# Indian country

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Self-governing Native American community in the United States

This article is about the term the United States uses for Native self-governments. For the unorganized U.S. territory whose general borders were initially set by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834, see [Indian Territory](/source/Indian_Territory). For other uses, see [Indian country (disambiguation)](/source/Indian_country_(disambiguation)).

Indian country Also known as: Domestic dependent nations Category Political divisions Location United States Number 575 federally recognized tribes, 326 Indian reservations, 229 Alaska Native tribal entities (as of 2025) Government Federally recognized tribe, State recognized tribe Subdivisions Indian reservation

**Indian country** is any of the self-governing [Native American or American Indian](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) communities throughout the [United States](/source/United_States). Colloquially, this refers to lands governed by [federally recognized tribes](/source/Federally_recognized_tribe) and [state recognized tribes](/source/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States). The concept of tribal sovereignty legally recognizes tribes as distinct, independent nations within the United States. As a legal category, it includes "all land within the limits of any [Indian reservation](/source/Indian_reservation)", "all [dependent Indian communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dependent_Indian_communities&action=edit&redlink=1) within the borders of the United States", and "[all Indian allotments](/source/Dawes_Act), the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished." Native tribes which are [not recognized by the government can seek recognition](/source/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States). Multiple tribes that had their relationship with the federal government [terminated](/source/Indian_termination_policy) have not regained federal recognition.

The American military has since applied the term to sovereign land outside its control, including land in Vietnam.

## Legal classification

Main article: [Indian country jurisdiction](/source/Indian_country_jurisdiction)

This legal classification defines American Indian tribal and individual land holdings as part of a reservation, dependent Indian community, an allotment, or a public domain allotment:[1][2]

Except as otherwise provided in sections 1154 and 1156 of this title, the term “Indian country”, as used in this chapter, means (a) all land within the limits of any [Indian reservation](/source/Indian_reservation) under the jurisdiction of the United States Government, notwithstanding the issuance of any patent, and, including rights-of-way running through the reservation, (b) all [dependent Indian communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dependent_Indian_communities&action=edit&redlink=1) within the borders of the United States whether within the original or subsequently acquired territory thereof, and whether within or without the limits of a state, and (c) all [Indian allotments](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_allotments&action=edit&redlink=1), the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished, including rights-of-way running through the same.

All federal trust lands held for Native American tribes are Indian country. Federal, state, and local governments use this category in their legal processes. Today, however, according to the U.S. Census of 2010, over 78% of all Native Americans live off reservations. Indian country now spans thousands of rural areas, towns and cities where Indian people live. This convention is followed generally in colloquial speech and is reflected in publications such as the Native American newspaper *[Indian Country Today](/source/Indian_Country_Today)*.

## Related and historical meanings

Historically, Indian country was considered the areas, regions, territories or countries beyond the [frontier of settlement](/source/American_Frontier) that were inhabited primarily by Native Americans. Colonists made treaties with Native Americans, agreeing to offer services and protection indefinitely in exchange for peaceful transfer of Native American land. Many of these treaties were arranged and signed through coercion, and many treaty agreements were violated or ignored.

### Between the Appalachians and Mississippi

Main article: [Indian Reserve (1763)](/source/Indian_Reserve_(1763))

As the original [13 colonies](/source/Thirteen_Colonies) grew and treaties were made, the [de facto](/source/De_facto) boundary between settled territory and Indian country during the 18th century was roughly the crest of the [Appalachian Mountains](/source/Appalachian_Mountains), a boundary set into law by the [Royal Proclamation of 1763](/source/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763), the [Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783](/source/Confederation_Congress_Proclamation_of_1783), and later by the [Nonintercourse Act](/source/Nonintercourse_Act).[3] The Indian Reserve was gradually settled by European Americans and divided into territories and states, starting with [Kentucky County](/source/Kentucky_County) (an extension of Virginia) and the [Northwest Territory](/source/Northwest_Territory).

### West of the Mississippi

Main article: [Indian Territory](/source/Indian_Territory)

Most Indians in the area of the former Reserve were either killed or relocated further west under policies of [Indian Removal](/source/Indian_Removal). After the [Louisiana Purchase](/source/Louisiana_Purchase), the [Indian Intercourse Act](/source/Indian_Intercourse_Act) of 1834 created the [Indian Territory](/source/Indian_Territory) west of the Mississippi River as a destination. It too was gradually divided into territories and states for European American settlement, leaving only modern [Indian Reservations](/source/Indian_Reservations) inside the boundaries of U.S. states.

