# Ice Peak

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Mountain in British Columbia, Canada

For other uses, see [Icepeak](/source/Icepeak_(disambiguation)).

Ice Peak Ice Volcano Satellite image showing the locations of Ice Peak, Mount Edziza and the Snowshoe Lava Field Highest point Elevation 2,500 m (8,200 ft)[1] Coordinates 57°41′26″N 130°38′08″W / 57.69056°N 130.63556°W / 57.69056; -130.63556[2] Naming Defining authority BC Geographical Names office in Victoria, British Columbia[2][3] Geography Ice Peak Location in British Columbia Location in Mount Edziza Provincial Park Country Canada[4] Province British Columbia[4] District Cassiar Land District[2] Protected area Mount Edziza Provincial Park[2] Topo map NTS 104G10 Mount Edziza[2] Geology Formed by Volcanism and erosion[6] Rock age c. 1 Ma to less than 20 ka[7][8] Mountain type Stratovolcano/pyramidal peak[1][5] Rock type(s) Hawaiite, tristanite, trachybasalt, alkali basalt, benmoreite, trachyte, mugearite[8] Volcanic zone Northern Cordilleran Province[9] Last eruption Holocene age[10]

**Ice Peak** is the [prominent](/source/Topographic_prominence) south peak of [Mount Edziza](/source/Mount_Edziza) in [Cassiar Land District](/source/Cassiar_Land_District) of northwestern [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), Canada. It has an [elevation](/source/Elevation) of 2,500 metres (8,200 feet) and protrudes through Mount Edziza's [ice cap](/source/Ice_cap), which is roughly 70 square kilometres (27 square miles) in area. The peak is a [pyramid-shaped horn](/source/Pyramidal_peak) formed by [glacial erosion](/source/Glacial_erosion) and is completely flanked by steep-walled, active [cirques](/source/Cirque). [Tencho Glacier](/source/Tencho_Glacier) on the southern flank is the largest [outlet glacier](/source/Outlet_glacier) of Mount Edziza's ice cap. The summit of Ice Peak is about 280 m (920 ft) lower than that of Mount Edziza, but it still rises well above the general level of the [Big Raven Plateau](/source/Big_Raven_Plateau). Ice Peak and the surrounding area are in [Mount Edziza Provincial Park](/source/Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park), which also includes the [Spectrum Range](/source/Spectrum_Range) to the south.

Ice Peak is the remains of an approximately 1-million-year-old [stratovolcano](/source/Stratovolcano) whose original eastern flank has been almost completely destroyed by erosion. Four cirques on the eroded eastern flank have exposed the internal structure of the stratovolcano whereas the southern and western flanks are approximal to those of the original [volcano](/source/Volcano). The northern flank is buried under the younger and higher stratovolcano of Mount Edziza which reaches an elevation of 2,786 m (9,140 ft). On the southwestern flank is the [Snowshoe Lava Field](/source/Snowshoe_Lava_Field), which issued from at least 12 vents mostly near the terminus of outlet glaciers in the last 20,000 years. A diverse assemblage of [volcanic rocks](/source/Volcanic_rock) comprises the Ice Peak stratovolcano and are subdivided into three [geological formations](/source/Geological_formation) with varying ages.

## Geography and geomorphology

### Location

Ice Peak lies in [Mount Edziza Provincial Park](/source/Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park) southeast of the community of [Telegraph Creek](/source/Telegraph_Creek).[2] With an area of 266,180 hectares (657,700 acres), Mount Edziza Provincial Park is one of the largest [provincial parks](/source/Provincial_park) in British Columbia and was established in 1972 to preserve the volcanic landscape.[11][12] It includes not only the Mount Edziza area but also the [Spectrum Range](/source/Spectrum_Range) to the south, both of which are separated by [Raspberry Pass](/source/Raspberry_Pass).[12][13] Mount Edziza Provincial Park is in the [Tahltan Highland](/source/Tahltan_Highland), a southeast-trending [upland](/source/Upland_and_lowland) area extending along the western side of the [Stikine Plateau](/source/Stikine_Plateau).[13][14]

