# Iniidae

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Family of dolphins

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Iniidae Temporal range: Miocene-Holocene An Amazon river dolphin at Duisburg Zoo holding an Armored catfish in the mouth. Size compared to an average human Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Placentalia Order: Artiodactyla Infraorder: Cetacea Superfamily: Inioidea Family: Iniidae Gray, 1846 Genera Inia

**Iniidae** is a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of [river dolphins](/source/River_dolphin) containing one living genus, *[Inia](/source/Inia)*, and four extinct genera. The living genus lives in the river basins of [South America](/source/South_America), but the family formerly had a wider presence across the [Atlantic Ocean](/source/Atlantic_Ocean).

Iniidae are highly morphologically different from [marine dolphins](/source/Oceanic_dolphin) due to adaptations suited to their freshwater river habitat.[1] They display high amounts of [sexual dimorphism](/source/Sexual_dimorphism) through color and size.[2] Seasonal movement between flooded plains and rivers is common, due to the variation of seasonal rain.[3] There has been little research done on the family, in particular the species aside from the [Amazon river dolphin](/source/Amazon_river_dolphin).[2]

## Evolution

The South American river basins were flooded by marine waters during the mid-[Miocene](/source/Miocene) era, creating a new brackish habitat that allowed marine mammals to move into them. Marine animals that could tolerate the osmotic difference in the salt and freshwater systems permeated these habitats and adapted. Over time, the sea level began to recede, trapping the mammals within the continent in the river basins.[1]

## Morphology

Because their cervical vertebra are movable, the necks of Iniidae are flexible; this makes them unlike most whales, dolphins, and porpoises, which have fused neck vertebrae, rigidly aiming their heads forward.[4] The Iniidae have other morphology common to species adapted to freshwater river habitats,[5] including highly reduced or absent dorsal fins, which helps them avoid entanglement in vegetation from the flooded terrestrial plains, and large, wide, paddle-like pectoral fins that allow maneuverability in confined areas cramped by vegetation.[4] Other adaptations including a long [rostrum](/source/Rostrum_(anatomy)), skull, and jaw, and reduced orbits.[6]

Iniidae share other characteristics with their marine [toothed whale](/source/Odontocete) relatives. Their stomachs include a fore-stomach, a single-chambered main stomach, and a pyloric stomach with connecting channels. They also share similarities with their marine ancestors in terms of lung shape, the position of the diaphragm, the position of the blowhole toward the back of the head, and the structure of the tympanic bulla. Iniidae have lost their fur and lack true vocal cords.[7]

Iniidae dolphins develop multiple sets of teeth, including small conical teeth that differ slightly in the front of the mouth. The teeth extend lingually in the back, and in the front have a small depression on each side. These mammals are carnivorous, finding prey via echolocation.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Speciation

There is scientific debate on the number of species within the genus *Inia.* The main issue is whether there are two or three (or even four) species, or whether any of them should be considered sub-species. According to some researchers, *Inia geoffrensis*, *Inia humboldtiana*, and *Inia boliviensis* are three separate species, while many consider *I. geoffrensis* and *I. boliviensis* to be the only two.[8][9][3] Martin (2004) found evidence that genetic exchange occurs at multiple sites on the Amazon, even places hundreds of kilometres apart.[10]

## Taxonomy

The family was described by [John Edward Gray](/source/John_Edward_Gray) in 1846.[11]

Current classifications include a single living genus, *Inia*, with one to four species and several subspecies.[12][13] The family also includes three extinct genera described from fossils found in South America, [Florida](/source/Florida), [Libya](/source/Libya), and [Italy](/source/Italy).[11]

