# Infarction

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> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Infarction.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infarction
> Source revision: 1354765546
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{{Short description|Tissue death due to inadequate blood supply}}
{{Distinguish|Infection|Infraction}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| name            = Infarction
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| image           = Pulmonary infarct intermed mag.jpg
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| caption         = [Micrograph](/source/Micrograph) of a pulmonary infarct (right of image) beside relatively normal lung (left of image). [H&E stain](/source/H%26E_stain).
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| field           = [Pathology](/source/Pathology)
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'''Infarction''' is tissue death ([necrosis](/source/necrosis)) due to [inadequate blood supply](/source/Ischemia) to the affected area. It may be caused by [artery blockages](/source/Thrombosis), rupture, mechanical compression, or [vasoconstriction](/source/vasoconstriction).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3970 |work=MedicineNet |publisher=[WebMD](/source/WebMD) |title=Definition of Infarction |date=April 27, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-date=January 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123012700/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3970 }}</ref> The resulting [lesion](/source/lesion) is referred to as an infarct,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/infarct |publisher=[The Free Dictionary](/source/The_Free_Dictionary) |title=infarct}} Citing:
* The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Updated in 2009.
* The American Heritage Science Dictionary 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title=INFARCT definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/infarct |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> from the Latin ''infarctus'', "stuffed into".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=infarct&allowed_in_frame=0|title=Infarct &#124; Origin and meaning of infarct by Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>

==Causes==
Infarction occurs as a result of prolonged [ischemia](/source/ischemia), which is the insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrition to an area of tissue due to a disruption in blood supply.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heusch |first1=Gerd |title=Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion: Translational pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease |journal=Med |date=January 2024 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=10–31 |doi=10.1016/j.medj.2023.12.007 |pmid=38218174 }}</ref> The blood vessel supplying the affected area of tissue may be blocked due to an obstruction in the vessel (e.g.,&nbsp;an [arterial embolus](/source/arterial_embolus), [thrombus](/source/thrombus), or [atherosclerotic plaque](/source/atherosclerotic_plaque)), compressed by something outside of the vessel causing it to narrow (e.g.,&nbsp;[tumor](/source/tumor), [volvulus](/source/volvulus), or [hernia](/source/hernia)), ruptured by trauma causing a loss of blood pressure downstream of the rupture, or vasoconstricted, which is the narrowing of the blood vessel by contraction of the muscle wall rather than an external force (e.g.,&nbsp;cocaine vasoconstriction leading to [myocardial infarction](/source/myocardial_infarction)).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Daroca-Pérez |first1=Rafael |last2=Carrascosa |first2=Miguel F. |date=2008–2017 |title=Digital necrosis: a potential risk of high-dose norepinephrine |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=259–261 |doi=10.1177/2042098617712669 |issn=2042-0986 |pmc=5518967 |pmid=28781738}}</ref>
left|thumb|200x200px|Infarction could be caused by damaged cholesterol plaque
[Hypertension](/source/Hypertension) and [atherosclerosis](/source/atherosclerosis) are risk factors for both [atherosclerotic plaque](/source/atherosclerotic_plaque)s and [thromboembolism](/source/thromboembolism).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=R. W. |title=American Heart Association Journals |url=https://www.ahajournals.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-04-16 |journal=Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) |date=1995 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=155–161 |language=en |doi=10.1161/01.HYP.25.2.155 |pmid=7843763 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In atherosclerotic formations, a plaque develops under a fibrous cap. When the fibrous cap is degraded by metalloproteinases released from macrophages or by intravascular shear force from blood flow, subendothelial thrombogenic material ([extracellular matrix](/source/extracellular_matrix)) is exposed to circulating platelets and thrombus formation occurs on the vessel wall [occluding](/source/Vascular_occlusion) blood flow. Occasionally, the plaque may rupture and form an [embolus](/source/Embolism) which travels with the blood-flow downstream to where the vessel narrows and eventually clogs the vessel lumen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jebari-Benslaiman |first1=Shifa |last2=Galicia-García |first2=Unai |last3=Larrea-Sebal |first3=Asier |last4=Olaetxea |first4=Javier Rekondo |last5=Alloza |first5=Iraide |last6=Vandenbroeck |first6=Koen |last7=Benito-Vicente |first7=Asier |last8=Martín |first8=César |date=2022-03-20 |title=Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=3346 |doi=10.3390/ijms23063346 |doi-access=free |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=8954705 |pmid=35328769}}</ref>