### Structure

Ice Peak is the [prominent](/source/Topographic_prominence) south peak of [Mount Edziza](/source/Mount_Edziza), an ice-covered [stratovolcano](/source/Stratovolcano) in [Cassiar Land District](/source/Cassiar_Land_District) of northwestern [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), Canada.[1][2][15] It is a [pyramid-shaped horn](/source/Pyramidal_peak) formed by [glacial erosion](/source/Glacial_erosion) and represents the western rim of a small [caldera](/source/Caldera) which formed on the summit of an older stratovolcano.[1][16] This stratovolcano is one of four [felsic](/source/Felsic) [central volcanoes](/source/Central_volcano) along the north–south axis of the [Mount Edziza volcanic complex](/source/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex), the other three being [Armadillo Peak](/source/Armadillo_Peak), the Spectrum Range and the 2,786 m (9,140 ft) high edifice of Mount Edziza.[4][17] The current, 2,500 m (8,200 ft) high horn of Ice Peak protrudes through the roughly 70-square-kilometre (27-square-mile) [ice cap](/source/Ice_cap) of Mount Edziza and is completely flanked by steep-walled, active [cirques](/source/Cirque).[5] [Tencho Glacier](/source/Tencho_Glacier) on the southern flank of Ice Peak is the largest [outlet glacier](/source/Outlet_glacier) of the ice cap, as well as the largest glacier of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[8][18] [Idiji Glacier](/source/Idiji_Glacier) occupies a cirque on the eastern flank of Ice Peak whereas [Tennaya Glacier](/source/Tennaya_Glacier) extends southeast from between Ice Peak and the summit of Mount Edziza.[8]

Four cirques on the eastern flank have exposed the internal structure of the Ice Peak stratovolcano whereas the western flank is completely mantled by [glaciers](/source/Glacier).[19] The eastern cirques are at the [head](/source/River_source) of [Tennaya Creek](/source/Tennaya_Creek) which flows northeast into [Nuttlude Lake](/source/Nuttlude_Lake), an expansion of [Kakiddi Creek](/source/Kakiddi_Creek).[19][20] Between the Tennaya, [Nido](/source/Nido_Creek) and [Tenchen](/source/Tenchen_Creek) creeks are pie-shaped, gently sloping [interfluves](/source/Interfluve) which represent the remains of the original eastern flank of the Ice Peak stratovolcano.[19] Although the original eastern flank has been almost completely destroyed by [erosion](/source/Erosion), the northern flank is buried under the younger stratovolcano of Mount Edziza.[1][21] The southern and western flanks of the Ice Peak stratovolcano are approximal to those of the original volcano and merge with the [Big Raven Plateau](/source/Big_Raven_Plateau), which is one of the main [physiographic](/source/Physiographic) features of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[8][21]

### Subfeatures

See also: [Parasitic cone](/source/Parasitic_cone)

The [Ornostay](/source/Ornostay_Bluff) and [Koosick](/source/Koosick_Bluff) bluffs on the western flank of Ice Peak

On the southwestern flank of Ice Peak is a roughly 40-square-kilometre (15-square-mile) area of lava flows and at least 12 vents called the [Snowshoe Lava Field](/source/Snowshoe_Lava_Field).[22] Most of the vents in this [lava field](/source/Lava_field) are at [elevations](/source/Elevation) above 1,800 m (5,900 ft) near the terminus of outlet glaciers of the Mount Edziza ice cap, five of which named.[23] The highest of these vents, [Tennena Cone](/source/Tennena_Cone), attains an elevation of 2,390 m (7,840 ft) on the upper western flank of Ice Peak.[24][25] [Cocoa Crater](/source/Cocoa_Crater) to the southwest has an elevation of 2,117 m (6,946 ft), making it the second highest of the five named vents. The third highest vent, [Coffee Crater](/source/Coffee_Crater), is 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in elevation and lies northwest of Cocoa Crater.[26][27] South of Coffee Crater on the south side of upper [Taweh Creek](/source/Taweh_Creek) is [Keda Cone](/source/Keda_Cone), the fourth highest vent with an elevation of 1,980 m (6,500 ft).[8][26][28] Between the heads of Taweh and [Shaman](/source/Shaman_Creek) creeks is [The Saucer](/source/The_Saucer) which, with an elevation of 1,920 m (6,300 ft), is the lowest named vent in the Snowshoe Lava Field.[26][29]