- Superfamily [Inioidea](/source/Inioidea) - Family Iniidae - Genus †*[Goniodelphis](/source/Goniodelphis)* - *G. hudsoni* - Genus *[Inia](/source/Inia)* - *Inia araguaiaensis* - [Araguaian river dolphin](/source/Araguaian_river_dolphin) - *Inia boliviensis* - [Bolivian river dolphin](/source/Bolivian_river_dolphin) - *Inia geoffrensis* - [Amazon river dolphin](/source/Amazon_river_dolphin) - *Inia humboldtiana* - [Orinoco river dolphin](/source/Orinoco_river_dolphin) - Genus †*[Isthminia](/source/Isthminia)* - †*[Isthminia panamensis](/source/Isthminia_panamensis)* - Genus †*[Meherrinia](/source/Meherrinia)* - Genus †*[Ischyrorhynchus](/source/Ischyrorhynchus)* (syn. *Anisodelphis*) - *I. vanbenedeni* (syn. *Anisodelphis brevirostratus*) - Genus †*[Saurocetes](/source/Saurocetes)* (syn. *Saurodelphis*, *Pontoplanodes*) - *S. argentinus* (syn. *Pontoplanodes obliquus*) - *S. gigas*

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hamilton2001_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hamilton2001_1-1) Hamilton, Healy; et al. (2001). ["Evolution of river dolphins"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088639). *Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences*. **268** (1466): 549–556. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1098/rspb.2000.1385](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2000.1385). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1088639](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088639). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11296868](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11296868).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Martin2006_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Martin2006_2-1) Martin, A.R.; Silva, V.M. (2006). "Sexual dimorphism and body scarring in the boto (Amazon river dolphin) *Inia geoffrensis*". *Marine Mammal Science*. **22** (1): 25–33. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2006MMamS..22...25M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MMamS..22...25M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00003.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-7692.2006.00003.x).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Rice1998_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Rice1998_3-1) Rice, Dale W. (1998). *Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and distribution*. Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication. Vol. 4. Lawrence, KS: Society for Marine Mammalogy. pp. 1–231. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-891276-03-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891276-03-3). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1891276034](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1891276034)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gomez2011_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gomez2011_4-1) Gomez-Salazar, C. (2011). "Photo-identification: A reliable and noninvasive tool for studying pink river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis)". *Aquatic Mammals*. **37** (4): 472–485. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011AqMam..37..472G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AqMam..37..472G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1578/am.37.4.2011.472](https://doi.org/10.1578%2Fam.37.4.2011.472).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gutstien2011_5-0)** Gutstien, Carolina (2014). ["The antiquity of riverine adaptations in Iniidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) documented by a humerus from the Late Miocene of the Ituzaingo Formation, Argentina"](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.22901). *The Anatomical Record*. **297** (6): 1096–1102. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/ar.22901](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.22901). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24585575](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24585575). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [42361824](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42361824).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Pyenson, N.D.](/source/Nicholas_Pyenson); Vélez-Juarbe, J.; Gutstein, C.S.; Little, H.; Vigil, D.; O'Dea, A. (1 September 2015). ["*Isthminia panamensis*, a new fossil Inioid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Chagres Formation of Panama and the evolution of 'river dolphins' in the Americas"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562255). *PeerJ*. **3** e1227. PeerJ Inc. