# ISL1

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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

ISL1 Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2RGT, 4JCJ Identifiers Aliases ISL1, ISLET1, Isl-1, ISL LIM homeobox 1 External IDs OMIM: 600366; MGI: 101791; HomoloGene: 1661; GeneCards: ISL1; OMA:ISL1 - orthologs Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 5 (human)[1] Band 5q11.1 Start 51,383,448 bp[1] End 51,394,730 bp[1] Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 13 (mouse)[2] Band 13|13 D2.2 Start 116,434,817 bp[2] End 116,446,225 bp[2] RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in secondary oocyte islet of Langerhans human penis urethra pylorus cardia sperm buccal mucosa cell pancreatic ductal cell gastric mucosa Top expressed in superior cervical ganglion genital tubercle trigeminal ganglion lumbar spinal ganglion medial ganglionic eminence islet of Langerhans neural layer of retina facial motor nucleus vestibular sensory epithelium median eminence More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene ontology Molecular function DNA binding transcription coactivator activity sequence-specific DNA binding DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific chromatin binding metal ion binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding bHLH transcription factor binding protein binding nuclear receptor binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding estrogen receptor binding promoter-specific chromatin binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific Cellular component cytoplasm nucleoplasm nucleus Biological process negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process peripheral nervous system neuron development positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production pituitary gland development regulation of transcription, DNA-templated negative regulation of neuron differentiation positive regulation of interleukin-12 production axon regeneration spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification trigeminal nerve development neuron fate specification outflow tract morphogenesis positive regulation of interferon-gamma production positive regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production heart morphogenesis negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of angiogenesis positive regulation of histone acetylation outflow tract septum morphogenesis endocardial cushion morphogenesis ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis atrial septum morphogenesis multicellular organism development cardiac cell fate determination regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus visceral motor neuron differentiation mesenchymal cell differentiation positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production neural crest cell migration neuron differentiation positive regulation of cell population proliferation positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production positive regulation of interleukin-6 production positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production regulation of gene expression pancreas development positive regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production negative regulation of protein homodimerization activity positive regulation of DNA binding peripheral nervous system neuron axonogenesis spinal cord motor neuron differentiation neuron fate commitment secondary heart field specification innervation negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of inflammatory response cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway positive regulation of insulin secretion sensory system development pharyngeal system development retinal ganglion cell axon guidance positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of cell differentiation transcription, DNA-templated cell differentiation positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation development of the heart axonogenesis Sources:Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3670 16392 Ensembl ENSG00000016082 ENSMUSG00000042258 UniProt P61371 P61372 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002202 NM_021459 RefSeq (protein) NP_002193 NP_067434 Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 51.38 – 51.39 Mb Chr 13: 116.43 – 116.45 Mb PubMed search [3] [4] Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

**Insulin gene enhancer protein ISL-1** is a [protein](/source/Protein) that in humans is encoded by the *ISL1* [gene](/source/Gene).[5] [6]

## Function

This gene encodes a [transcription factor](/source/Transcription_factor) containing two [N-terminal](/source/N-terminal) [LIM domains](/source/LIM_domain) and one [C-terminal](/source/C-terminal) [homeodomain](/source/Homeodomain). The encoded protein plays an important role in the [embryogenesis](/source/Embryogenesis) of pancreatic [islets of Langerhans](/source/Islets_of_Langerhans). In mouse embryos, a deficiency of this gene results in failure to undergo neural tube motor neuron differentiation.[6]

## Interactions

ISL1 has been shown to [interact](/source/Protein-protein_interaction) with [Estrogen receptor alpha](/source/Estrogen_receptor_alpha).[7]