[Icefall Cone](/source/Icefall_Cone) and [Ridge Cone](/source/Ridge_Cone) are two parasitic cones on the eastern rim of Ice Peak at an elevation of about 2,285 m (7,497 ft). Both cones are younger than the main edifice of Ice Peak, but they have been greatly modified by glaciation, [slumping](/source/Slump_(geology)) and [rockfalls](/source/Rockfall) due to their location near the steep headwalls of active cirques.[30] Punch Cone on the western flank of Ice Peak is a roughly 1-kilometre-long (0.62-mile), steep-sided [ridge](/source/Ridge) protruding through Mount Edziza's ice cap.[31] It is elliptical in structure and older than the Icefall and Ridge cones, although it is also younger than the main edifice of Ice Peak.[8][32] Also on the western flank of Ice Peak where it merges with the surrounding Big Raven Plateau are the [Koosick](/source/Koosick_Bluff) and [Ornostay](/source/Ornostay_Bluff) bluffs, which lie adjacent to the head of [Sezill Creek](/source/Sezill_Creek).[8][33] [The Neck](/source/The_Neck_(British_Columbia)) is a circular, 300 m (980 ft) in diameter [volcanic plug](/source/Volcanic_plug) on the southeastern flank with an elevation of 1,830 m (6,000 ft).[26][34]

## Geology

### Background

Ice Peak is part of the [Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province](/source/Northern_Cordilleran_Volcanic_Province), a broad area of [shield volcanoes](/source/Shield_volcano), [lava domes](/source/Lava_dome), [cinder cones](/source/Cinder_cone) and stratovolcanoes extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through [Yukon](/source/Yukon) into easternmost [Alaska](/source/Alaska).[9][35] The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are [alkali basalts](/source/Alkali_basalt) and [hawaiites](/source/Hawaiite), but [nephelinite](/source/Nephelinite), [basanite](/source/Basanite) and [peralkaline](/source/Peralkaline_rock) [phonolite](/source/Phonolite), [trachyte](/source/Trachyte) and [comendite](/source/Comendite) are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as a few hundred years ago. Volcanism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to [rifting](/source/Rift) of the [North American Cordillera](/source/North_American_Cordillera), driven by changes in relative [plate motion](/source/Plate_tectonics) between the [North American](/source/North_American_Plate) and [Pacific](/source/Pacific_Plate) plates.[36]

### Stratigraphy

Ice Peak is subdivided into at least three [geological formations](/source/Geological_formation), each being the product of a distinct stage of volcanic activity.[8][37] These periods of volcanic activity occurred during three magmatic cycles of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex; each cycle began with the effusion of alkali basalt and culminated with the eruption of lesser volumes of felsic magma.[38] The oldest geological formation is the [Ice Peak Formation](/source/Ice_Peak_Formation), which formed during a period of volcanic activity about 1 million years ago during the [third magmatic cycle](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Third_magmatic_cycle). Another period of volcanic activity 0.3 million years ago deposited the [Kakiddi Formation](/source/Kakiddi_Formation) on the southwestern and eastern parts of the Ice Peak pile during the [fourth magmatic cycle](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Fourth_magmatic_cycle). The third oldest geological formation is the [Big Raven Formation](/source/Big_Raven_Formation), which was deposited on the Ice Peak and Kakiddi formations during the [fifth magmatic cycle](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Fifth_magmatic_cycle) in the last 20,000 years.[7][8]

#### Ice Peak Formation

[Paleogeological](/source/Paleogeological) map of the Ice Peak Formation at the end of the [Ice Peak eruptive period](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Ice_Peak_eruptive_period)

The Ice Peak Formation consists of [lava](/source/Lava) and [pyroclastic rocks](/source/Pyroclastic_rock) that were erupted mainly from vents near the summit of the Ice Peak stratovolcano.[39] Two [stratigraphic units](/source/Stratigraphic_unit) comprise this once symmetrical stratovolcano, both of which are [lithologically](/source/Lithologically) distinct.[19] The lower stratigraphic unit, which forms much of the volcanic pile, is an assemblage of mostly thin basaltic lava flows. Lavas of [intermediate composition](/source/Intermediate_composition) such as [tristanite](/source/Tristanite), [trachybasalt](/source/Trachybasalt) and [mugearite](/source/Mugearite) are very limited in extent.[40] The upper stratigraphic unit is a highly varied succession of lavas and pyroclastic rocks forming the high, central edifice of Ice Peak.[39] It consists of basalt, trachyte and a variety of intermediate rocks such as tristanite, trachybasalt, [benmoreite](/source/Benmoreite) and mugearite.[41]