In 2020, the [United States Supreme Court](/source/United_States_Supreme_Court) ruled in *[McGirt v. Oklahoma](/source/McGirt_v._Oklahoma)* that the [tribal statistical area](/source/Oklahoma_Tribal_Statistical_Area) (and [former reservation](/source/Former_Indian_reservations_in_Oklahoma)) of the [Muscogee (Creek) Nation](/source/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation) remains under the [tribal sovereignty](/source/Tribal_sovereignty) of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation for the purposes of the [Major Crimes Act](/source/Major_Crimes_Act).[4][5]

### American military usage

#### Vietnam War

During the Vietnam War circa 1968, the American military and pilots referred to [free-fire zones](/source/Free-fire_zone) under [South Vietnamese](/source/Viet_Cong) control as "Indian Country."[6][7][8] American military personnel also used the term "[savage](/source/Savage_(pejorative_term))" and "uncivilized" to refer to its inhabitants.[8][6]

During a 1971 congressional hearing, American airborne ranger Robert Bowie Johnson Jr. defined the term to politician [John F. Seiberling](/source/John_F._Seiberling):

...it means different things to different people. It is like there are [savages](/source/Savage_(pejorative_term)) out there, there are [gooks](/source/Gook) out there. In the same way we [slaughtered the Indian's buffalo](/source/Bison_hunting#19th-century_bison_hunts_and_near-extinction), we would slaughter the [water buffalo](/source/Water_buffalo#In_Asia) in Vietnam.[9][6]

In 1989, [Tom Holm](/source/Tom_Holm) claimed Vietnam War usage of this term was "in obvious mimicry of the old [Cavalry versus Indian](/source/Western_(genre)) films".[10]

#### Iraq and Afghanistan

The term is used by "soldiers, military strategists, reporters, and World Wide Web users to refer to hostile, unsecured, and dangerous territory in Iraq and Afghanistan."[6]

## See also

- [Aboriginal title in the United States](/source/Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States)

- [Indian country jurisdiction](/source/Indian_country_jurisdiction)

- [Native American reservation politics](/source/Native_American_reservation_politics)

- [Off-reservation trust land](/source/Off-reservation_trust_land)

- [Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area](/source/Oklahoma_Tribal_Statistical_Area)

- [Tribal sovereignty in the United States](/source/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States)

- [Land Buy-Back Program for Tribal Nations](/source/Land_Buy-Back_Program_for_Tribal_Nations)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["18 U.S.C. 1151"](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1151). Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["What Is Indian Country?"](http://tribaljurisdiction.tripod.com/id7.html). Tribaljurisdiction.tripod.com. Retrieved June 8, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_3-0)** [Vine Deloria Jr.](/source/Vine_Deloria_Jr.) and [Clifford M. Lytle](/source/Clifford_M._Lytle) (1983). "Indian Country". [*American Indians, American Justice*](https://archive.org/details/americanindiansa00delo). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0292738348](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292738348).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Higgins, Tucker; Mangan, Dan (July 9, 2020). ["Supreme Court says eastern half of Oklahoma is Native American land"](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/09/supreme-court-says-eastern-half-of-oklahoma-is-native-american-land.html). *CNBC*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200710071755/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/09/supreme-court-says-eastern-half-of-oklahoma-is-native-american-land.html) from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT-7-202_5-0)** Liptak, Adam; Healy, Jack (July 9, 2020). ["Supreme Court Rules Nearly Half of Oklahoma Is Indian Reservation"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/us/supreme-court-oklahoma-mcgirt-creek-nation.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200711095450/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/us/supreme-court-oklahoma-mcgirt-creek-nation.html) from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:1_6-3) Silliman, Stephen W. (June 2008). ["The "Old West" in the Middle East: U.S. Military Metaphors in Real and Imagined Indian Country"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27563986). *American Anthropologist*. **110** (2): 237–247. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1548-1433.2008.00029.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-1433.2008.00029.x). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [27563986](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27563986). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [162479330](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162479330). Retrieved November 23, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Vietnam Powwow: The Vietnam War as Remembered by Native American Veterans \[a machine-readable transcription\]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210501085003/https://ualrexhibits.org/tribalwriters/artifacts/Sanderson_Vietnam-Powwow.html). May 1, 2021. Archived from [the original](https://ualrexhibits.org/tribalwriters/artifacts/Sanderson_Vietnam-Powwow.html) on May 1, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_8-1) ["The Saturated Jungle and The New York Times: Nature, Culture, and the Vietnam War"](https://history.princeton.edu/undergraduate/princeton-historical-review/2021%E2%80%9322-issue/saturated-jungle-and-new-york-times). *Department of History*. Retrieved March 10, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** King, J. C. H. (August 25, 2016). [*Blood and Land: The Story of Native North America*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jfWpCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22i+guess+it+means+different+things+to+different+people.+it+is+like+there+are+savages+out+there%2C+there+are+gooks+out+there.%22&pg=PT23). Penguin UK. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84614-808-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-808-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Holm, Tom. [*Forgotten Warriors: American Indian Service Men in Vietnam*](https://web.archive.org/web/20240310010503/https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1016&context=vietnamgeneration). Archived from [the original](https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1016&context=vietnamgeneration) on March 10, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.