## Role in cardiac development

ISL1 is a marker for cardiac progenitors of the [secondary heart field](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secondary_heart_field&action=edit&redlink=1) (SHF) which includes the right ventricle and the outflow tract. The biological function of ISL1 is demonstrated through ISL1 mutant mice and chick embryos that have altered cell proliferation, survival, and migration of cardiogenic precursors and severe cardiac defects.[8] More recently it has been defined as a marker for a cardiac progenitor cell lineage that is capable of differentiating into all 3 major cell types of the heart: [cardiomyocytes](/source/Cardiomyocytes), [smooth muscle](/source/Smooth_muscle) and [endothelial](/source/Endothelial) cell lineages.[9][10][11] Research has shown that ISL1 promotes differentiation of cardiac cells and a depletion of ISL1 can respecify the cell fate of nascent cardiomyocytes, such as from ventricular to an atrial identity. [12]

The validity of ISL1 as a marker for cardiac progenitor cells has been questioned since some groups have found no evidence that ISL1 cells serve as cardiac progenitors.[13] Furthermore, ISL1 is not restricted to second heart field progenitors in the developing heart, but also labels cardiac [neural crest](/source/Neural_crest).[14] This paper supports work from the Vilquin group in 2011, which concluded that ISL1 can represent cells from both neural crest and cardiomyocyte lineages.[15] While it has been demonstrated by multiple groups that ISL1-positive cells can indeed differentiate into all 3 major cell types of the heart, their clinical relevance has been seriously questioned.

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2) [GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000016082](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000016082) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2) [GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000042258](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000042258) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Human PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=3670). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Mouse PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=16392). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid7912209_5-0)** Tanizawa Y, Riggs AC, Dagogo-Jack S, Vaxillaire M, Froguel P, Liu L, et al. (July 1994). "Isolation of the human LIM/homeodomain gene islet-1 and identification of a simple sequence repeat polymorphism [corrected]". *Diabetes*. **43** (7): 935–941. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2337/diabetes.43.7.935](https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiabetes.43.7.935). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7912209](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7912209).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-entrez_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-entrez_6-1) ["Entrez Gene: ISL1 ISL1 transcription factor, LIM/homeodomain, (islet-1)"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3670).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid11043578_7-0)** Gay F, Anglade I, Gong Z, Salbert G (October 2000). ["The LIM/homeodomain protein islet-1 modulates estrogen receptor functions"](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.14.10.0538). *Molecular Endocrinology*. **14** (10): 1627–1648. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1210/mend.14.10.0538](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.14.10.0538). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11043578](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11043578).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Cai CL, Liang X, Shi Y, Chu PH, Pfaff SL, Chen J, Evans S (December 2003). ["Isl1 identifies a cardiac progenitor population that proliferates prior to differentiation and contributes a majority of cells to the heart"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5578462). *Developmental Cell*. **5** (6): 877–889. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00363-0](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1534-5807%2803%2900363-0). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5578462](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5578462). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [14667410](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14667410).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid17123592_9-0)** Moretti A, Caron L, Nakano A, Lam JT, Bernshausen A, Chen Y, et al. (December 2006). ["Multipotent embryonic isl1+ progenitor cells lead to cardiac, smooth muscle, and endothelial cell diversification"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.10.029). *Cell*. **127** (6): 1151–1165. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.029](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.10.029). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17123592](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17123592). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [31238870](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31238870).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid15703750_10-0)** Laugwitz KL, Moretti A, Lam J, Gruber P, Chen Y, Woodard S, et al. (February 2005). ["Postnatal isl1+ cardioblasts enter fully differentiated cardiomyocyte lineages"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5578466). *Nature*. **433** (7026): 647–653. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2005Natur.433..647L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.433..647L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nature03215](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03215). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5578466](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5578466). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15703750](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15703750).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid19571884_11-0)** Bu L, Jiang X, Martin-Puig S, Caron L, Zhu S, Shao Y, et al. (July 2009). "Human ISL1 heart progenitors generate diverse multipotent cardiovascular cell lineages". *Nature*. **460** (7251): 113–117. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009Natur.460..113B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.460..113B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nature08191](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08191). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19571884](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19571884). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [801804](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:801804).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Quaranta R, Fell J, Rühle F, Rao J, Piccini I, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, et al. (January 2018). ["Revised roles of ISL1 in a hES cell-based model of human heart chamber specification"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5770158). *eLife*. **7** e31706. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.7554/eLife.31706](https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.31706). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5770158](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5770158). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29337667](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29337667).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid22427341_13-0)** Weinberger F, Mehrkens D, Friedrich FW, Stubbendorff M, Hua X, Müller JC, et al. (May 2012). ["Localization of Islet-1-positive cells in the healthy and infarcted adult murine heart"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5559221). *Circulation Research*. **110** (10): 1303–1310. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.259630](https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCRESAHA.111.259630). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5559221](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5559221). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [22427341](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22427341).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid22394517_14-0)** Engleka KA, Manderfield LJ, Brust RD, Li L, Cohen A, Dymecki SM, Epstein JA (March 2012). ["Islet1 derivatives in the heart are of both neural crest and second heart field origin"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355870). *Circulation Research*. **110** (7): 922–926. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.266510](https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCRESAHA.112.266510). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3355870](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355870). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [22394517](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22394517).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid20942609_15-0)** Khattar P, Friedrich FW, Bonne G, Carrier L, Eschenhagen T, Evans SM, et al. (June 2011). ["Distinction between two populations of islet-1-positive cells in hearts of different murine strains"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5880329). *Stem Cells and Development*. **20** (6): 1043–1052. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1089/scd.2010.0374](https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fscd.2010.0374). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5880329](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5880329). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20942609](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20942609).

