# Ila language > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ila_language > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ila_language.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila_language > Source revision: 1336410387 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Bantu language spoken in Zambia For the ISO 639 language code "ila", see [Ile Ape language](/source/Ile_Ape_language). Ila chiIla Native to Zambia Ethnicity Ila Native speakers 106,000 (2010 census)[1] Language family Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Bantu Botatwe Ila Dialects Ila Lundwe Sala Kafue Twa? Language codes ISO 639-3 Either: ilb – Ila shq – Sala Glottolog ilaa1246 Ila sala1266 Sala Guthrie code M.63,631–633[2] **Ila** (*Chiila*) is a language of [Zambia](/source/Zambia). Maho (2009) lists **Lundwe** (*Shukulumbwe*) and **Sala** as distinct languages most closely related to Ila. Ila is one of the languages of the [Earth](/source/Earth) included on the [Voyager Golden Record](/source/Voyager_Golden_Record).[3] ## Orthography [4] - **ch** in fact varies from "k" to a "weak" version of English "ch", to a "strong" "ch" to "ty".[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] - **j** as the voiced sound corresponding to this therefore varies "g"/English "j"/ "dy" / and "y".[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] - **v** is reportedly a voiced labiodental fricative /v/ as in English ⟨v⟩, and **vh** the same labialised and aspirated /vʷʰ/ ("lips more rounded with a more distinct emission of breath"). - **zh** is the voiced post-alveolar fricative /ʒ/; French ⟨j⟩ as in *bonjour*. - **ng** is the voiced velar nasal followed by a voiced velar plosive, /ŋg/ as in RP English "finger", while **ng'** is a plain voiced velar nasal /ŋ/ as in "singer" - a similar distinction is observed in [Swahili](/source/Swahili_language).[5] ## Labio-glottal and palato-glottal fricatives Doke (1928) described several unusual [doubly articulated consonants](/source/Doubly_articulated_consonant) in Ila proper, Kafue Twa and Lundwe.[6] In Ila proper, /hˠ*, h̰ˠ*, ɦˠ*/ are "modified [glottal fricatives](/source/Voiced_glottal_fricative) in which the air passes through the throat with considerable friction, and is modified by being thrown against the toothless[7] ridge and inside of the upper lip, causing concomitant [frication](/source/Frication) there. ... The tongue is meanwhile kept in velar vowel position as for [u] and these fricatives therefore inherently possess a *u-*glide, which is noticeable when they are used with any other vowel than *u*." The 'concomitant lip frication' is evidently something like that of [f] and [v]. Doke transcribed these sounds simply ⟨h, h̰, ɦ⟩. Lundwe and Kafwe Twa have a palato-glottal fricative /ɦ͡ʒ/. "This sound is produced with a tongue position similar to Ila [ʒ] but with considerable voiced frication in the throat at the same time." ## Tonality and stress Tone is demonstrated by contrasting **aze** with high pitch on the first syllable ( = "with him") with **aze** with high pitch on the second syllable (= "he also").[4] ## Some words and phrases - Monthly - house - **imboni** - pupil of the eye - **ipeezhyo** - brush;broom - **indimi** - tongues - **lemeka** - honour (verb) - **bamba** - arrange - **Bamambila** - they arrange for me - **Balanumba** - they praise me - **bobu buzani** - this meat - **Bobu mbuzani** - this is meat - **chita** - to do, same is used to mean 'I have no idea' - **chisha** - to cause to do - **katala** - to be tired - **katazhya** - to make tired - **ukatazhya**-refuse to be sent;scarce - **dakuzanda**-I love you - **twalumba**-Thank you - **impongo** - a goat [4] ## Some comparisons - Ila: **ishizhyi** - dimness; Sotho: *lefifi* - darkness; Xhosa: "ubufifi" - dimness; Nyanja: chimfifi - secret; Bemba: IMFIFI - darkness; Kisanga: *mfinshi* - darkness; and Bulu (Ewondo): "dibi" - darkness. ## Ideophones or imitation words Words in English such as "Splash!", "Gurgle", "Ker-putt" express ideas without the use of sentences. Smith and Dale[4] point out that this kind of expression is very common in the Ila language: *You may say* **Ndamuchina anshi** *("I throw him down"), but it is much easier and more trenchant to say simply* **Ti!**, *and it means the same*.