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.7717/peerj.1227](https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.1227). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4562255](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562255). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [26355720](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26355720).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kaiya-1982_7-0)** Kaiya, Zhou (1982). "Classification and phylogeny of the superfamily Platanistoidea, with notes on evidence of the monophyly of the Cetacea". *Sci. Rep. Whale Res. Inst*. **34**: 93–108.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gravena2014_8-0)** Gravena, Waleska; et al. (2014). "Looking to the past and the future: Were the Madeira River rapids a geographical barrier to the boto (Cetacea: Iniidae)?". *Conservation Genetics*. **15** (3): 619–629.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Ruiz-García, M.; Banguera, E.; Cardenas, H. (2006). "Morphological analysis of three Inia (Cetacea: Iniidae) populations from Colombia and Bolivia". *Acta Theriologica*. **51** (4): 411–426. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/bf03195188](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03195188). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [22868836](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22868836).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Martin, A. R.; da Silva, V. M. F. (2004). "River dolphins and flooded forest: seasonal habitat use and sexual segregation of botos ( Inia geoffrensis ) in an extreme cetacean environment". *Journal of Zoology*. **263** (3): 295–305. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S095283690400528X](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095283690400528X). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0952-8369](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-8369).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TPBDB_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TPBDB_11-1) ["*Inia* taxon description"](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53142). *The Paleobiology Database*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121012212849/http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=53142&is_real_user=1) from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2022-09-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hrbek2014_12-0)** Hrbek, Tomas; da Silva, Vera Maria Ferreira; Dutra, Nicole; Gravena, Waleska; Martin, Anthony R.; Farias, Izeni Pires (2014-01-22). ["A new species of river dolphin from Brazil or: How little do we know our biodiversity?"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898917). *[PLOS ONE](/source/PLOS_ONE)*. **9** (1) e83623. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2014PLoSO...983623H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...983623H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1371/journal.pone.0083623](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0083623). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3898917](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898917). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24465386](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24465386).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** - ["*Inia boliviensis* (id=1006455)"](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006455). *ASM Mammal Diversity Database*. [American Society of Mammalogists](/source/American_Society_of_Mammalogists). Retrieved 2026-02-03. - ["*Inia humboldtiana* (id=1006502)"](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006502). *ASM Mammal Diversity Database*. [American Society of Mammalogists](/source/American_Society_of_Mammalogists). Retrieved 2026-02-03. - ["*Inia araguaiaensis* (id=1006454)"](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006454). *ASM Mammal Diversity Database*. [American Society of Mammalogists](/source/American_Society_of_Mammalogists). Retrieved 2026-02-03. - ["*Inia geoffrensis* (id=1006456)"](https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006456). *ASM Mammal Diversity Database*. [American Society of Mammalogists](/source/American_Society_of_Mammalogists). Retrieved 2026-02-03.

