# Ilex perado

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Species of plant

Ilex perado Ilex perado subsp. azorica Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Aquifoliales Family: Aquifoliaceae Genus: Ilex Species: I. perado Binomial name Ilex perado Aiton[2] Synonyms[3] Ilex azorica Gand. Ilex perado f. umbrosa P. Silva & Q. G. P. Silva Ilex perado iberica Loes. Ilex platyphylla subsp. lopezlilloi G. Kunkel Ilex perado var. lopezlilloi (Kunkel) S. Andrews Ilex perulera Molinari Ilex maderensis Lam. Ilex crassifolia Meerb. Ilex perado Webb & Berthel. Ilex platyphylla Webb & Berthel.

***Ilex perado***, the **Macaronesian holly**, is a species of [holly](/source/Holly) endemic to [Macaronesia](/source/Macaronesia), distributed throughout the [Azores](/source/Azores), [Madeira](/source/Madeira) and [Canary](/source/Canary_Islands) islands. It is an important component of the natural high-altitude Macaronesian rainforest, known as '[laurisilva](/source/Laurisilva)', found mostly at 500 to 1,200 m (1,640 to 3,937 ft) altitude but it also appears in forest formations at lower elevation. Many of the subspecies have been classified as threatened, probably because of very small population sizes, and are protected by local, national and regional legislation.[1]

## Description

*Ilex perado* is a small [evergreen](/source/Evergreen) tree growing up to 7–10 m (23–33 ft) in height, occasionally up to 15 metres (49 ft), it is [dioecious](/source/Dioecious) and has white to pink flowers and red [toxic](/source/Toxic) [berries](/source/Berries), slightly bigger than those of a [common holly](/source/Common_holly)[4][5][6] Its leaves are oblong, leathery dark green on top and a lighter color on the bottom and it as a smooth, grey trunk.[7]

## Distribution and habitat

*Ilex perado* is native to the Azores, where it is found in all of the islands, the island of [Madeira](/source/Madeira_Island) (mostly in the central and northern parts) and the Canary Islands in northern [Tenerife](/source/Tenerife), [La Gomera](/source/La_Gomera) and [La Palma](/source/La_Palma). It grows on steep slopes and in the bottom of ravines, in areas with moist soils. It is a common tree of [laurisilva](/source/Laurisilva) and high-altitude forests and can reach non-laurisilva stands in Madeira into the [heath](/source/Heath).[1][7]

There are 4 known subspecies:

- *I. perado* subsp. *perado* – Endemic to the Madeira archipelago. The population is stable and is thought to be much less than 10,000 adult individuals.[4][1]

- *I. perado* subsp. *azorica* ([Loes.](/source/Loes.)) [Tutin](/source/Tom_Tutin) (synonym *Ilex azorica* Gand.) – Native to all of the Azorean islands.[8]

- *I. perado* subsp. *lopezlilloi* (G. Kunkel) A. Hansen & Sunding – Endemic to [La Gomera](/source/La_Gomera). Extremely threatened subspecies with only two known specimens found in the wild. Assessed as '[critically endangered](/source/Critically_endangered)' by the IUCN.[1][9]

- *I. perado* subsp. *platyphylla* (Webb & Berthel.) Tutin (synonym *Ilex platyphylla* Webb & Berthel.) – Native to [La Palma](/source/La_Palma), [La Gomera](/source/La_Gomera) and [Tenerife](/source/Tenerife) in the Canary Islands. Assessed as '[vulnerable](/source/Vulnerable_species)' by the [IUCN](/source/IUCN).[1][9]

Records of the species from the [Iberian Peninsula](/source/Iberian_Peninsula) (as *Ilex perado* subsp. *iberica*) are thought to be misidentified and refer to [*I. aquifolium*](/source/Ilex_aquifolium).[1]

This species has numerous subspecies that are thought to potentially be separate species, but more research is needed to determine if this is in fact true. Research has been carried out for *Ilex perado* subsp. *azorica*, indicating that it differs genetically from the subpopulations on the Canary Islands.[1]

The species has been cultivated in Britain since 1760 (thriving well in the [Isle of Wight](/source/Isle_of_Wight)), and is also grown in [Ireland](/source/Ireland), the Iberian Peninsula, and South America.[1][10]

		- Foliage of *subsp. perado*

		- *subsp. azorica* specimen

		- *subsp. platyphylla*

		- Specimen of *subsp. lopezlilloi*

		- Trunk

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-8) Rivers, M.C. (2017). ["*Ilex perado*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62382/81867981). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2017** e.T62382A81867981. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62382A81867981.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62382A81867981.en). Retrieved 20 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ipni_2-0)** ["*Ilex perado*"](https://www.ipni.org/n/83622-1). *[International Plant Names Index](/source/International_Plant_Names_Index)*. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CoL_3-0)** ["Ilex perado Sol. ex Aiton"](https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3PFSS). [Catalogue of Life](/source/Catalogue_of_Life). Retrieved 10 December 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Biopolis_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Biopolis_4-1) ["*Ilex perado* Aiton ssp. *perado*"](http://www3.uma.pt/biopolis/planta.php?id=730). Projecto Biopolis. Retrieved 23 October 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["*Ilex perado platyphylla*"](https://www.earth.com/earthpedia/plant/en/ilex-perado-platyphylla/). earth.com. Retrieved 23 October 2020.[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-revistajardins_6-0)** ["Uma planta, uma história: Azevinho da Madeira"](https://revistajardins.pt/uma-planta-uma-historia-azevinho-da-madeira/). revistajardins.pt. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-uma_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-uma_7-1) ["Ilex perado Aiton ssp. perado"](http://www3.uma.pt/biopolis/planta.php?id=730). [University of Madeira](/source/University_of_Madeira). Retrieved 10 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["*Ilex perado* subsp. *azorica*"](https://acores.flora-on.pt/#/1Ilex+perado). flora-on. Retrieved 23 October 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-canarias_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-canarias_9-1) ["*Ilex perado*"](http://www.arbolappcanarias.es/en/species/info/ilex-perado/). arbolappcanarias. Retrieved 23 October 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["*Ilex perado* Ait"](https://treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/ilex/ilex-perado/). Trees and Shrubs Online. Retrieved 23 October 2020.

Taxon identifiers Ilex perado Wikidata: Q10301054 Wikispecies: Ilex perado APDB: 132009 BioLib: 868245 CoL: 3PFSS EPPO: ILEPE GBIF: 7315993 GRIN: 19760 iNaturalist: 338227 IPNI: 83622-1 IUCN: 62382 NBN: NBNSYS0000100240 NCBI: 53209 NZOR: f2ae1583-8c22-4693-8e54-b35c2077d158 Observation.org: 138186 Open Tree of Life: 751458 Plant List: kew-2861258 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:83622-1 RHS: 182614 Tropicos: 50093430 WFO: wfo-0000729730

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ilex perado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_perado) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_perado?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.