==Classification==
thumb|Infarction of the lung due to a pulmonary embolism

===By histopathology===
{{more med cn|section|date=April 2026}}
200px|thumbnail|left|A blood clot could be a broken thrombosis that got clotted to the blood vessel wall.
Infarctions are divided into two types according to the amount of [blood](/source/blood) present:
# [White infarction](/source/White_infarction)s ([anemic infarct](/source/anemic_infarct)s) affect solid organs such as the [spleen](/source/spleen), [heart](/source/heart) and [kidneys](/source/kidneys) wherein the solidity of the [tissue](/source/tissue_(biology)) substantially limits the amount of nutrients ([blood](/source/blood)/[oxygen](/source/oxygen)/[glucose](/source/glucose)/[fuel](/source/fuel)) that can flow into the [area](/source/area) of [ischaemic](/source/ischaemic) [necrosis](/source/necrosis). Similar [occlusion](/source/Vascular_occlusion) to [blood flow](/source/blood_flow) and consequent [necrosis](/source/necrosis) can occur as a result of severe [vasoconstriction](/source/vasoconstriction) as illustrated in severe [Raynaud's phenomenon](/source/Raynaud's_phenomenon) that can lead to irreversible [gangrene](/source/gangrene).
# [Red infarction](/source/Red_infarction)s ([hemorrhagic infarct](/source/hemorrhagic_infarct)s) generally affect the [lung](/source/lung)s or other loose organs ([testis](/source/testis), [ovary](/source/ovary), [small intestines](/source/small_intestines)). The [occlusion](/source/Vascular_occlusion) consists more of [red blood cell](/source/red_blood_cell)s and [fibrin](/source/fibrin) strands. Characteristics of red infarcts include:
#* occlusion of a [vein](/source/vein)
#* loose tissues that allow [blood](/source/blood) to collect in the [infarcted](/source/infarcted) zone
#* tissues with a dual [circulatory system](/source/circulatory_system) (lung, small intestines)
#* tissues previously congested from sluggish venous outflow
#* [reperfusion](/source/Reperfusion_injury) ([injury](/source/injury))<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sekido |first1=Nobuaki |last2=Mukaida |first2=Naofumi |last3=Harada |first3=Akihisa |last4=Nakanishi |first4=Isao |last5=Watanabe |first5=Yoh |last6=Matsushima |first6=Kouji |title=Prevention of lung reperfusion injury in rabbits by a monoclonal antibody against interleukin-8 |journal=Nature |date=14 October 1993 |volume=365 |issue=6447 |pages=654–657 |doi=10.1038/365654a0 |pmid=8413628 |bibcode=1993Natur.365..654S }}</ref> of previously [ischemic](/source/ischemic) tissue that is associated with [reperfusion](/source/Reperfusion_injury)-related [diseases](/source/diseases),<ref>
{{cite journal |pages=1907–1916 |doi=10.1517/13543784.8.11.1907 |title=LEX 032: a novel recombinant human protein for the treatment of ischaemic reperfusion injury |year=1999 |last1=Sands |first1=Howard |last2=Tuma |first2=Ronald F |journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs |volume=8 |issue=11 |pmid=11139833}}
</ref> such as [myocardial infarction](/source/myocardial_infarction), [stroke](/source/stroke) ([cerebral infarction](/source/cerebral_infarction)), shock-[resuscitation](/source/resuscitation), replantation [surgery](/source/surgery), [frostbite](/source/frostbite), [burn](/source/burn)s, and [organ transplant](/source/organ_transplant)ation.
[[File:Hemorrhagic infarction of testis.jpg|thumbnail|Micrograph of testis showing hemorrhagic infarction. [H&E](/source/H%26E) stain.]]

