# Ikarus 451 > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ikarus_451 > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ikarus_451.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikarus_451 > Source revision: 1347303820 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Yugoslavian research aircraft family 451 The first Yugoslavian jet aircraft Ikarus S-451 M on display at the Aeronautical Museum Belgrade. General information Type Research aircraft National origin Yugoslavia Manufacturer Ikarus History First flight 25 October 1952 (Type 451M) Ikarus S-451 The **Ikarus 451** is a family of [research aircraft](/source/Research_aircraft) designs built in the former [Yugoslavia](/source/Yugoslavia) in the 1950s by the [Belgrade](/source/Belgrade)-based manufacturer Ikarus (now [Ikarbus](/source/Ikarbus)), all sharing the same basic [airframe](/source/Airframe), but differing in [powerplants](/source/Aircraft_engine) and [cockpit](/source/Cockpit) arrangements. One member of the family **Ikarus 451M** became the first domestically-built [jet aircraft](/source/Jet_aircraft) to fly in Yugoslavia on 25 October 1952.[1] It was succeeded by the [Ikarus 452](/source/Ikarus_452). ## Design, development, and variants To research [prone pilot](/source/Prone_pilot) cockpit arrangements and controls, the Yugoslav Government Aircraft Factories developed the **Ikarus 232 Pionir**, a small twin-engined [low-wing](/source/Low-wing) [monoplane](/source/Monoplane), powered by 2x 48 kW (65 hp) [Walter Mikron III](/source/Walter_Mikron_III) [piston engines](/source/Piston_engines).[1] ### Type 451 An enlarged version of the Pionir was developed as the **Type 451**, powered by 2x 120 kW (160 hp) Walter Minor 6-III six-cylinder piston engines[1] of 120 kW (160 hp) each. The Type 451 had a 6.7 m (22 ft) [wingspan](/source/Wingspan), a maximum speed of 335 km/h (182 [knots](/source/Knot_(unit))), and a [ceiling](/source/Ceiling_(aeronautics)) of 4750 m (15,570 ft). It first flew in 1952. It also accommodated the pilot in [prone position](/source/Prone_position), but was an otherwise conventional low-wing monoplane with retractable [tailwheel](/source/Tailwheel) [undercarriage](/source/Landing_gear), the main units of which retracted backwards into the engine [nacelles](/source/Nacelles) mounted below the wings. ### 451M Mlazni By the end of 1952, the Type 451 was followed by the **451M Mlazni** ("Jet") which had conventional seating for the pilot. In place of the two Walter Minor 6-III inline engines of the original Ikarus 451, the 451M was fitted with [Turbomeca Palas](/source/Turbomeca_Palas) [turbojets](/source/Turbojets). In this version, the undercarriage retracted inwards. Provision was made to carry one 20 mm [Hispano Suiza 404A](/source/Hispano_Suiza_404A) [cannon](/source/Autocannon) under the fuselage, plus six [RS rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RS_rocket&action=edit&redlink=1) under the wings. Further developments were aimed at developing a viable [military aircraft](/source/Military_aircraft) from this basic design. ### S-451M Zolja The **S-451M Zolja** ("Wasp") that flew in 1954 featured a stretched [fuselage](/source/Fuselage), [folding wings](/source/Folding_wings), and redesigned engine nacelles, now in the same plane as the wing rather than being hung under them. In 1960 a S-451M Zolja set an [airspeed record](/source/Airspeed_record) with a [takeoff weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takeoff_weight&action=edit&redlink=1) from 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) to 1,750 kg (3,860 lb), flying at 500.2 km/hour. ### J-451MM Stršljen The S-451 Zola was developed into an armed version, the **J-451MM Stršljen** ("Hornet") intended for the [close air support](/source/Close_air_support) (*Jurisnik*) role, with [Turbomeca Marbore](/source/Turbomeca_Marbore) engines boasting over twice the [thrust](/source/Thrust) of those used on earlier aircraft, and an armament increased to two HS.404 cannon carried under the fuselage. The J-451MM Stršljen also differed from preceding designs in having a [tricycle undercarriage](/source/Tricycle_undercarriage). ### S-451MM Matica The J-451MM Stršljen configuration then formed the basis for the **S-451MM Matica** ("Queen bee") two-seat [trainer](/source/Trainer_(aircraft)) that set an airspeed record for aircraft weighing between 1,750 kg (3,860 lb) and 3,000 kg (6,600 lb), achieving 750.34 km/hour (466.24 mph) in 1957. It was also developed into the **T-451MM Stršljen