The Ice Peak Formation includes the Koosick and Ornostay bluffs, both of which are thick lobes of trachyte that originated under the summit ice cap. Both bluffs are similar in [geomorphology](/source/Geomorphology) and composition, consisting of several lava flows up to 75 m (246 ft) thick.[33][42] The Neck, which forms a prominent 215 m (705 ft) high [buttress](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buttress) on [Sorcery Ridge](/source/Sorcery_Ridge), is also part of the Ice Peak Formation. [Potassium–argon dating](/source/Potassium%E2%80%93argon_dating) of Ice Peak Formation [pantelleritic](/source/Pantelleritic) trachyte has yielded ages of 1.6 ± 0.2 million years, 1.5 ± 0.4 million years and 1.5 ± 0.1 million years.[43] These dates being older than those of the underlying [Pyramid Formation](/source/Pyramid_Formation_(British_Columbia)) may be due to excess [argon](/source/Argon) in the Ice Peak Formation; therefore the dates are considered unreliable.[44][45]

Ice Peak Formation basalt flows on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza are [interbedded](/source/Interbedded) with [diamictites](/source/Diamictite) recording a regional glaciation that occurred during the [Early Pleistocene](/source/Early_Pleistocene).[46] The lowermost basalt flow contains [pillows](/source/Pillow_lava) at its base, directly overlies [hyaloclastites](/source/Hyaloclastite) and is brecciated and deformed, suggesting that it may have been extruded onto a glacier or an [ice sheet](/source/Ice_sheet).[46][47] Its extrusion onto glacial ice is also evident due to the lack of [fluvial](/source/Fluvial) and [lacustrine](/source/Lacustrine_deposits) sediments at the base of the basalt flow, which suggests that it did not extrude into lakes or streams.[46] The steep sides and unusually large thicknesses of the trachyte lava flows comprising Koosick and Ornostay bluffs is attributed to them having been extruded through glacial ice.[48]

#### Kakiddi Formation

The Kakiddi Formation consists of the remains of thick trachyte lava flows and associated pyroclastic rocks. They are lithologically and geomorphologically similar to the older [Edziza Formation](/source/Edziza_Formation) trachytes, but occur south of the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza. The remains of a nearly 1 km (0.62 mi) wide, rubble-covered trachyte flow are present on the eastern flank of Ice Peak in Sorcery Valley and in the south fork of Tennaya Valley where it is divided into two tributary branches. In Kakiddi Valley, the lava flow appears to have spread out to form a once continuous, terminal lobe at least 5 km (3.1 mi) wide. Remnants of this terminal lobe are present in the form of isolated [outcrops](/source/Outcrop) adjacent to the [Kakiddi](/source/Kakiddi_Lake) and Nuttlude lakes.[49] The source of this Kakiddi flow remains unknown, but the tributary branch that descended Tennaya Valley probably originated from a vent near the summit of Ice Peak that is now covered by glaciers.[50] A relatively small trachyte flow descended from Punch Cone on the western flank of Ice Peak and spread onto the Big Raven Plateau.[51] Potassium–argon dating of the Kakiddi Formation has yielded ages of 0.31 ± 0.07 million years from mugearite, as well as 0.30 ± 0.02 million years, 0.29 ± 0.02 million years and 0.28 ± 0.02 million years from trachyte.[52]

