# ISO/IEC 14443

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**ISO/IEC 14443** *Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit cards – Proximity cards* is an international standard that defines [proximity cards](/source/Proximity_cards) used for [identification](/source/Identification_(information)), and the transmission protocols for communicating with it.[1][2][3][4] The development of ISO/IEC 14443 began in the early 1990s, driven by the growing need for secure and efficient short-range wireless communication technologies for identification and payment systems. ISO/IEC 14443 is called contactless short-range standard with a higher RF speed compared to some other RFID standard such as [ISO/IEC 15693](/source/ISO/IEC_15693).

## Standard

The standard is developed by [ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 17 (Subcommittee 17)](/source/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_17) / WG 8 (Working Group 8).

### Parts

- ISO/IEC 14443-1:2018 Part 1: Physical characteristic[1]
- ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020 Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface[2]
- ISO/IEC 14443-3:2018 Part 3: Initialization and anticollision[3]
- ISO/IEC 14443-4:2018 Part 4: Transmission protocol[4]

### Types

Cards may be Type A and Type B, both of which communicate via [radio](/source/Radio) at 13.56 [MHz](/source/MHz) ([RFID](/source/Radio-frequency_identification) HF). The main differences between these types concern modulation methods, coding schemes (Part 2) and protocol initialization procedures (Part 3). Both Type A and Type B cards use the same transmission protocol (described in Part 4). The transmission protocol specifies data block exchange and related mechanisms:

1. data block chaining
1. waiting time extension
1. multi-activation

ISO/IEC 14443 uses the following terms for components:

- PCD: proximity coupling device (the [card reader](/source/Card_reader))
- PICC: proximity [integrated circuit card](/source/Integrated_circuit_card)

### Modulation methods

Type A cards use [amplitude-shift keying](/source/Amplitude-shift_keying) (ASK) with [Modified Miller coding](/source/Modified_frequency_modulation) for reader-to-tag communication. For tag-to-reader communication, they use [on-off keying](/source/On-off_keying) (OOK) with [Manchester code](/source/Manchester_encoding).

Type B cards use ASK with NRZ coding for reader-to-tag communication and [binary phase-shift keying](/source/Phase-shift_keying#Binary_phase-shift_keying_(BPSK)) (BPSK) with [NRZ-L](/source/Non-return-to-zero) encoding for tag-to-reader communication.[5][6]

Both Type A and Type B cards only allow [half duplex communication](/source/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Half_duplex) with a 106 kbit per second data rate in each direction. Data transmitted by the card is [load modulated](/source/Load_modulation) with a 847.5 kHz subcarrier.[7] (847.5 kHz is one-sixteenth of the 13.56 carrier frequency provided by the reader.

Comparison of Type A & Type B Cards (Reader to Card Communication) Feature Type A Type B Frequency 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz Modulation 100% ASK 10% ASK Bit Coding Modified Miller NRZ-L (Non-Return-to-Zero-Level) Data Rate 106 kbps 106 kbps

Comparison of Type A & Type B Cards (Card to Reader Communication) Feature Type A Type B Modulation Load Modulation Load Modulation Bit Coding (Modulation) OOK (On-Off Keying) BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) Subcarrier Frequency 847 kHz 847 kHz Bit Coding (Data) Manchester NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero) Data Rate 106 kbps 106 kbps

## Physical size

Part 1 of the standard specifies that the card shall be compliant with [ISO/IEC 7810](/source/ISO/IEC_7810) or ISO/IEC 15457-1, or "an object of any other dimension".[1]

## Notable implementations

- [Ventra](/source/Ventra) cards used in bus and trains
- [MIFARE](/source/MIFARE) cards (partial or full implementation, depending on product)
- [Biometric passports](/source/Biometric_passports)
- [EMV](/source/EMV) payment cards ([PayPass](/source/PayPass), [Visa payWave](/source/Visa_payWave), [ExpressPay](/source/ExpressPay))
- [National identity cards in the European Economic Area](/source/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area)
- [Near Field Communication](/source/Near_Field_Communication) is based on in part, and is compatible with, ISO/IEC 14443 - Contactless [FIDO](/source/FIDO_Alliance) authenticators use ISO 14443
- [Calypso](/source/Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)), open security standard for transit fare collection systems
- [CIPURSE](/source/CIPURSE), open security standard for transit fare collection systems
- [Nabaztag](/source/Nabaztag):tag uses z:tamp and nano:ztag ISO/IEC 14443 Type B.

## See also

- [ISO/IEC 7816](/source/ISO/IEC_7816), "with contact" smart card standard
- [ISO/IEC 15693](/source/ISO/IEC_15693), another protocol for NFC cards
- [ISO/IEC 18000](/source/ISO/IEC_18000), another protocol for NFC cards
- [International Civil Aviation Organization § Standards](/source/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization#Standards)
- [List of ISO standards](/source/List_of_ISO_standards)
- [FeliCa](/source/FeliCa)

## References

1. ["ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020"](http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/35/73596.html). *ISO*. Retrieved 2018-12-12.

1. ["ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020"](https://www.iso.org/standard/73597.html). *ISO*. Retrieved 2020-07-12.

1. ["ISO/IEC 14443-3:2018"](http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/35/73598.html). *ISO*. Retrieved 2018-12-12.

1. ["ISO/IEC 14443-4:2018"](http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/35/73599.html). *ISO*. Retrieved 2018-12-12.

1. Fernández-Caramés, Tiago; Fraga-Lamas, Paula; Suárez-Albela, Manuel; Castedo, Luis (24 December 2016). "Reverse Engineering and Security Evaluation of Commercial Tags for RFID-Based IoT Applications". *Sensors*. **17** (1): 28. [arXiv:2402.03591](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.03591). [Bibcode:2016Senso..17...28F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Senso..17...28F). [doi:10.3390/s17010028](https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010028). [PMC 5298601](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5298601). [PMID 28029119](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28029119)

1. ["device doc (download)"](https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/devicedoc/doc2056.pdf). *ww1.microchip.com*

1. ["Active load modulation Finkenzeller (download)"](http://www.rfid-handbook.de/downloads/Active-load-modulation_Finkenzeller_20110413_final.pdf%5B%5D). *www.rfid-handbook.de*[dead link]

## External links

- [Draft ISO/IEC 14443 standards](https://web.archive.org/web/20131209102402/http://wg8.de/sd1.html)
- [Requirements of ISO/IEC 14443 Type B Proximity Contactless Identification Cards, Application Note](http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2056.pdf), Rev. 2056B–RFID–11/05, [Atmel Corporation](/source/Atmel_Corporation),

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [ISO/IEC 14443](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%2FIEC_14443) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%2FIEC_14443?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.