# Ibid.

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{{short description|Latin footnote or endnote term referring to the previous source}}
{{redirect|Ibid}}

thumb|A list of citations, the majority Ibid citations
'''Ibid.''' or '''ib.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=William Dwight Whitney |url= |title=[The Century Dictionary](/source/The_Century_Dictionary): An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language |date=1889 |publisher=The Century co |pages=2965 |language=English |chapter=ibidem |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/centurydictiona00whitgoog/page/n270/mode/2up?q=ibidem}}</ref> is an abbreviation for the [Latin](/source/Latin) word '''''ibīdem''''', meaning {{Gloss|in the same place}}, commonly used in an [endnote](/source/endnote), [footnote](/source/footnote), [bibliography](/source/bibliography) [citation](/source/citation), or [scholarly reference](/source/reference) to refer to the [source](/source/Source_text) cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to ''[idem](/source/idem)'', literally meaning {{Gloss|the same}}, abbreviated ''id.'', which is commonly used in [legal citation](/source/legal_citation).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/idem |title=Idem|publisher=thefreedictionary.com |access-date=11 May 2008}}</ref>

''Ibid.'' may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material.<ref>Chicago Manual of Style Online, (13.64).</ref><ref>New Hart's Rules, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.396</ref> The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page.

Some academic publishers now prefer that ''ibid.'' not be [italicised](/source/Italic_type), as it is a commonly found term.<ref>E.g., {{cite web |url= http://www.cambridge.org/us/notesforauthors/cambridge_style.doc |title=Style sheet: Cambridge University Press |format=DOC |date=2013 }}</ref> Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with a [full stop](/source/full_stop). For example, [Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities](/source/Oxford_Standard_for_Citation_of_Legal_Authorities) omits full stops and does not capitalize,<ref>{{Cite book|title=OSCOLA : Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities|date=2012|publisher=Hart Publishers|others=Nolan, Donal., Meredith, Sandra., University of Oxford. Faculty of Law.|isbn=978-1-84946-367-6|edition=4th|location=Oxford|pages=5|oclc=775030305}}</ref> while ''[The Economist](/source/The_Economist)'s'' style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full stop.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Style guide|publisher=Economist Books|date=5 June 2018|isbn=978-1-61039-981-4|edition=Twelfth|location=New York|pages=202|oclc=1005580872}}</ref>  ''New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide'' recommends unitalicised and with a full stop: "ibid.".<ref>{{Cite book |title=New Hart's rules: the Oxford style guide |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957002-7 |editor-last=Ritter |editor-first=R. M. |edition=Second edition / Anne Waddingham |location=New York, NY |page=338 |editor-last2=Waddingham |editor-first2=Anne}}</ref>

==Example==
<blockquote>
:[1] E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' (New York: Academic, 1997), 23.
:[2] Ibid.
:[3] Ibid., 29.
:[4] A. Alhazred, ''The Necronomicon'' (Petrus de Dacia, 1994).
:[5] Ibid. 1, 34.
</blockquote>
Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as in reference 5.

==Cultural references==

*"[Ibid](/source/Ibid_(short_story))", a humorous short story by [H. P. Lovecraft](/source/H._P._Lovecraft), purports to be a brief biography of the (fictional) Roman scholar Ibidus.
* ''Ibid.'' is used in the 1960s play ''[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?](/source/Who's_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F)'' by [Edward Albee](/source/Edward_Albee). Albee uses an unabbreviated ibid (i.e. ''ibīdem'') in his stage directions to tell an actor to use the same tone as the previous line.
* In the ''[Discworld](/source/Discworld)'' novels ''[Pyramids](/source/Pyramids_(novel))'' and ''[Small Gods](/source/Small_Gods)'' by [Terry Pratchett](/source/Terry_Pratchett), an Ephebian philosopher is called Ibid, mentioned in the latter as the author of ''Discourses''.

==See also==
{{div col}} 
* [Ditto mark](/source/Ditto_mark)
* [Em dash](/source/Em_dash)
* ''[Loc. cit.](/source/Loc._cit.)''
* ''[Op. cit.](/source/Op._cit.)''
* [''Supra'' (grammar)](/source/Supra_(grammar))
* [List of Latin abbreviations](/source/List_of_Latin_abbreviations)
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|ibid.|ibid|ibidem}}
* [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ibid&r=67 ''Ibid.''] on [Dictionary.com](/source/Reference.com)
* [http://www.nongnu.org/bibulus/bibcit.html Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles]

Category:Bibliography
Category:Latin words and phrases
Category:Abbreviations

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ibid.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibid.) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibid.?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.