## Further reading

- Larsson LI (November 1998). ["On the development of the islets of Langerhans"](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0029%2819981115%2943%3A4%3C284%3A%3AAID-JEMT2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0). *Microscopy Research and Technique*. **43** (4): 284–291. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19981115)43:4<284::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-0](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0029%2819981115%2943%3A4%3C284%3A%3AAID-JEMT2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9849969](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849969). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [19416265](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19416265).

- Dong J, Asa SL, Drucker DJ (November 1991). ["Islet cell and extrapancreatic expression of the LIM domain homeobox gene isl-1"](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend-5-11-1633). *Molecular Endocrinology*. **5** (11): 1633–1641. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1210/mend-5-11-1633](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend-5-11-1633). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1685766](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1685766).

- Riggs AC, Tanizawa Y, Aoki M, Wasson J, Ferrer J, Rabin DU, et al. (June 1995). "Characterization of the LIM/homeodomain gene islet-1 and single nucleotide screening in NIDDM". *Diabetes*. **44** (6): 689–694. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2337/diabetes.44.6.689](https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiabetes.44.6.689). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7789634](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7789634).

- Wang M, Drucker DJ (March 1994). "The LIM domain homeobox gene isl-1: conservation of human, hamster, and rat complementary deoxyribonucleic acid sequences and expression in cell types of nonneuroendocrine lineage". *Endocrinology*. **134** (3): 1416–1422. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1210/endo.134.3.7907017](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.134.3.7907017). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7907017](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7907017).

- Pfaff SL, Mendelsohn M, Stewart CL, Edlund T, Jessell TM (January 1996). ["Requirement for LIM homeobox gene Isl1 in motor neuron generation reveals a motor neuron-dependent step in interneuron differentiation"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980985-X). *Cell*. **84** (2): 309–320. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80985-X](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980985-X). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8565076](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8565076). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [5780554](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5780554).

- Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (September 1996). ["Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery"](https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6.9.791). *Genome Research*. **6** (9): 791–806. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1101/gr.6.9.791](https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6.9.791). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8889548](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8889548).

- Ahlgren U, Pfaff SL, Jessell TM, Edlund T, Edlund H (January 1997). "Independent requirement for ISL1 in formation of pancreatic mesenchyme and islet cells". *Nature*. **385** (6613): 257–260. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1997Natur.385..257A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.385..257A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/385257a0](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F385257a0). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9000074](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9000074). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [4341596](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4341596).

