# Independent Air Force

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This article is about the RAF's World War I formation. For general information on air forces which are independent of army or navy control, see [air force](/source/Air_force).

Independent Air Force Inter-Allied Independent Air Force from 26 October 1918 Active 6 June – 14 November 1918 Allegiance United Kingdom Allies of World War I from 26 October 1918 Engagements First World War Commanders GOC Sir Hugh Trenchard Commander-in-Chief Sir Hugh Trenchard GOC C L Courtney

Military unit

The **Independent Air Force** (**IAF**), also known as the **Independent Force** or the **Independent Bombing Force** and later known as the **Inter-Allied Independent Air Force**, was a [First World War](/source/World_War_I) [strategic bombing](/source/Strategic_bombing) force which was part of [Britain](/source/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland)'s [Royal Air Force](/source/Royal_Air_Force) and was used to strike against German railways, aerodromes, and industrial centres without co-ordination with the [Army](/source/British_Army) or [Navy](/source/Royal_Navy).

## Establishment

From late 1916 to early 1917 the [Royal Naval Air Service](/source/Royal_Naval_Air_Service) (RNAS) had attempted a co-ordinated series of bombing raids on German-held targets. Whilst the attacks were generally unsuccessful the principle of deep penetration bombing raids against strategic targets was established. General [Jan Smuts](/source/Jan_Smuts), a member of the War Cabinet, prepared the [Smuts Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smuts_Report&action=edit&redlink=1) which recommended that a separate [Air Ministry](/source/Air_Ministry) and [Air Force](/source/Royal_Air_Force) should be set up, independent of the Army and Navy and that a strategic bomber force should be formed whose sole purpose was to attack Germany.

Following the perceived success in bombing Germany of the [VIII Brigade](/source/VIII_Brigade_RAF) and its antecedent formation the [41st Wing](/source/No._41_Wing_RAF), the British Government decided that it should be expanded into an independent force.[1] Before the creation of the Independent Air Force, the VIII Brigade was under the tactical command of Field Marshal Sir [Douglas Haig](/source/Douglas_Haig).[2]

After Parliamentary approval in November 1917, the [Royal Air Force](/source/Royal_Air_Force) was born on 1 April 1918 and the forthcoming creation of the Independent Air Force was announced on 13 May 1918. The [General Officer Commanding](/source/General_Officer_Commanding) was to be Major-General [Trenchard](/source/Hugh_Trenchard%2C_1st_Viscount_Trenchard) who had recently stepped down as [Chief of the Air Staff](/source/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)). Trenchard had only agreed to serve as GOC after he received criticism for resigning his position as professional head of the RAF during a time of war.[3] The deputy commander was Brigadier-General [Cyril Newall](/source/Cyril_Newall%2C_1st_Baron_Newall) who had previously been the commander of the VIII Brigade.[4]

The Independent Air Force came into being on 6 June 1918 with its headquarters situated near [Nancy](/source/Nancy%2C_France) in France. Trenchard took over tactical command of the VIII Brigade from Haig on 5 June 1918 and complete control on 15 June 1918, when Newall became the deputy commander of the Independent Force.[2] As commander, Trenchard reported directly to Sir [William Weir](/source/William_Weir%2C_1st_Viscount_Weir) the Air Minister, bypassing the [Chief of the Air Staff](/source/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)), [Frederick Sykes](/source/Frederick_Sykes).[5]

## Composition

The Independent Air Force eventually consisted of nine [squadrons](/source/Squadron_(aviation)) of aircraft which were equipped with

- [de Havilland DH4s](/source/De_Havilland_DH4)[6]

- [de Havilland DH9s](/source/De_Havilland_DH9) and [de Havilland DH.9As](/source/Airco_DH.9A)

- [Handley Page 0/400s](/source/Handley_Page_0%2F400)

- [Royal Aircraft Factory FE2bs](/source/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_FE2b)

- [Sopwith Camels](/source/Sopwith_Camel) for escort duties

No 41 Wing was split into two wings to form VIII Brigade and comprised Nos 55, 99 and 104 squadrons responsible for day-bombing, with the 83rd Wing consisted of two night-bombing squadrons, (No 100 and No 216). Additional squadrons were added to the IAF before the Armistice; Nos 97, 115 and 215 squadrons (equipped with the new Handley-Page 0/400 bomber) and No 110 Squadron with the DH-9A, operational through the summer of 1918.