#### Big Raven Formation

[Tennena Cone](/source/Tennena_Cone) on the upper western flank of Ice Peak

The Big Raven Formation includes the Icefall and Ridge cones, as well as the Snowshoe Lava Field and the [Sheep Track Member](/source/Sheep_Track_Member).[53] All of these features consist of alkali basalt and hawaiite with the exception of the Sheep Track Member which comprises a small volume of trachyte [pumice](/source/Pumice).[54] Early [volcanism](/source/Volcanism) in the Snowshoe Lava Field deposited material that was quenched by ice and meltwater, resulting in piles of [tuff breccia](/source/Tuff_breccia), [pillow lava](/source/Pillow_lava) and pillow breccia such as Tennena Cone.[8][55] Cinder cones such as the Cocoa and Coffee craters were created by subsequent [lava fountain](/source/Lava_fountain) eruptions in a [subaerial](/source/Subaerial) environment. The Saucer was formed by a later subaerial [fissure](/source/Fissure_vent) eruption that was not accompanied by lava fountaining. Instead, lava issued quietly and flowed into Shaman Creek in the east and Taweh Creek in the west.[56]

The Sheep Track Member is the product of a small but violent [VEI](/source/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index)-3 eruption from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak.[56][57] It was deposited on all lava flows and cinder cones in the Snowshoe Lava Field with the exception of The Saucer, which likely postdates the Sheep Track eruption. The source of the Sheep Track pumice is unknown, but it probably originated from a vent hidden under Tencho Glacier.[58] [Argon–argon dating](/source/Argon%E2%80%93argon_dating) indicates that the pumice was deposited by an [explosive eruption](/source/Explosive_eruption) sometime in the last 7,000 years, most likely around 950 CE.[57]

### Basement

Ice Peak is underlain by the Pyramid Formation, which consists mainly of [Pleistocene](/source/Pleistocene) rhyolite and trachyte lava flows, domes and thick piles of pyroclastic breccia.[8][59][60] Also underlying Ice Peak are alkali basalt lava flows and flow breccia of the [Tenchen Member](/source/Tenchen_Member) of the [Nido Formation](/source/Nido_Formation), which were erupted from multiple older volcanoes during the [Pliocene](/source/Pliocene).[8][60] The southern edge of the Ice Peak pile laps out against [Miocene](/source/Miocene) comenditic or trachytic pumice and [ash flows](/source/Ash_flow) of the [Armadillo Formation](/source/Armadillo_Formation).[8][19][60] The oldest geological formation underlying Ice Peak is the [Raspberry Formation](/source/Raspberry_Formation), which consists of Miocene alkali basalt and minor hawaiite and mugearite.[8][60] These volcanic rocks are in the form of lava flows, flow breccia and [agglutinate](/source/Agglutinate_(geology)), although pillow lava and tuff breccia occur locally.[8] Underlying the Raspberry Formation are [sedimentary](/source/Sedimentary_rock), volcanic or [metamorphic](/source/Metamorphic_rock) rocks of the [Stikinia terrane](/source/Stikinia_terrane), which are [Paleozoic](/source/Paleozoic) and [Mesozoic](/source/Mesozoic) in age.[8][60][61]

## Name and etymology

The name of the peak became official on January 2, 1980, and was adopted on the [National Topographic System](/source/National_Topographic_System) map 104G after being submitted to the [BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names) office by the [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada).[2][62] Several other features on or near the flanks of Ice Peak have names that were also adopted on January 2, 1980, including Keda Cone, Koosick Bluff, Tennena Cone and Ornostay Bluff.[8][28][63][64][65] *Ice Peak* is [tautological](/source/Tautology_(language)) with *Ice Mountain*, another name for Mount Edziza referring to its cover of glacial ice.[66][67] The Ice Peak stratovolcano is sometimes referred to as *Ice Volcano*.[19][68]

## See also

- [Volcanoes portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes)
- [Mountains portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains)

- [List of volcanoes in Canada](/source/List_of_volcanoes_in_Canada)

- [List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes](/source/List_of_Northern_Cordilleran_volcanoes)