===By localization===
* thumb|Haemorrhagic infarction ileum; strangulation in a hernial sack.thumb|Hemorrhagic infarct, apex lower lobe, left lung'''Heart''': [Myocardial infarction](/source/Myocardial_infarction) (''MI''), commonly known as a ''heart attack'', is an infarction of the heart, causing some heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a [coronary artery](/source/coronary_artery) following the rupture of a [vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque](/source/Vulnerable_plaque), which is an unstable collection of [lipids](/source/lipids) (fatty acids) and [white blood cell](/source/white_blood_cell)s (especially [macrophage](/source/macrophage)s) in the wall of an [artery](/source/artery). The resulting [ischemia](/source/ischemia) (restriction in blood supply) and [oxygen shortage](/source/Hypoxia_(medical)), if left untreated for a sufficient period of time, can cause damage or kill heart muscle tissue (''[myocardium](/source/myocardium)'').
[[File:Histopathology of thalamus infarction at approximately 24 hours, high magnification, annotated.jpg|thumb|240px|Histopathology at high magnification of a normal brain neuron, and a brain infarction at approximately 24 hours on [H&E stain](/source/H%26E_stain): The neurons become hypereosinophilic and there is an infiltrate of [neutrophil](/source/neutrophil)s. There is slight edema and loss of normal architecture in the surrounding [neuropil](/source/neuropil).]]
* '''Brain''': [Cerebral infarction](/source/Cerebral_infarction) is the [ischemic](/source/ischemia) kind of [stroke](/source/stroke) due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. It can be atherothrombotic or embolic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ropper |first1=Allan H. |last2=Adams |first2=Raymond Delacy |last3=Brown |first3=Robert F. |last4=Victor |first4=Maurice |title=Adams and Victor's principles of neurology |year=2005 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division |location=New York  |isbn=0-07-141620-X |pages=686–704}}</ref> Stroke caused by cerebral infarction should be distinguished from two other kinds of stroke: [cerebral hemorrhage](/source/cerebral_hemorrhage) and [subarachnoid hemorrhage](/source/subarachnoid_hemorrhage). Cerebral infarctions vary in their severity with one third of the cases resulting in death. In response to ischemia, the brain degenerates by the process of liquefactive necrosis.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease|date=2015|first1=Vinay|last1=Kumar|first2=Abul K.|last2=Abbas|first3=Jon C.|last3=Aster|first4=James A.|last4=Perkins|isbn=978-1-4557-2613-4|edition=Ninth|location=Philadelphia, PA|oclc=879416939}}</ref>
* '''Lung''': Pulmonary infarction or [lung infarction](/source/lung_Infarction)
* '''Spleen''': [Splenic infarction](/source/Splenic_infarction) occurs when the [splenic artery](/source/splenic_artery) or one of its branches are occluded, for example by a [blood clot](/source/blood_clot). Although it can occur [asymptomatic](/source/asymptomatic)ally, the typical symptom is severe [pain](/source/abdominal_pain) in the [left upper quadrant of the abdomen](/source/left_upper_quadrant_(abdomen)), sometimes radiating to the left shoulder. Fever and chills develop in some cases.<ref name="pmid9486895">{{cite journal |last1=Nores |first1=Marcos |last2=Phillips |first2=Edward H |last3=Morgenstern |first3=Leon |last4=Hiatt |first4=Jonathan R |title=The clinical spectrum of splenic infarction |journal=The American Surgeon |volume=64 |issue=2 |date=February 1998 |pages=182–188 |id={{ProQuest|212823615}} |pmid=9486895 }}</ref> It has to be differentiated from other causes of [acute abdomen](/source/acute_abdomen).
* '''Limb''': [Limb infarction](/source/Limb_infarction) is an infarction of an [arm](/source/arm) or [leg](/source/Human_leg). Causes include [arterial embolism](/source/arterial_embolism)s and ''skeletal muscle infarction'' as a rare complication of long standing, poorly controlled [diabetes mellitus](/source/diabetes_mellitus).<ref name=Grigoriadis>{{cite journal |pmid=10782838 |year=2000 |last1=Grigoriadis |first1=E |last2=Fam |first2=AG |last3=Starok |first3=M |last4=Ang |first4=LC |title=Skeletal muscle infarction in diabetes mellitus |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1063–1068 |journal=The Journal of Rheumatology}}</ref> A major presentation is painful thigh or leg swelling.<ref name=Grigoriadis/>
* '''Bone''': Infarction of [bone](/source/bone) results in [avascular necrosis](/source/avascular_necrosis). Without blood, the bone tissue dies and the bone collapses.<ref name=DiGiovanni>{{cite journal |last1=DiGiovanni |first1=Christopher W. |last2=Patel |first2=Amar |last3=Calfee |first3=Ryan |last4=Nickisch |first4=Florian |title=Osteonecrosis in the Foot |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons |date=April 2007 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=208–217 |doi=10.5435/00124635-200704000-00004 |pmid=17426292 }}</ref> If avascular necrosis involves the bones of a [joint](/source/joint), it often leads to destruction of the joint articular surfaces (see [osteochondritis dissecans](/source/osteochondritis_dissecans)).
* '''Testicle''': an infarction of a [testicle](/source/testicle) is commonly caused by [testicular torsion](/source/testicular_torsion) and may require [removal of the affected testicle](/source/Orchiectomy)(s) if not undone by surgery quickly enough.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Testicular torsion - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/symptoms-causes/syc-20378270|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref>