[8] Some examples: - **Muntu wawa** - A person falls - **Wawa mba** - falls headlong - **Mba!** - He falls headlong - **Mbo! mbo! mbo! mbò!** - (with lowered intonation on the last syllable) He falls gradually - **Mbwa!** - flopping down, as in a chair - **Wa! wa! wa! wa!**- The rain is pattering - **Pididi! pididi! pididi!** - of a tortoise, falling over and over from a great height - **Ndamuchina anshi** - I throw him down - **Ti!** - ditto - **Te!** - torn, ripped - **Amana te!** - The matter's finished - **To-o!** - So peaceful! - **Wi!** - All is calm - **Ne-e!** - All is calm - **Tuh!** - a gun going off - **Pi!** - Phew, it's hot! - **Lu!** - Yuck, it's bitter! - **Lu-u!** - Erh, it's sour! - **Lwe!** - Yum, sweet! - **Mbi!** - It's dark - **Mbi! mbi! mbi! mbi!** - It's utterly dark - **Sekwè sekwè!** - the flying of a goose - **nachisekwe** - a goose ## Class prefixes As in many other languages, Ila uses a system of *noun classes*. Either the system as presented by Smith and Dale[4] is simpler than that for Nyanja,[9] ChiChewa,[10] Tonga,[11] or Bemba,[12] or the authors have skated over the complexities by the use of the category "significant letter": - Class 1. singular: prefix: **mu-**; s/l. (= "significant letter" verb, adjective, etc. prefix appropriate to the class:) **u-, w-** - Class 1. plural. prefix: **ba-**; s/l. **b-** - Class 2. sing. prefix: **mu-**; s/l. **u-, w-** - Class 2. pl. prefix: **mi-**; s/l. **i-, y-** - Class 3. sing. prefix: **i-, di-**; s/l. **l-, d-** - Class 3. pl. prefix: **ma-**; s/l. **a-** - Class 4. sing. prefix: **bu-** abstract nouns; s/l. **b-** - Class 4. pl. prefix: **ma-**; s/l. **a-** - Class 5. sing. prefix: **ku-** often nouns of place; s/l. **k-** - Class 5. pl. prefix: **ma-**; s/l. **a-** - Class 6. sing. prefix: **ka-** a diminutive sense; s/l. **k-** - Class 6. pl. prefix: **tu-** diminutive plural; s/l. **t-** - Class 7. sing. prefix: **chi-** "thing" class; s/l. **ch-** - Class 7. pl. prefix: **shi-**; s/l. **sh-** - Class 8. sing. prefix: **in-**; s/l. **i-, y-** - Class 8. pl. prefix: **in-**; s/l. **y-, sh-** - Class 9. sing. prefix: **lu-**; s/l. **l-** - Class 9. pl. prefix: **in-**; s/l. **y-, sh-** - Class 10. sing. prefix: **lu-**; s/l. **l-** - Class 10. pl. prefix: **ma-**; s/l. **a-** The *locatives* form a special category: - **mu-** - at rest in, motion into, motion out from; - **ku-** - position at, to, from - **a-** - rest upon, to or from off (Compare *pa-* prefix in Sanga, etc.[13][14]) Thus: - **Mung'anda mulashia** - The inside of the house is dark. - **Kung'anda kulashia** - Around the house it is dark. - **Ang'anda alashia** - Darkness is upon the house. ## The Ila verb system The *root* is the part of the verb giving the primary meaning. To this can be added prefixes and suffixes: many elements can be united in this way, sometimes producing long and complex polysyllabic verb words. For example, from the root **anga**, "to tie", we can derive such a form as **Tamuna kubaangulwila anzhyi?** meaning, "Why have you still not untied them?" Prefixes can show: - tense - subject - object - voice (exceptional) Suffixes can show: - voice - tense (exceptional) - mood Here are some of the forms of the verb **kubona**, "to see". (Note that there are also *negative* forms, e.g. **ta-tu-boni**, "we do not see", that there is also a *subjunctive* mood, a *conditional* mood, a *jussive* mood and the *imperative*. Many *subjunctive* forms end in **-e**. The *root* of the verb is in two forms: - (i) simple stem: **bona** : code - SS - (ii) modified stem: **bwene** : code ₴ - -SS **tubona** we (who) see - -₵ **tubwene** we (who) have seen - -A-SS **twabona** we saw, see, have seen - -A-CHI-SS **twachibona** we continue seeing - -A-YA-BU-SS **twayabubona** we are engaged in seeing - -DI-MU-KU-SS **tudmukubona** we are seeing - -CHI-SS **tuchibona** we continue to see - -LA-SS **tulabona** we are constantly (usually, certainly) seeing - -LA-YA-BU-SS **tulayabubona** we are being engaged in seeing - -LA-YA-KU-SS **tulayakubona** we are habitually in the act of seeing - -DI-₵ **tulibwene** we have seen - -CHI-₵ **tuchibwene** we have been seeing - -A-KA-SS **twakabona** we saw - -A-KA-CHI-SS **twakachibona** we continued seeing - -A-KA-YA-BU-SS **twakayabubona** we were engaged in seeing - KA-SS **katubona** (Notice the position of **tu** here) we