## Actions

The IAF commenced operations in June 1918, when 12 DH4s of 55 Squadron were despatched to bomb targets around [Coblenz](/source/Coblenz) and 11 DH4s of 99 Squadron attacked rail targets at [Thionville](/source/Thionville). During the last five months of World War I, Independent Air Force aircraft dropped 550 long tons (560 t) of bombs (for 109 aircraft lost) including 390 long tons (400 t) dropped by night.[6] Over 220 long tons (220 t) were dropped on German aerodromes, which Trenchard justified by pointing out that while the Germans were stronger than the British in the air, their aircraft might be destroyed on the ground. Trenchard argued that his policy was vindicated by the fact the during the period from 5 June to 11 November 1918, German attacks on British aerodromes were minimal and no British aircraft were destroyed on the ground by bombing.[7]

The Independent Forces attacked, amongst others, the following targets:[7][8][9]

Baalon Baden The Black Forest Bonn Cologne Coblenz Darmstadt Duren Dillingen Frankfurt Forbach Hagendingen Heidelberg Hagenau Kaiserlautern Karthaus Karlsruhe Ludwigshafen Landau Mainz Mannheim Lahr Lumes Luxembourg Oberndorf am Neckar Offenburg Pforzheim Pirmasens Rastatt Rombas Rottweil Sollingen Saarburg Saarbrücken Stuttgart Treves Wiesbaden Worms Völklingen Wadgassen Zweibrücken

A considerable portion of the Independent Air Force’s efforts was in tactical support of the Allied armies and the war ended before the IAF could conduct any sustained strategic bombing. Thus the Independent Force achieved little material effect on the German war industries, in return for many losses in men and machines.[10]

## Independent Air Force personnel

The future King [George VI](/source/George_VI) of the United Kingdom served in a ground post. [W.E. Johns](/source/W.E._Johns), creator of [Biggles](/source/Biggles), flew as a bomber pilot.

## Inter-Allied Independent Air Force

Just before the end of the war, on 26 October 1918, the Independent Air Force was renamed the Inter-Allied Independent Air Force and comprised British, French, Italian and American squadrons. Trenchard remained the commander-in-chief but he came under the command of Marshal [Ferdinand Foch](/source/Ferdinand_Foch), the Generalissimo of [Allied forces](/source/Allies_of_World_War_I). On 14 November, the Inter-Allied Independent Air Force was dissolved and its British squadrons (still titled the Independent Air Force) were assigned to [John Salmond](/source/John_Salmond), the commander of the RAF in the field and Brigadier-General [Christopher Courtney](/source/Christopher_Courtney) succeeded Trenchard.[11] The Independent Air Force was disbanded in late 1918 or early 1919.[12]

## References

### Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Taylor, J. W. R.; Moyes, P. J. R. (1968). *Pictorial History of the RAF*. Shepperton: Ian Allan. pp. 16, 17. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7110-0132-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-0132-9).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-LG1_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-LG1_2-1) ["No. 31101"](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31101/supplement/133). *[The London Gazette](/source/The_London_Gazette)* (Supplement). 31 December 1918. p. 133.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36552?docPos=2). *[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography](/source/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography)* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/ref:odnb/36552](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36552). (Subscription, [Wikipedia Library](https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/88/) access or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["C L N Newall_P"](http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Newall.htm).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [https://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:b1N-aUpDBY4J:https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/q_mod_be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153/q_act_downloadpaper/q_obj_8a72589a-4dd7-4177-85ce-d0d176a9ee40/display.aspx%3Frs%3Denginespage+capper+dgma&hl=en&gl=uk](https://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:b1N-aUpDBY4J:https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/q_mod_be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153/q_act_downloadpaper/q_obj_8a72589a-4dd7-4177-85ce-d0d176a9ee40/display.aspx%3Frs%3Denginespage+capper+dgma&hl=en&gl=uk)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-raf_museum_1918-2_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-raf_museum_1918-2_6-1) [British Military Aviation in 1918 - Part 2](http://www.rafmuseum.org/milestones-of-flight/british_military/1918_2.cfm) [Deprecated link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance) archived 30 June 2012 at [archive.today](/source/Archive.today) *RAF Museum*. Retrieved 14 March 2008

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-LG2_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-LG2_7-1) ["No. 31101"](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31101/supplement/135). *[The London Gazette](/source/The_London_Gazette)* (Supplement). 31 December 1918. p. 135.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["No. 31101"](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31101/supplement/136). *[The London Gazette](/source/The_London_Gazette)* (Supplement). 31 December 1918. p. 136.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Moyes 1976, p. 315.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Moyes 1976, p. 316

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Richards, Denis (May 2008). ["Courtney, Sir Christopher Lloyd"](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30975). *[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography](/source/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography)* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/ref:odnb/30975](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30975). Retrieved 10 November 2009. (Subscription, [Wikipedia Library](https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/88/) access or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Commands - N Europe_P"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141204080918/http://www.rafweb.org/Cmd_O1.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.rafweb.org/Cmd_O1.htm) on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2015.

### Bibliography

- Morris, Alan *First of the Many: The story of Independent Force, RAF*. London: Jarrolds, 1968. OCLC 464310497

- Moyes, Philip J. R. *Bomber Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft*. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 2nd edition 1976. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-354-01027-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-354-01027-1).

- Rennles, Keith, The War Diary of the Daylight Squadrons of the Independent Air Force, June - November 1918. ISBN1 902304 90-X. Grub Street Publishing 2002.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Independent Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Air_Force) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Air_Force?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.