thumb|Ultrasound of segmental testicular infarction. Infarct area shown as hypoechoic and avascular upper segment of R testis.

* '''Eye''': an infarction can occur to the [central retinal artery](/source/central_retinal_artery) which supplies the retina causing sudden visual loss.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varma |first1=D. D. |last2=Cugati |first2=S. |last3=Lee |first3=A. W. |last4=Chen |first4=C. S. |date=2006–2013 |title=A review of central retinal artery occlusion: clinical presentation and management |journal=Eye |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=688–697 |doi=10.1038/eye.2013.25 |issn=1476-5454 |pmc=3682348 |pmid=23470793}}</ref>
*'''Bowel''': [Bowel infarction](/source/Bowel_infarction) is generally caused by [mesenteric ischemia](/source/mesenteric_ischemia) due to blockages in the arteries or veins that supply the bowel.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Monita |first1=Monique M. |title=Acute Mesenteric Ischemia |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431068/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28613722 |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Lorena}}</ref>

==Associated diseases==
Diseases commonly associated with infarctions include:

* [Peripheral artery occlusive disease](/source/Peripheral_artery_occlusive_disease) (a severe form of which is [gangrene](/source/gangrene))<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shamaki |first1=Garba Rimamskep |last2=Markson |first2=Favour |last3=Soji-Ayoade |first3=Demilade |last4=Agwuegbo |first4=Chibuike Charles |last5=Bamgbose |first5=Michael Olaseni |last6=Tamunoinemi |first6=Bob-Manuel |date=2022-11-01 |title=Peripheral Artery Disease: A Comprehensive Updated Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146280621002905 |journal=Current Problems in Cardiology |volume=47 |issue=11 |article-number=101082 |doi=10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.101082 |pmid=34906615 |issn=0146-2806|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [Antiphospholipid syndrome](/source/Antiphospholipid_syndrome)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lóczi |first1=Linda |last2=Kappelmayer |first2=János |last3=Tarr |first3=Tünde |last4=Bagoly |first4=Zsuzsa |date=6 December 2019 |title=Antiphospholipid syndrome and the risk of myocardial infarction: current evidence and uncertainties |url=https://journals.viamedica.pl/polish_heart_journal/article/view/82439 |journal=Kardiologia Polska |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.33963/KP.15090 |pmid=31808421 |via=Viamedica|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [Sepsis](/source/Sepsis)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hsieh |first1=Y. C. |last2=Tsou |first2=P. Y. |last3=Wang |first3=Y. H. |last4=Chao |first4=C. C. |last5=Lee |first5=W. C. |last6=Lee |first6=M. G. |last7=Wu |first7=J. Y. |last8=Chang |first8=S. S. |last9=Chen |first9=P. Y. |last10=Lee |first10=C. C. |title=Sage Journals: Discover world-class research |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-03-27 |journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine |date=2020 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=34–41 |language=en |doi=10.1177/0885066619844936 |pmid=31079522 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [Giant-cell arteritis](/source/Giant-cell_arteritis) (GCA)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Greigert |first1=Hélène |last2=Zeller |first2=Marianne |last3=Putot |first3=Alain |last4=Steinmetz |first4=Eric |last5=Terriat |first5=Béatrice |last6=Maza |first6=Maud |last7=Falvo |first7=Nicolas |last8=Muller |first8=Géraldine |last9=Arnould |first9=Louis |last10=Creuzot-Garcher |first10=Catherine |last11=Ramon |first11=André |last12=Martin |first12=Laurent |last13=Tarris |first13=Georges |last14=Ponnelle |first14=Tibor |last15=Audia |first15=Sylvain |date=2021-07-01 |title=Myocardial infarction during giant cell arteritis: A cohort study |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953620521000388 |journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine |volume=89 |pages=30–38 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2021.02.001 |pmid=33610415 |issn=0953-6205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parreau |first1=Simon |last2=Dumonteil |first2=Stéphanie |last3=Montoro |first3=Francisco Macian |last4=Gondran |first4=Guillaume |last5=Bezanahary |first5=Holy |last6=Palat |first6=Sylvain |last7=Ly |first7=Kim-Heang |last8=Fauchais |first8=Anne-Laure |last9=Liozon |first9=Eric |date=2022-08-01 |title=Giant cell arteritis-related stroke in a large inception cohort: A comparative study |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049017222000713 |journal=Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism |volume=55 |article-number=152020 |doi=10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152020 |pmid=35512621 |issn=0049-0172|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [Hernia](/source/Hernia)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Yuyou |last2=Li |first2=Fangfang |last3=Chen |first3=Zhongyun |last4=Chen |first4=Weibi |last5=Fan |first5=Linlin |last6=Zheng |first6=Yangmin |last7=Han |first7=Ziping |last8=Li |first8=Lingzhi |last9=Luo |first9=Yumin |last10=Zhang |first10=Yan |date=2021-01-01 |title=Predictive Value of Degranulating Factors of Neutrophils in Massive Cerebral Infarction |journal=Cell Transplantation |language=EN |volume=30 |article-number=09636897211004089 |doi=10.1177/09636897211004089 |issn=0963-6897 |pmc=8020096 |pmid=33787356}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Yu Hyun |last2=Lim |first2=Jae Hoon |last3=Ha |first3=Heon-Kyun |date=July 2020 |title=Omental Torsion and Infarction Secondary to Omental Hernia in the Right Inguinal Canal |journal=Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=1003–1007 |doi=10.3348/jksr.2020.81.4.1003 |issn=2288-2928 |pmc=9432220 |pmid=36238166}}</ref>
* [Volvulus](/source/Volvulus)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kashbour |first1=Muataz |last2=Abuhlaiga |first2=Maaly |last3=Awan |first3=Muhammed Asim |last4=Gashoot |first4=Khalid |date=2025-04-01 |title=Emergency radiological evaluation of wandering spleen volvulus and infarction: A case report and review of literature |journal=Radiology Case Reports |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=2203–2206 |doi=10.1016/j.radcr.2025.01.057 |pmid=39990618 |pmc=11847500 |issn=1930-0433}}</ref>
* [Sickle-cell disease](/source/Sickle-cell_disease)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jefferson |first1=Jamal M. |last2=Sims |first2=Wynton M. |last3=Umeh |first3=Nkeiruka |last4=Byeon |first4=Yen Ji Julia |last5=Abdallah |first5=Khadijah E. |last6=Bonham |first6=Vence L. |last7=Naik |first7=Rakhi P. |last8=Smith-Whitley |first8=Kim |date=August 2021 |title=Splenic infarction in sickle cell trait: A comprehensive systematic review of case studies |journal=EJHaem |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=585–600 |doi=10.1002/jha2.248 |issn=2688-6146 |pmc=8635393 |pmid=34870278}}</ref>

== First aid ==
Each type of infarction requires its own care.

Infarction in the heart requires [first aid for myocardial infarction (due to acute coronary syndrome)](/source/Management_of_acute_coronary_syndrome).<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mechanic |first1=Oren J. |title=Acute Myocardial Infarction |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459269/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083808 |last2=Gavin |first2=Michael |last3=Grossman |first3=Shamai A.}}</ref>

Infarctions in the brain result in [ischemic stroke](/source/Stroke) and require immediate medical attention.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herpich |first1=Franziska |last2=Rincon |first2=Fred |date=2020-10-09 |title=Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke |journal=Critical Care Medicine |language=en-US |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=1654–1663 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000004597 |pmid=32947473 |issn=0090-3493 |pmc=7540624 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
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{{Hemodynamics}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Gross pathology
Category:Causes of death

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Infarction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infarction) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infarction?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.