li Y, White MF (October 2004). ["Dysregulation of insulin receptor substrate 2 in beta cells and brain causes obesity and diabetes"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC518668). *J. Clin. Invest*. **114** (7): 908–16. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1172/JCI22217](https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI22217). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [518668](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC518668). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15467829](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15467829).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid12904469_8-0)** Schubert M, Brazil DP, Burks DJ, Kushner JA, Ye J, Flint CL, Farhang-Fallah J, Dikkes P, Warot XM, Rio C, Corfas G, White MF (August 2003). ["Insulin receptor substrate-2 deficiency impairs brain growth and promotes tau phosphorylation"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6740672). *J. Neurosci*. **23** (18): 7084–92. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-18-07084.2003](https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.23-18-07084.2003). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6740672](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6740672). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12904469](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12904469).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid9535722_9-0)** Sozzani P, Hasan L, Séguélas MH, Caput D, Ferrara P, Pipy B, Cambon C (March 1998). "IL-13 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C gamma-1 following IRS-2 association in human monocytes: relationship with the inhibitory effect of IL-13 on ROI production". *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun*. **244** (3): 665–70. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/bbrc.1998.8314](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1998.8314). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9535722](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9535722).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid12228220_10-0)** Rui L, Yuan M, Frantz D, Shoelson S, White MF (November 2002). ["SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 block insulin signaling by ubiquitin-mediated degradation of IRS1 and IRS2"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C200444200). *J. Biol. Chem*. **277** (44): 42394–8. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.C200444200](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C200444200). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12228220](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12228220).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid8910607_11-0)** Argetsinger LS, Norstedt G, Billestrup N, White MF, Carter-Su C (November 1996). ["Growth hormone, interferon-gamma, and leukemia inhibitory factor utilize insulin receptor substrate-2 in intracellular signaling"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.46.29415). *J. Biol. Chem*. **271** (46): 29415–21. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.271.46.29415](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.46.29415). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8910607](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8910607).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid9334184_12-0)** Verdier F, Chrétien S, Billat C, Gisselbrecht S, Lacombe C, Mayeux P (October 1997). ["Erythropoietin induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-2. An alternate pathway for erythropoietin-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.42.26173). *J. Biol. Chem*. **272** (42): 26173–8. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.272.42.26173](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.42.26173). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9334184](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9334184).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid9852124_13-0)** Kim B, Cheng HL, Margolis B, Feldman EL (December 1998). ["Insulin receptor substrate 2 and Shc play different roles in insulin-like growth factor I signaling"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.51.34543). *J. Biol. Chem*. **273** (51): 34543–50. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.273.51.34543](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.51.34543). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9852124](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9852124).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid12107746_14-0)** Hamer I, Foti M, Emkey R, Cordier-Bussat M, Philippe J, De Meyts P, Maeder C, Kahn CR, Carpentier JL (May 2002). ["An arginine to cysteine(252) mutation in insulin receptors from a patient with severe insulin resistance inhibits receptor internalisation but preserves signalling events"](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-002-0798-5). *Diabetologia*. **45** (5): 657–67. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s00125-002-0798-5](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-002-0798-5). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12107746](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12107746).

## Further reading

- White MF (1999). "The IRS-signalling system: a network of docking proteins that mediate insulin action". *Mol. Cell. Biochem*. **182** (1–2): 3–11. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1023/A:1006806722619](https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006806722619). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9609109](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9609109). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [32623861](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32623861).

- Jiang H, Harris MB, Rothman P (2000). ["IL-4/IL-13 signaling beyond JAK/STAT"](https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmai.2000.107604). *J. Allergy Clin. Immunol*. **105** (6 Pt 1): 1063–70. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1067/mai.2000.107604](https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmai.2000.107604). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10856136](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10856136).

- Sesti G, Federici M, Hribal ML, et al. (2001). ["Defects of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) system in human metabolic disorders"](https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.01-0009rev). *FASEB J*. **15** (12): 2099–111. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1096/fj.01-0009rev](https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.01-0009rev). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11641236](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11641236). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [6429338](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6429338).

- Gibson SL, Ma Z, Shaw LM (2007). ["Divergent roles for IRS-1 and IRS-2 in breast cancer metastasis"](https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.6.6.3987). *Cell Cycle*. **6** (6): 631–7. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4161/cc.6.6.3987](https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.6.6.3987). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17361103](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17361103).

- Dearth RK, Cui X, Kim HJ, et al. (2007). ["Oncogenic transformation by the signaling adaptor proteins insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2"](https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.6.6.4035). *Cell Cycle*. **6** (6): 705–13. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4161/cc.6.6.4035](https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.6.6.4035). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17374994](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17374994).

- Johnston JA, Wang LM, Hanson EP, et al. (1996). ["Interleukins 2, 4, 7, and 15 stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 in T cells. Potential role of JAK kinases"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.48.28527). *J. Biol. Chem*. **270** (48): 28527–30. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.270.48.28527](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.48.28527). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7499365](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7499365).