- N. Bruce Duthu, American Indians and the Law (NY: Penguin Library -Viking - 2008)

- David H. Getches, Charles F. Wilkinson, and Robert A. Williams, jr., Cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law, 4th Ed. (St. Paul: West Pub., 1998)

- Imre Sutton, ed., "The Political Geography of Indian Country." American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 15(02) 1991

[https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf](https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf)

Authority control databases National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

v t e Rights of Native Americans in the United States Case law Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857) New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble (1858) Standing Bear v. Crook (D. Neb. 1879) Ex parte Crow Dog (1883) Elk v. Wilkins (1884) Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy (1896) Talton v. Mayes (1896) Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903) United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. (1941) Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States (1955) Williams v. Lee (1959) Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960) Menominee Tribe v. United States (1968) McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission (1973) Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida (1974) Bryan v. Itasca County (1976) United States v. Antelope (1977) Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978) Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe (1982) Solem v. Bartlett (1984) County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State (1985) South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. (1986) Hodel v. Irving (1987) Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (1989) Duro v. Reina (1990) South Dakota v. Bourland (1993) Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho (1997) Idaho v. United States (2001) United States v. Lara (2004) City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005) Cobell v. Salazar (D.C. Cir. 2009) Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (2013) Sharp v. Murphy and McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020) Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta (2022) List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes Legislation Blood quantum laws (1705 onwards) Nonintercourse Act (1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834) Civilization Act (1819) Indian Removal Act (1830) Dawes Act (1887) Curtis Act (1898) Burke Act (1906) Indian Citizenship Act (1924) Indian Reorganization Act (1934) Indian arts and crafts laws (1935–2019) Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act (1936) Nationality Act (1940) Public Law 280 (1953) Indian Relocation Act (1956) Indian Civil Rights Act (1968) Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971) Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975) American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978) Indian Child Welfare Act (1978) Diminishment (1984) Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988) Native American Languages Act (1990) Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990) Indian Arts and Crafts Act (1990) Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art (2008) Federal and State recognition Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians Legal status of Hawaii Federally recognized tribes State recognized tribes Tribal sovereignty Aboriginal title Bureau of Indian Affairs Civil rights Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Domestic dependent nations Indian Preference Gaming Hunting license Indian country Indian reservations In the Courts of the Conqueror Self-determination Treaty rights Related Cherokee Commission Dawes Rolls Eagle feather law Eagle-bone whistle Long Walk of the Navajo National Indian Gaming Commission Native American Rights Fund Recognition of sacred sites Seminole Wars Survivance Trail of Tears United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes Wisconsin Walleye War

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v t e Aboriginal title in the United States Statutes Colonial era Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions (1629 New Netherland) Royal Proclamation of 1763 (British North America) Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 United States Northwest Ordinance (1787) Nonintercourse Act (1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834) Removal Act (1830) Dawes Act (1887) Diminishment Curtis Act of 1898 Reorganization Act (1934) Indian Claims Commission Act (1946) Indian Land Claims Settlements (1978–2006) Indian Claims Limitations Act (1982) Precedents Marshall Court Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Taney Court Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857) New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble (1858) 1890—1950 Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy (1896) United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. (1941) Warren Court Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States (1955) Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960) Burger Court Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida (1974) Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe (1979) County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State (1985) South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe (1986) Rehnquist Court Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho (1997) Idaho v. United States (2001) City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005) By state Alaska California Hawaii Indiana Louisiana Maine Michigan New Mexico New York Oklahoma Rhode Island Vermont Compare Indigenous land rights Aboriginal title in Australia Tribal sovereignty in the United States List of federally recognized tribes Domestic dependent nations Indian country Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians Legal status of Hawaii

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Indian country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_country) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_country?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.