v t e Extant Cetacean species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Laurasiatheria Order Artiodactyla Suborder Whippomorpha Parvorder Mysticeti (Baleen whales) Balaenidae Balaena Bowhead whale (B. mysticetus) Eubalaena (Right whales) Southern right whale (E. australis) North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis) North Pacific right whale (E. japonica) Balaenopteridae (Rorquals) Balaenoptera Common minke whale (B. acutorostrata) Antarctic minke whale (B. bonaerensis) Sei whale (B. borealis) Bryde's whale (B. brydei) Pygmy Bryde's whale (B. edeni) Blue whale (B. musculus) Omura's whale (B. omurai) Fin whale (B. physalus) Rice's whale (B. ricei) Eschrichtius Gray whale (E. robustus) Megaptera Humpback whale (M. novaeangliae) Cetotheriidae Caperea Pygmy right whale (C. marginata) Parvorder Odontoceti (Toothed whales) Delphinidae (Oceanic dolphins) Aethalodelphis Pacific white-sided dolphin (A. obliquidens) Dusky dolphin (A. obscurus) Cephalorhynchus Peale's dolphin (C. australis) Commerson's dolphin (C. commersonii) Hourglass dolphin (C. cruciger) Chilean dolphin (C. eutropia) Heaviside's dolphin (C. heavisidii) Hector's dolphin (C. hectori) Delphinus Common dolphin (D. delphis) Feresa Pygmy killer whale (F. attenuata) Globicephala (Pilot whales) Short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus) Long-finned pilot whale (G. melas) Grampus Risso's dolphin (G. griseus) Lagenodelphis Fraser's dolphin (L. hosei) Lagenorhynchus White-beaked dolphin (L. albirostris) Leucopleurus Atlantic white-sided dolphin (L. acutus) Lissodelphis (Right whale dolphins) Northern right whale dolphin (L. borealis) Southern right whale dolphin (L. peronii) Orcaella Irrawaddy dolphin (O. brevirostris) Australian snubfin dolphin (O. heinsohni) Orcinus Orca or killer whale (O. orca) Peponocephala Melon-headed whale (P. electra) Pseudorca False killer whale (P. crassidens) Sotalia Tucuxi (S. fluviatilis) Guiana dolphin (S. guianensis) Sousa (Humpback dolphins) Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (S. chinensis) Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (S. plumbea) Australian humpback dolphin (S. sahulensis) Atlantic humpback dolphin (S. teuszii) Stenella Pantropical spotted dolphin (S. attenuata) Clymene dolphin (S. clymene) Striped dolphin (S. coeruleoalba) Atlantic spotted dolphin (S. frontalis) Spinner dolphin (S. longirostris) Steno Rough-toothed dolphin (S. bredanensis) Tursiops (Bottlenose dolphins) Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus) Burrunan dolphin (T. australis) Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin (T. erebennus) Common bottlenose dolphin (T. truncatus) Monodontidae Delphinapterus Beluga whale (D. leucas) Monodon Narwhal (M. monoceros) Phocoenidae (Porpoises) Neophocoena (Finless porpoises) Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (N. phocaenoides) Yangtze finless porpoise (N. asiaeorientalis) East Asian finless porpoise (N. sunameri) Phocoena Spectacled porpoise (P. dioptrica) Harbour porpoise (P. phocoena) Vaquita (P. sinus) Burmeister's porpoise (P. spinipinnis) Phocoenoides Dall's porpoise (P. dalli) Physeteridae Physeter Sperm whale (P. macrocephalus) Kogiidae Kogia Pygmy sperm whale (K. breviceps) Dwarf sperm whale (K. simus) Iniidae Inia Araguaian river dolphin (I. araguaiaensis) Bolivian river dolphin (I. boliviensis) Amazon river dolphin (I. geoffrensis) Lipotidae Lipotes Baiji (L. vexillifer) Platanistidae Platanista Ganges river dolphin (P. gangetica) Indus river dolphin (P. minor) Pontoporiidae Pontoporia La Plata dolphin (P. blainvillei) Ziphiidae (Beaked whales) Berardius Arnoux's beaked whale (B. arnuxii) Baird's beaked whale (B. bairdii) Sato's beaked whale (B. minimus) Hyperoodon (Bottlenose whales) Northern bottlenose whale (H. ampullatus) Southern bottlenose whale (H. planifrons) Indopacetus Tropical bottlenose whale (I. pacificus) Mesoplodon (Mesoplodont whales) Sowerby's beaked whale (M. bidens) Andrews' beaked whale (M. bowdoini) Hubbs' beaked whale (M. carlhubbsi) Blainville's beaked whale (M. densirostris) Ramari's beaked whale (M. eueu) Gervais's beaked whale (M. europaeus) Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (M. ginkgodens) Gray's beaked whale (M. grayi) Hector's beaked whale (M. hectori) Deraniyagala's beaked whale (M. hotaula) Strap-toothed whale (M. layardii) True's beaked whale (M. mirus) Perrin's beaked whale (M. perrini) Pygmy beaked whale (M. peruvianus) Stejneger's beaked whale (M. stejnegeri) Spade-toothed whale (M. traversii) Tasmacetus Shepherd's beaked whale (T. shepherdi) Ziphius Cuvier's beaked whale (Z. cavirostris)