- Patti ME, Sun XJ, Bruening JC, et al. (1995). ["4PS/insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 is the alternative substrate of the insulin receptor in IRS-1-deficient mice"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.42.24670). *J. Biol. Chem*. **270** (42): 24670–3. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.270.42.24670](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.42.24670). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7559579](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7559579).

- Sun XJ, Wang LM, Zhang Y, et al. (1995). "Role of IRS-2 in insulin and cytokine signalling". *Nature*. **377** (6545): 173–7. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1995Natur.377..173S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.377..173S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/377173a0](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F377173a0). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7675087](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7675087). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [4336107](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4336107).

- Ridderstråle M, Degerman E, Tornqvist H (1995). ["Growth hormone stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 and its association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in primary adipocytes"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.8.3471). *J. Biol. Chem*. **270** (8): 3471–4. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.270.8.3471](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.8.3471). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7876077](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7876077).

- Platanias LC, Uddin S, Yetter A, et al. (1996). ["The type I interferon receptor mediates tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.1.278). *J. Biol. Chem*. **271** (1): 278–82. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.271.1.278](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.1.278). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8550573](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8550573).

- Beitner-Johnson D, Blakesley VA, Shen-Orr Z, et al. (1996). ["The proto-oncogene product c-Crk associates with insulin receptor substrate-1 and 4PS. Modulation by insulin growth factor-I (IGF) and enhanced IGF-I signaling"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.16.9287). *J. Biol. Chem*. **271** (16): 9287–90. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.271.16.9287](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.16.9287). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8621590](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8621590).

- Sawka-Verhelle D, Tartare-Deckert S, White MF, Van Obberghen E (1996). ["Insulin receptor substrate-2 binds to the insulin receptor through its phosphotyrosine-binding domain and through a newly identified domain comprising amino acids 591-786"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.11.5980). *J. Biol. Chem*. **271** (11): 5980–3. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.271.11.5980](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.11.5980). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8626379](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8626379).

- He W, Craparo A, Zhu Y, et al. (1996). ["Interaction of insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) with the insulin and insulin-like growth factor I receptors. Evidence for two distinct phosphotyrosine-dependent interaction domains within IRS-2"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.20.11641). *J. Biol. Chem*. **271** (20): 11641–5. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.271.20.11641](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.20.11641). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8662806](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8662806).

- Zhang WR, Li PM, Oswald MA, Goldstein BJ (1996). ["Modulation of insulin signal transduction by eutopic overexpression of the receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase LAR"](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.10.5.8732688). *Mol. Endocrinol*. **10** (5): 575–84. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1210/mend.10.5.8732688](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.10.5.8732688). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8732688](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8732688). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [42128485](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42128485).

- Argetsinger LS, Norstedt G, Billestrup N, et al. (1997). ["Growth hormone, interferon-gamma, and leukemia inhibitory factor utilize insulin receptor substrate-2 in intracellular signaling"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.46.29415). *J. Biol. Chem*. **271** (46): 29415–21. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.271.46.29415](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.46.29415). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8910607](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8910607).

- Thiselton DL, Hampson RM, Nayudu M, et al. (1997). ["Mapping the RP2 locus for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa on proximal Xp: a genetically defined 5-cM critical region and exclusion of candidate genes by physical mapping"](https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6.11.1093). *Genome Res*. **6** (11): 1093–102. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1101/gr.6.11.1093](https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6.11.1093). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8938433](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8938433).

- Izuhara K, Harada N (1997). "Interleukin-4 activates two distinct pathways of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in the same cells". *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun*. **229** (2): 624–9. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/bbrc.1996.1854](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1996.1854). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8954948](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8954948).

- Vanhaesebroeck B, [Welham MJ](/source/Melanie_Welham), Kotani K, et al. (1997). ["P110delta, a novel phosphoinositide 3-kinase in leukocytes"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20722). *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A*. **94** (9): 4330–5. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1997PNAS...94.4330V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.4330V). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.94.9.4330](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.9.4330). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [20722](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20722). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9113989](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9113989).

- Sawka-Verhelle D, Baron V, Mothe I, et al. (1997). ["Tyr624 and Tyr628 in insulin receptor substrate-2 mediate its association with the insulin receptor"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.26.16414). *J. Biol. Chem*. **272** (26): 16414–20. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.272.26.16414](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.26.16414). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9195949](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9195949).

- Algenstaedt P, Antonetti DA, Yaffe MB, Kahn CR (1997). ["Insulin receptor substrate proteins create a link between the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade and the Ca2+-ATPases in muscle and heart"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.38.23696). *J. Biol. Chem*. **272** (38): 23696–702. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.272.38.23696](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.38.23696). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9295312](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9295312).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Insulin receptor substrate 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_receptor_substrate_2) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_receptor_substrate_2?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.