- Jurata LW, Pfaff SL, Gill GN (February 1998). ["The nuclear LIM domain interactor NLI mediates homo- and heterodimerization of LIM domain transcription factors"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.6.3152). *The Journal of Biological Chemistry*. **273** (6): 3152–3157. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.273.6.3152](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.6.3152). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9452425](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9452425).

- Bach I, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Carrière C, Bhushan A, Krones A, Rose DW, et al. (August 1999). "RLIM inhibits functional activity of LIM homeodomain transcription factors via recruitment of the histone deacetylase complex". *Nature Genetics*. **22** (4): 394–399. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/11970](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F11970). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10431247](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10431247). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [22326394](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22326394).

- Gay F, Anglade I, Gong Z, Salbert G (October 2000). ["The LIM/homeodomain protein islet-1 modulates estrogen receptor functions"](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.14.10.0538). *Molecular Endocrinology*. **14** (10): 1627–1648. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1210/mend.14.10.0538](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend.14.10.0538). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11043578](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11043578).

- Ostendorff HP, Peirano RI, Peters MA, Schlüter A, Bossenz M, Scheffner M, Bach I (March 2002). "Ubiquitination-dependent cofactor exchange on LIM homeodomain transcription factors". *Nature*. **416** (6876): 99–103. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2002Natur.416...99O](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.416...99O). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/416099a](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F416099a). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11882901](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11882901). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [4426785](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4426785).

- Holm P, Rydlander B, Luthman H, Kockum I (June 2004). ["Interaction and association analysis of a type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus on chromosome 5q11-q13 and the 7q32 chromosomal region in Scandinavian families"](https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiabetes.53.6.1584). *Diabetes*. **53** (6): 1584–1591. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1584](https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiabetes.53.6.1584). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15161765](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15161765).

- Hori Y, Gu X, Xie X, Kim SK (April 2005). ["Differentiation of insulin-producing cells from human neural progenitor cells"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1087208). *PLOS Medicine*. **2** (4): e103. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1371/journal.pmed.0020103](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0020103). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1087208](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1087208). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15839736](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15839736).

- Takeuchi JK, Mileikovskaia M, Koshiba-Takeuchi K, Heidt AB, Mori AD, Arruda EP, et al. (May 2005). ["Tbx20 dose-dependently regulates transcription factor networks required for mouse heart and motoneuron development"](https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.01827). *Development*. **132** (10): 2463–2474. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1242/dev.01827](https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.01827). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10393/12782](https://hdl.handle.net/10393%2F12782). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15843409](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15843409).

- Peng SY, Wang WP, Meng J, Li T, Zhang H, Li YM, et al. (December 2005). "ISL1 physically interacts with BETA2 to promote insulin gene transcriptional synergy in non-beta cells". *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression*. **1731** (3): 154–159. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.08.013](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbaexp.2005.08.013). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16321656](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16321656).

## External links

- [ISL1+protein,+human](https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=ISL1+protein%2C+human) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine [Medical Subject Headings](/source/Medical_Subject_Headings) (MeSH)

v t e PDB gallery 1bw5: THE NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE HOMEODOMAIN OF THE RAT INSULIN GENE ENHANCER PROTEIN ISL-1, 50 STRUCTURES