saw - KA-₵ **katubwene** we did see - -A-KU-SS **twakubona** we were seeing - -A-KU-CHI-SS **twakuchibona** we were continuing to see - -A-KU-YA-BU-SS **twakuyabubona** we were engaged in seeing - -A-KU-₵ **twakubwene** we had seen - -KA-LA-SS **tukalabona** we shall soon see - -KA-LA-CHI-SS **tukalachibona** we shall continue seeing - -KA-LA-YA-BU-SS **tukalayabubona** we shall be engaged in seeing The above English renderings are approximate. Certain *suffixes* add new dimensions of meaning to the *root*. Although these follow some logic, we again have to feel a way towards an adequate translation into English or any other language: - simple verb: **bona** - to see - relative or dative form: **-ila, -ela, -ina, -ena: bonena** - to see to, for somebody, and so on - extended relative: **ilila, -elela, -inina, enena: bonenena** - to see to, for somebody, etc. **ililila** - to go right away - causative: **-ya** + many sound changes**: chisha** - to cause to do, from **chita** - to do - capable, "-able": **-ika, -eka: chitika** - to be do-able - passive: **-wa: chitwa** - to be done - middle (a kind of reflexive that acts upon oneself - compare Greek): **-uka: anduka** - to be in a split position, from **andulwa**- to be split by somebody - stative; in fixed constructions only: **-ama: lulama** - to be straight; **kotama** - to be bowed - extensive: **-ula: sandula** - turn over; **andula** - split up - extensive, with the sense of "keep on doing": **-aula: andaula** - chop up firewood - equivalent of English prefix "re-": **-ulula: ululula** - to trade something over and over again, from **ula** - to trade - or the equivalent of the English prefix "un-", also: **-ulula: ambulula** - to unsay, to retract - reflexive - a *prefix* this time - **di- : dianga** - to tie oneself, from **anga** - to tie; **dipa** - to give to each other, from **pa** - to give - reciprocal: **-ana: bonana** - to see each other - intensive: **-isha: angisha** - to tie tightly - reduplicative: ***ambukambuka*** - keep on turning aside, from **ambuka** - to turn aside These can be used in composites: e.g. **langilizhya** - to cause to look on behalf of.[4] ## Oral literature In 1920, [Edwin W. Smith](/source/Edwin_W._Smith) and [Andrew Murray Dale](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Murray_Dale&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Murray_Dale)] published *The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia* in two volumes; the second volume features a large number of Ila texts with English translations.[15] The texts come from Ila people living along the [Kafue River](/source/Kafue_River) in what was then [Northern Rhodesia](/source/Northern_Rhodesia). There are 60 folktales,[16] including a long cycle of stories about the trickster hare, along with proverbs,[17] riddles,[18] and [dilemma tales](/source/Dilemma_story).[19] Here are some of the proverbs: - "*Kwina mwami owakadizhala.*" "No chief ever gave birth to a chief (the hereditary principle by which a son follows his father is unknown to the Ba-ila)." - "*Chizhilo chibe chishinka museuna.*" "Any old pole will stop up a hole in the fence (i.e. everybody is useful to the community in some way or other)." - "*Mano takala mutwi omwi.*" "Wisdom does not dwell in one head." - "*Mukando mushie lubilo, mano tomushii.*" "You may outrun an old man, but you can't outdo him in wisdom." - "*Kabwenga moa ng'uongola.*" "It is the prudent hyena that lives long." Here are some of the riddles: - "*Ukwa Lesa ndachileta chitasakululwa. Matwi.*" "I brought a thing from God that cannot be taken off like clothes. Ears." - "*Muzovu umina ch'amba mwifu. Ing'anda.*" "An elephant that swallows something which speaks in its stomach. A house." - "*Kakalo katazuminini. Ndinango dia umbwa.*" "A little spring that never dries up. A dog's nose." - "*Ku kuya ndachiyana, ku kuzhoka shichiyene. Mume.*" "Going I found it; returning I found it not. The dew." - "*Ndawala mwitala. Menso.*" "Something I threw over to the other side of the river. Eyes." The Ila stories of the trickster hare have many affinities with the [Br'er Rabbit](/source/Br'er_Rabbit) stories collected by [Joel Chandler Harris](/source/Joel_Chandler_Harris) from African American storytellers in Georgia in the 19th century.