- [Volcanism of Western Canada](/source/Volcanism_of_Western_Canada)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990125_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990125_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990125_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990125_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990125_1-4) [Souther 1990](#CITEREFSouther1990), p. 125.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak_2-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak_2-7) [BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Canada:_Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada_3-0)** [Government of Canada: Geographical Names Board of Canada](#CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada:_Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaGeneral_Information_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaGeneral_Information_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaGeneral_Information_4-2) [Global Volcanism Program: Edziza](#CITEREFGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Edziza), General Information.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199232_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199232_5-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 32.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199218,_32,_33_6-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 18, 32, 33.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992267_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992267_7-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 267.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-15) [***q***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-16) [***r***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_8-17) [Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia](#CITEREFSouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Stikine_Volcanic_Belt_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Stikine_Volcanic_Belt_9-1) [Natural Resources Canada: Stikine Volcanic Belt](#CITEREFNatural_Resources_Canada:_Stikine_Volcanic_Belt).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Ice_Peak_10-0)** [Natural Resources Canada: Ice Peak](#CITEREFNatural_Resources_Canada:_Ice_Peak).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaPhoto_Gallery_11-0)** [Global Volcanism Program: Edziza](#CITEREFGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Edziza), Photo Gallery.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_12-1) [BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park](#CITEREFBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_13-1) [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources 1989](#CITEREFDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland197649_14-0)** [Holland 1976](#CITEREFHolland1976), p. 49.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Cassiar_Land_District_15-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Cassiar Land District](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Cassiar_Land_District).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199232,_145_16-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 32, 145.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990124,_125_17-0)** [Souther 1990](#CITEREFSouther1990), pp. 124, 125.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992320_18-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 320.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992145_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992145_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992145_19-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992145_19-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992145_19-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992145_19-5) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 145.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennaya_Creek_20-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Tennaya Creek](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennaya_Creek).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199233_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199233_21-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 33.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227,_228_22-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 27, 228.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992214,_228_23-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 214, 228.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226,_214_24-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 26, 214.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441_25-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 41.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_26-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_26-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_26-3) [Global Volcanism Program: Edziza](#CITEREFGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Edziza), Synonyms & Subfeatures.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992214_27-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 214.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Keda_Cone_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Keda_Cone_28-1) [BC Geographical Names: Keda Cone](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Keda_Cone).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227,_214_29-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 27, 214.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992228_30-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 228.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199224,_25,_210_31-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 24, 25, 210.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992210_32-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 210.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992155_33-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992155_33-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 155.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992154,_155_34-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 154, 155.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsRussell20001280,_1281,_1283,_1284_35-0)** [Edwards & Russell 2000](#CITEREFEdwardsRussell2000), pp. 1280, 1281, 1283, 1284.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsRussell20001280_36-0)** [Edwards & Russell 2000](#CITEREFEdwardsRussell2000), p. 1280.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther19922,_246_37-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 2, 246.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther19921,_267,_276_38-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 1, 267, 276.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992145,_150_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992145,_150_39-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 145, 150.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992147_40-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 147.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992150_41-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 150.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamoreaux_et_al.2006_42-0)** [Lamoreaux et al. 2006](#CITEREFLamoreaux_et_al.2006).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992154_43-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 154.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Canada:_Ice_Peak_Formation_44-0)** [Government of Canada: Ice Peak Formation](#CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada:_Ice_Peak_Formation).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpooner_et_al.19952047_45-0)** [Spooner et al. 1995](#CITEREFSpooner_et_al.1995), p. 2047.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpooner_et_al.19952046_46-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpooner_et_al.19952046_46-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpooner_et_al.19952046_46-2) [Spooner et al. 1995](#CITEREFSpooner_et_al.1995), p. 2046.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199218_47-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmellieEdwards201643_48-0)** [Smellie & Edwards 2016](#CITEREFSmellieEdwards2016), p. 43.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992207_49-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 207.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199224_50-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199224,_25_51-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 24, 25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoutherArmstrongHarakal1984341_52-0)** [Souther, Armstrong & Harakal 1984](#CITEREFSoutherArmstrongHarakal1984), p. 341.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227_228,_236_53-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 27 228, 236.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992213_54-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 213.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226,_27_55-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 26, 27.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227_56-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227_56-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 27.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaEruptive_History_57-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaEruptive_History_57-1) [Global Volcanism Program: Edziza](#CITEREFGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Edziza), Eruptive History.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992237_58-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 237.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992129_59-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 129.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex_60-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex_60-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex_60-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex_60-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex_60-4) [Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex](#CITEREFSouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther19922,_39_61-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 2, 39.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeographical_Names_Data_Base:_Ice_Peak_62-0)** [Geographical Names Data Base: Ice Peak](#CITEREFGeographical_Names_Data_Base:_Ice_Peak).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_63-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Koosick_Bluff_64-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Koosick Bluff](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Koosick_Bluff).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ornostay_Bluff_65-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Ornostay Bluff](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Ornostay_Bluff).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Mount_Edziza_66-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Mount_Edziza).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_British_Columbia:_Conservancy_Renamed_Ice_Mountain,_Reflects_Tahltan_Heritage2022_67-0)** [Government of British Columbia: Conservancy Renamed Ice Mountain, Reflects Tahltan Heritage 2022](#CITEREFGovernment_of_British_Columbia:_Conservancy_Renamed_Ice_Mountain,_Reflects_Tahltan_Heritage2022).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards_et_al.2009252_68-0)** [Edwards et al. 2009](#CITEREFEdwards_et_al.2009), p. 252.