II** single-seat [aerobatics](/source/Aerobatics) trainer. No member of the family was produced in any number. The 451, 451M, and J-451MM are all preserved at the [Aeronautical Museum Belgrade](/source/Aeronautical_Museum_Belgrade). ## Variants summary ### 232 Pionir (*Pionir* – Pioneer) A small twin-engined prone-pilot research aircraft, powered by 2x 48 kW (65 hp) Walter Mikron III piston engines. (1 built) ### S-451 A larger, more powerful version of the Pionir, powered by 2x 120 kW (160 hp) Walter Minor 6-III piston engines and also incorporating a prone pilot cockpit. (1 built) ### S-451M (*Mlazni* – Jet). Derived directly from the S-451 airframe, the S-451M substituted Turbomeca Palas turbojet engines for the piston engines, in underslung nacelles at the same positions on the wing and conventional cockpit. ### S-451M Zolja (*Zolja* – Wasp). Flown in 1954, the S-451M Zolja featured a stretched fuselage, folding wings, and engine nacelles centred on the wing chordline. Powered by 2x 1.57 kN (353 lbf) Turbomeca Palas 056A turbojet engines; set a world speed record in its class in 1960. Ikarus J-451MM Stršljen II from 1956 (*J-451MM Hornet*) on display at the [Aeronautical Museum Belgrade](/source/Aeronautical_Museum_Belgrade) ### J-451MM Stršljen J – *Jurisnik* – (close air support) (*Stršljen* – Hornet). The intended production close support version with tricycle undercarriage, Turbomeca Marbore engines and cannon armament. (1 built). ### S-451MM Matica (*Matica* – Queen bee). Two-seat trainer version, used for a world speed record in 1957. ### T-451MM Stršljen II A single seat aerobatic trainer, fitted with more ammunition and maximum ordnance weight was slightly increased. ## Specifications (451M) Ikarus S-451M – Testing in [Aeronautical Testing Center](/source/Aeronautical_Technical_Institute) in 1950s. **General characteristics** - **Crew:** One pilot - **Length:** 7.45 m (24 ft 5 in) - **Wingspan:** 6.78 m (22 ft 3 in) - **Height:** 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) - **Wing area:** 8.0 m2 (86 sq ft) - **Empty weight:** 897 kg (1,977 lb) - **Gross weight:** 1,350 kg (2,980 lb) - **Powerplant:** 2 × [Turbomeca Palas](/source/Turbomeca_Palas) 056A , 1.5 kN (330 lbf) thrust each **Performance** - **Maximum speed:** 470 km/h (290 mph, 250 kn) - **Range:** 300 km (190 mi, 170 nmi) - **Service ceiling:** 8,500 m (27,900 ft) ## See also - [Aviation portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation) - [Ikarus 452](/source/Ikarus_452) ## References 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-JAWA55-56_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-JAWA55-56_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-JAWA55-56_1-2) Bridgman, Leonard (1955). *Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1955–56*. London: Jane's all the World's Aircraft Publishing Co. Ltd. - Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. London: Studio Editions. p. 430. ## External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Ikarus 451](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ikarus_451). - [Ikarus S-451M](https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.airwar.ru/enc/other/s451.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.airwar.ru/enc/other/s451.html%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG) (Specifications, photos, scheme...) - [Ikarus T-451M Stršljen ("Hornet") photo](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718020139/http://rides.webshots.com/photo/2884361950033538523mVoavK) - [Ikarus S-451, 451M & S-451MM Matica ("Queen bee") photos](http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?aircraft_genericsearch=Ikarus%20S-451&distinct_entry=true) - [Ikarus T-451M Stršljen ("Hornet") & T-451MM Stršljen II ("Hornet II") photos](http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?aircraft_genericsearch=Ikarus%20T-451MM%20Strsljen&distinct_entry=true) v t e Ikarus aircraft Domestic aircraft ŠM IM IO Soko SIM-VIII IK-1 IK-2 MM-2 B-5 Orkan S-49 211 212 213 214 215 231 251 451 452 453 522 920 Aero 2 Orao Kobac Košava Kurir Meteor Prvi maj License-built aircraft Hansa-Brandenburg B.I Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Potez 25 DFS Zögling Avia BH-33 Bristol Blenheim Hawker Fury --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ikarus 451](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikarus_451) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikarus_451?action=history)). 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