v t e Odontocete genera Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Infraorder: Cetacea Odontoceti Odontoceti †Agorophius †Amphidelphis †Ankylorhiza †Archaeodelphis †Argyrocetus †Ashleycetus †Caolodelphis †Chilcacetus †Enigmatocetus †Eoplatanista †Inticetus †Macrodelphinus †Microcetus †Mirocetus †Neosqualodon †Olympicetus †Papahu †Patriocetus †Phoberodon †Phococetus †Prosqualodon †Romaleodelphis †Sachalinocetus †Simocetus †Sulakocetus †Tangaroasaurus †Xenorophidae Albertocetus Cotylocara Echovenator Inermorostrum Xenorophus †Waipatiidae Awamokoa Ediscetus Nihohae Nihoroa Otekaikea Urkudelphis Waipatia †Squalodontidae Eosqualodon Squalodon †Squaloziphiidae Crisocetus? Squaloziphius Yaquinacetus †Eurhinodelphinidae Ceterhinops Eurhinodelphis Iniopsis Mycteriacetus Phocaenopsis Schizodelphis Vanbreenia Xiphiacetus Ziphiodelphis Crown-Odontoceti see below↓ Crown-Odontoceti Physeteroidea †Acrophyseter †Albicetus †Angelocetus †Brygmophyseter †Eudelphis †Hoplocetus †Livyatan †Miophyseter †Rhaphicetus †Scaldicetus †Zygophyseter Kogiidae †Aprixokogia Kogia †Koristocetus †Nanokogia †Platyscaphokogia †Pliokogia †Praekogia †Scaphokogia †Thalassocetus? Physeteridae †Aulophyseter †Cozzuoliphyseter †Diaphorocetus †Eophyseter †Idiophyseter †Idiorophus †Orycterocetus Physeter †Physeterula †Placoziphius †Thalassocetus? Platanistoidea †Aondelphis †Aureia †Dolgopolis †Ensidelphis †Perditicetus †Eurhinodelphinidae? †Squalodontidae? †Waipatiidae? †Allodelphinidae? Allodelphis Arktocara Goedertius Ninjadelphis Zarhinocetus †Squalodelphinidae? Fordycetus Furcacetus Huaridelphis Macrosqualodelphis Medocinia Miodelphinus Notocetus Phocageneus Squalodelphis Platanistidae †Araeodelphis †Dilophodelphis †Grimadelphis †Pachyacanthus? †Pebanista Platanista †Pomatodelphis †Prepomatodelphis †Zarhachis? Ziphiidae †Aporotus †Beneziphius †Caviziphius †Chavinziphius †Chimuziphius †Choneziphius †Dagonodum †Flandriacetus †Globicetus †Imocetus †Khoikhoicetus †Mamaziphius †Messapicetus †Nazcacetus †Nenga †Ninoziphius †Notoziphius †Pterocetus Tasmacetus †Tusciziphius †Xhosacetus †Ziphirostrum Berardiinae †Archaeoziphius Berardius †Microberardius Ziphiinae †Izikoziphius Ziphius Hyperoodontinae †Africanacetus Hyperoodon †Ihlengesi Indopacetus Mesoplodon Delphinida see below↓ Delphinida Delphinida †Albireo †Atocetus †Brevirostrodelphis †Cammackacetus †Delphinodon †Hadrodelphis †Herbeinodelphis †Liolithax †Lophocetus †Macrokentriodon †Miminiacetus †Odobenocetops †Pictodelphis †Pithanodelphis †Tagicetus †Westmorelandelphis †Kentriodontidae Belonodelphis? Kampholophos Kentriodon Mesokentriodon Platysvercus Sophianacetus Rudicetus Wimahl Lipotidae Eolipotes Lipotes †Parapontoporia †Prolipotes Inioidea †Awadelphis Iniidae †Brujadelphis †Goniodelphis Inia †Ischyrorhynchus †Isoninia? †Isthminia †Kwanzacetus †Meherrinia †Plicodontinia †Saurocetes Pontoporiidae †Atocetus? †Auroracetus †Brachydelphis †Piscorhynchus †Pliopontos †Pontistes †Protophocaena †Samaydelphis †Scaldiporia †Stenasodelphis Pontoporia Delphinoidea Monodontidae †Bohaskaia †Casatia Delphinapterus †Denebola †Haborodelphis Monodon Phocoenidae †Archaeophocaena †Australithax †Brabocetus †Haborophocoena †Lomacetus †Miophocaena Neophocaena †Numataphocoena Phocoena Phocoenoides †Piscolithax †Pterophocaena? †Semirostrum †Septemtriocetus Delphinidae †Arimidelphis †Australodelphis †Eodelphinus †Etruridelphis †Hemisyntrachelus Lagenorhynchus Leucopleurus †Norisdelphis Orcinus †Platalearostrum †Pliodelphis †Pterophocaena? †Septidelphis Lissodelphininae Aethalodelphis Cephalorhynchus Lissodelphis Delphininae Delphinus Lagenodelphis Sotalia Sousa Stenella Tursiops Globicephalinae Feresa Globicephala Grampus Orcaella Peponocephala Pseudorca †Rododelphis Steno

Taxon identifiers Iniidae Wikidata: Q54873 Wikispecies: Iniidae ADW: Iniidae BOLD: 1016 CoL: 624VF EoL: 7657 GBIF: 9683 iNaturalist: 41466 IRMNG: 105035 ITIS: 612587 MSW: 14300136 NCBI: 197540 Open Tree of Life: 935329 Paleobiology Database: 53142 WoRMS: 254958

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Iniidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniidae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniidae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.