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- ["Stikine Volcanic Belt"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101211075646/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_stikine_e.php). *Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes*. [Natural Resources Canada](/source/Natural_Resources_Canada). February 13, 2008. Archived from [the original](http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_stikine_e.php) on December 11, 2010.

- ["Tennaya Creek"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210930223322/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15029.html). *[BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names)*. Government of British Columbia – B.C. Geographical Names Office (BCGNO). Archived from [the original](https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15029.html) on September 30, 2021.

- ["Tennena Cone"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240608011914/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15030.html). *[BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names)*. Government of British Columbia – B.C. Geographical Names Office (BCGNO). Archived from [the original](https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15030.html) on June 8, 2024.

## External links

- ["Ice Peak, British Columbia"](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=51405). *Peakbagger.com*.

v t e Mount Edziza volcanic complex Cinder cones The Ash Pit Cache Hill Camp Hill Cinder Cliff Cocoa Crater Coffee Crater Eve Cone Exile Hill Icefall Cone Kana Cone Keda Cone Klastline Cone Mess Lake Cone Moraine Cone Nahta Cone Outcast Hill Ridge Cone Sidas Cone Sleet Cone Source Hill Storm Cone Thaw Hill Triplex Cones Twin Cone Walkout Creek centres Williams Cone Subglacial volcanoes Pillow Ridge Tennena Cone Tsekone Ridge Wetalth Ridge Central volcanoes Armadillo Peak Mount Edziza Ice Peak Spectrum Range Lava domes Glacier Dome IGC Centre Nanook Dome Pharaoh Dome The Pyramid Sphinx Dome Triangle Dome Lava fields Desolation Lava Field Mess Lake Lava Field Snowshoe Lava Field Plateaus Arctic Lake Plateau Big Raven Plateau Kitsu Plateau Ridges Artifact Ridge Cartoona Ridge Idiji Ridge Obsidian Ridge Pillow Ridge Sorcery Ridge Tsekone Ridge Wetalth Ridge Yagi Ridge Mountain passes Destell Pass Raspberry Pass Bluffs Koosick Bluff Ornostay Bluff Glaciers Idiji Glacier Tenchen Glacier Tencho Glacier Tennaya Glacier Streams Artifact Creek Ball Creek Bourgeaux Creek Chakima Creek Crayke Creek Elwyn Creek Flyin Creek Gerlib Creek Kadeya Creek Kitsu Creek Little Iskut River More Creek Nagha Creek Nido Creek Pyramid Creek Raspberry Creek Sezill Creek Shaman Creek Sorcery Creek Stewbomb Creek Tadekho Creek Taweh Creek Tenchen Creek Tennaya Creek Tsecha Creek Walkout Creek Stratigraphic units Armadillo Formation Big Raven Formation (Sheep Track Member) Edziza Formation Ice Peak Formation Kakiddi Formation Klastline Formation Little Iskut Formation Nido Formation (Tenchen Member) Pyramid Formation Raspberry Formation Other Cartoona Peak Gnu Butte Mess Creek Escarpment Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex

v t e Volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Cinder cones Cache Hill Camp Hill Cinder Cliff Cinder Mountain Cocoa Crater Coffee Crater Cone Glacier Volcano Cracker Creek Cone Eve Cone Exile Hill Fort Selkirk Vent Gabrielse Cone Icefall Cone Ibex Mountain Iskut Canyon Cone Kana Cone Keda Cone Klastline Cone Mess Lake Cone Moraine Cone Ne Ch'e Ddhawa Nahta Cone Outcast Hill Prindle Volcano Ridge Cone Ruby Mountain Second Canyon Cone Sidas Cone Sleet Cone Snippaker Creek Cone Source Hill Storm Cone Thaw Hill The Saucer The Volcano Triplex Cones Tseax Cone Twin Cone Volcanic Creek Cone Volcano Mountain Walkout Creek Cone Watson Lake Cone Williams Cone Subglacial volcanoes Ash Mountain Chakatah Creek Peak Caribou Tuya Dark Mountain Dome Mountain Enid Creek Cone Isspah Butte Kawdy Mountain King Creek Cone Klinkit Creek Peak Klinkit Lake Peak Little Bear Mountain Little Eagle Cone Mathews Tuya Meehaz Mountain Mount Josephine Nuthinaw Mountain Pillow Ridge South Tuya Tennena Cone Tadekho Hill Toozaza Peak Tom MacKay Creek Cone Tsekone Ridge Tutsingale Mountain Tuya Butte Wetalth Ridge Lava domes Cartoona Peak Glacier Dome IGC Centre Nanook Dome Pharaoh Dome Sezill Volcano Sphinx Dome The Pyramid Triangle Dome Shield volcanoes Grizzly Butte Heart Peaks Level Mountain Maitland Volcano Spectrum Range Volcano Vent West Vent Volcanic fields Atlin Bell-Irving Desolation Fort Selkirk Mess Lake Snowshoe Tuya Stratovolcanoes Armadillo Peak Hoodoo Mountain Ice Peak Mount Edziza Volcanic plugs Castle Rock The Neck The Thumb

v t e Interior Mountains of Canada Mountain ranges Atna Atsutla Axelgold Babine Bait Beady Bornite Bulkley Butler Cariboo Heart Cassiar Chikamin Connelly Cormier Driftwood Eaglenest Espee Finlay Fishing Germansen Hazelton Heart Hogem Horseranch Howson Ingenika Kasalka Kechika Kispiox Klappan Lay Level Mountain McConnell Metsantan Mitchell Morice Nass O.K. Omineca Osilinka Oweegee Pattullo Rocher Déboulé Ruby Russel Samuel Black Sibola Sicintine Sifton Sikanni Sitlika Skeena Skree Slamgeesh Spectrum Stikine Strata Swannell Tahtsa Takla Tatlatui Telkwa Tenakihi Three Sisters Thudaka Tochquonyalla Tucha Tuya Vital Whitesail Wolverine Wrede Mountains Ash Cache Camp Caribou Cartoona Castle Rock Chikoida Cronin Dark Edziza Eve Exile Gabrielse Grizzly Gunanoot Howson Ice Icefall Isspah Kana Kawdy Keda Klastline Level Maitland Mathews Meehaz Meszah Moraine Nahlin Nahta Nanook Nuthinaw Outcast Pharaoh Pillow Ridge Sezill Shedin Shelagyote Sidas Sleet Source South Spatsizi Sphinx Storm Tadeda Tadekho Tennena Thomlinson Thudaka Toozaza Triangle Triplex Tseax Tsekone Tutsingale Tuya Twin Volcano West Wetalth Williams Yeda Provincial parks Atlin/Áa Tlein Téix'i Babine Lake Marine Babine Mountains Babine River Corridor Bear Glacier Bulkley Junction Call Lake Chase Denetiah Driftwood Canyon Dune Za Keyih Ed Bird – Estella Lakes Finlay-Russel Iskut River Hot Springs Kinaskan Lake Little Andrews Bay Marine Meziadin Lake Mount Blanchet Mount Edziza Nation Lakes Netalzul Meadows Nilkitkwa Lake Ningunsaw Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed Rainbow Alley Ross Lake Rubyrock Lake Seeley Lake Seven Sisters Spatsizi Headwaters Spatsizi Plateau Sustut Swan Lake Kispiox River Tā Chʼilā Tatlatui Todagin South Slope Tuya Mountains Tweedsmuir North Tweedsmuir South Tyhee Lake Wistaria Geography portal Canada portal

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ice Peak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Peak) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Peak?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.