[20] Some of the enslaved people of the southern United States were captured and purchased in this area of Zambia.[21][22] In addition, African American storytellers, including those consulted by Harris, made use of ideophones in English that resemble the ideophones of African languages such as Ila.[23] ## Bibliography Smith, Edwin William & Dale, Andrew Murray, *The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia*. Macmillan and Company, London, 1920. ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-e18_1-0)** [Ila](https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ilb/) at *[Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue)* (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) [Sala](https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/shq/) at *[Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue)* (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0)** Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. [New Updated Guthrie List Online](https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Languages"](https://web.archive.org/web/19991122071044/http://re-lab.net/welcome/lang.html). *re-lab.net*. Archived from [the original](http://re-lab.net/welcome/lang.html) on 1999-11-22. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Smith&Dale_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Smith&Dale_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Smith&Dale_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Smith&Dale_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Smith&Dale_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Smith&Dale_4-5) Edwin Smith & Andrew Murray Dale, *The Ila-Speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia*, 1919, reprinted by University Books Inc., New York, 1968. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** e.g. D.V.Perrott, *Teach Yourself Swahili*, English Universities Press, London, 1969. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Didier Demolin & Cédric Patin, "Phonetics". In *The Oxford Encyclopedia of Bantu Languages*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** The Ila had the custom of knocking out the six upper central teeth of adults. The pronunciation of these sounds by children with teeth, however, is very close to that of the adults. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Smith & Dale, volume 2, page 293. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Thomas Price, *The Elements of Nyanja for English-Speaking Students*, Church of Scotland Mission, Blantyre (Malawi), 1959. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** *ChiChewa Intensive Language Course*, Language Centre, Lilongwe, 1969 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** C.R.Hopwood, *A Practical Introduction to ChiTonga*, Zambia Educational Publishing House, Lusaka, 1940, 1992. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Grammar notes in Rev. E. Hoch, *Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Bemba: Bemba - English, English - Bemba*, Hippocrene Books, Inc., New York, 1998. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** *Mukanda wa Leza* (The Bible in KiSanga/Sanga, southern Congo D.R.), Trintarian Bible Society, London SW19, 1991. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Lyndon Harries, *A Grammar of Mwera* Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, 1950. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Smith, Edwin; Dale, Andrew, M. (1920). *[The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia, volume II.](https://archive.org/details/ilaspeakingpeopl02smituoft)* 1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Smith and Dale (1920)](https://archive.org/details/ilaspeakingpeopl02smituoft/page/334/mode/2up?view=theater), vol. 2, pp. 334-333. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Smith and Dale (1920)](https://archive.org/details/ilaspeakingpeopl02smituoft/page/311/mode/2up?view=theater), vol. 2, pp. 311-417. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Smith and Dale (1920)](https://archive.org/details/ilaspeakingpeopl02smituoft/page/324/mode/2up?view=theater), vol. 2, pp. 324-331. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Smith and Dale (1920)](https://archive.org/details/ilaspeakingpeopl02smituoft/page/330/mode/2up?view=theater), vol. 2, pp. 331-333. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** For a detailed account of the African origins of the majority of Joel Chandler Harris's stories, see Baer, Florence E. (1980). *Sources and Analogues of the Uncle Remus Tales*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Smith and Dale (1920), volume 1, page 39. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Hugh Thomas, *The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave trade 1440-1870*, Picador, London, 1997. page 706: "From...Ambriz and Benguela...500,000 slaves were probably shipped during the...era 1800-1830;...and...over 600,000 may have been shipped after 1830..." 1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Noss, Philip A. (1972). "Description in Gbaya Literary Art" in [*African Folklore*](https://archive.org/details/africanfolklore0000unse/page/73/mode/1up), ed. Richard M. Dorson, pp. 73-101. ## External links - Dorothea Lehmann, *[Folktales from Zambia: Texts in six African languages and in English](https://web.archive.org/web/20150622153527/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/55),* Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 4, 2014. - [OLAC resources in and about the Ila language](http://www.language-archives.org/language/ilb) - [OLAC resources in and about the Sala language](http://www.language-archives.org/language/shq) v t e Languages of Zambia Official language English Regional languages Bemba Kaonde Lozi Lunda Luvale Nyanja Tonga Tumbuka Indigenous languages Bwile Chokwe Ila Kuhane Kunda Kwangwa Lala-Bisa Lamba Lenje Luyana Mambwe-Lungu Mbamba Bay Mbowe Mbukushu Mbunda Mwanga Nkangala Nkoya Nsenga Shanjo Shona Soli Tabwa Wanda Yao Sign languages Zambian Sign Language v t e Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) (by Guthrie classification) Zone J* [J]D40 [J]D41 Konzo [J]D42 Ndandi [J]D43 Nyanga [J]D50 [J]D51 Hunde [J]D52 Haavu [J]D53 Nyabungu [J]D54 Bembe [J]D55 Buyi [J]D56 Kabwari [JD501 Nyindu [J]JD502 Yaka [J]JD531 Tembo [J]D60 [J]D61 Ruanda [J]D62 Rundi [J]D63 Fuliiro [J]D64 Subi [J]D65 Hangaza [J]D66 Ha [J]D67 Vinza [JD631 Vira [J]E10 [J]E11 Nyoro [J]E12 Tooro [J]E13 Nyankore [J]E14 Ciga [J]E15 Ganda [J]E16 Soga [J]E17 Gwere [J]E18 Nyala [JE101 Gungu JE102 Talinga-Bwisi JE103 Ruli JE121 Hema [J]E20 [J]E21 Nyambo [J]E22 Ziba [J]E23 Dzindza [J]E24 Kerebe [J]E25 Jita [JE221 Rashi JE251 Kwaya JE252 Kara JE253 Ruri [J]E30 [J]E31a Gisu [J]E31b Kisu [J]E31c Bukusu [J]E32a Hanga [J]E32b Tsotso [J]E33 Nyore [J]E34 Saamia [J]E35 Nyuli [JE341 Xaayo JE342 Marachi JE343 Songa [J]E40 [J]E41 Logooli [J]E42 Gusii [J]E43 Koria [J]E44 Zanaki [J]E45 Nata E46 Sonjo [JE401 Nguruimi JE402 Ikizu JE403 Suba/Suba-Simbiti JE404 Shashi JE405 Kabwa JE406 Singa JE407 Ware JE411 Idaxo JE412 Isuxa JE413 Tiriki JE431 Simbiti JE432 Hacha JE433 Surwa JE434 Sweta [J]F20 [J]F21 Sukuma [J]F22 Nyamwezi [J]F23 Sumbwa [J]F24 Kimbu [J]F25 Bungu Zone K K10 K11 Chokwe K12a Luimbi K12b Nyemba K13 Lucazi K14 Lwena K15 Mbunda K16 Nyengo K17 Mbwela K18 Nkangala K20 K21 Lozi K30 K31 Luyana K32 Mbowe K33 Kwangali K34 Mashi K35 Simaa K36 Sanjo K37 Kwangwa [K321 Mbume K322 Liyuwa K332 Manyo K333 Mbukushu K334 Mbogedu K351 Mulonga K352 Mwenyi K353 Koma K354 Imilangu K371 Kwandi K40 K41 Totela K42 Subiya [K402 Fwe K411 Totela of Namibia Zone L L10 L11 Pende L12 Samba & Holu L13 Kwese [L101 Sonde L20 L21 Kete L22 Binji Mbagani L23 Songe L24 Luna [L201 Budya L202 Yazi L221 Lwalwa L231 Binji L30 L31a Luba-Kasai L31b Lulua L32 Kanyoka L33 Luba-Katanga L34 Hemba L35 Sanga [L301 Kebwe L331 Zeela L40 L41 Kaonde L50 L51 Salampasu L52 Lunda L53 Ruund [L511 Luntu L60 L61 Mbwera L62 Nkoya [L601 Kolwe L602 Lushangi L603 Shasha Zone M M10 M11 Pimbwe M12 Rungwa M13 Fipa M14 Rungu M15 Mambwe [M131 Kuulwe M20 M21 Wanda M22 Mwanga M23 Nyiha M24 Malila M25 Safwa M26 Iwa M27 Tambo [M201 Lambya M202 Sukwa M30 M31 Nyakyusa [M301 Ndali M302 Penja M40 M41 Taabwa M42 Bemba [M401 Bwile M402 Aushi M50 M51 Biisa M52 Lala M53 Swaka M54 Lamba M55 Seba [M521 Ambo M522 Luano M541 Lima M542 Temba M60 M61 Lenje M62 Soli M63 Ila M64 Tonga [M611 Lukanga Twa M631 Sala M632 Lundwe M633 Kafue Twa Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) Authority control databases National France BnF data Israel Other IdRef --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ila language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.