v t e Transcription factors and intracellular receptors (1) Basic domains (1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) Activating transcription factor AATF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AP-1 c-Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c-Jun JUNB JunD BACH 1 2 BATF BLZF1 C/EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB 1 3 L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF B sMaf F G K NFE 2 L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF 1 2 3 XBP1 (1.2) Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) Group A AS-C ASCL1 ASCL2 ATOH1 HAND 1 2 MESP2 Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 NeuroD 1 2 Neurogenins 1 2 3 OLIG 1 2 Paraxis TCF15 Scleraxis SLC LYL1 TAL 1 2 Twist Group B FIGLA Myc c-Myc l-Myc n-Myc MXD4 TCF4 Group C bHLH-PAS AhR AHRR ARNT ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK HIF 1A EPAS1 3A NPAS 1 2 3 PER 1 2 3 Period SIM 1 2 Group D DEC 1 2 BHLHA9 Pho4 ID 1 2 3 4 Group E HES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HEY 1 2 L Group F bHLH-COE EBF1 (1.3) bHLH-ZIP AP-4 MAX MXD1 MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MLXIPL MXI1 Myc SREBP 1 2 USF1 (1.4) NF-1 NFI A B C X SMAD R-SMAD 1 2 3 5 9 I-SMAD 6 7 4) (1.5) RF-X RFX 1 2 3 4 5 6 ANK (1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH) AP-2 α β γ δ ε (2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains (2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4) subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β/δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev-ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP-TF (I II Ear-2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor 2 4 TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH-1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP (2.2) Other Cys4 GATA 1 2 3 4 5 6 MTA 1 2 3 TRPS1 (2.3) Cys2His2 General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE 1 2 TFIIF 1 2 TFIIH 1 2 4 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR 1 2 3 4 ERV3 GFI1 GLI family 1 2 3 REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC 1 2 HIVEP 1 2 3 IKZF 1 2 3 ILF 2 3 Sp/KLF family KLF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 SP 1 2 4 7 8 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL 1 2 3 4 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 21 32 33 40 zinc finger 3 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 804A (2.4) Cys6 HIVEP1 (2.5) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING 1 2 4 JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D 2 JMJD1B (2.6) WRKY WRKY (3) Helix-turn-helix domains (3.1) Homeodomain Antennapedia ANTP class protoHOX Hox-like ParaHox Gsx 1 2 Xlox PDX1 Cdx 1 2 4 extended Hox: Evx1 Evx2 MEOX1 MEOX2 Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 GBX1 GBX2 MNX1 metaHOX NK-like BARHL1 BARHL2 BARX1 BARX2 BSX DBX 1 2 DLX 1 2 3 4 5 6 EMX 1 2 EN 1 2 HHEX HLX LBX1 LBX2 MSX 1 2 NANOG NKX 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-5 3-1 3-2 HMX1 HMX2 HMX3 6-1 6-2 NOTO TLX1 TLX2 TLX3 VAX1 VAX2 other ARX CRX CUTL1 FHL 1 2 3 HESX1 HOPX LMX 1A 1B NOBOX TALE IRX 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKX MEIS 1 2 PBX 1 2 3 PKNOX 1 2 SIX 1 2 3 4 5 PHF 1 3 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A POU domain PIT-1 BRN-3: A B C Octamer transcription factor: 1 2 3/4 6 7 11 SATB2 ZEB 1 2 (3.2) Paired box PAX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX 1 2 PROP1 PHOX 2A 2B RAX SHOX SHOX2 VSX1 VSX2 Bicoid GSC BICD2 OTX 1 2 PITX 1 2 3 (3.3) Fork head / winged helix E2F 1 2 3 4 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D4L1 D4L3 D4L4 D4L5 D4L6 E1 E3 F1 F2 G1 H1 I1 I2 I3 J1 J2 J3 K1 K2 L1 L2 M1 N1 N2 N3 N4 O1 O3 O4 O6 P1 P2 P3 P4 Q1 R1 R2 S1 (3.4) Heat shock factors HSF 1 2 4 (3.5) Tryptophan clusters ELF 2 4 5 EHF ELK 1 3 4 ERF ETS 1 2 ERG SPIB ETV 1 4 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 (3.6) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor 1 2 3 4 (4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts (4.1) Rel homology region NF-κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 (4.2) STAT STAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 (4.3) p53-like p53 p63 p73 family p53 TP63 p73 TBX 1 2 3 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF (4.4) MADS box Mef2 A B C D SRF (4.6) TATA-binding proteins TBP TBPL1 (4.7) High-mobility group BBX HMGB 1 2 3 4 HMGN 1 2 3 4 HNF 1A 1B SOX 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF/LEF TCF 1 3 4 LEF1 TOX 1 2 3 4 (4.9) Grainyhead TFCP2 (4.10) Cold-shock domain CSDA YBX1 (4.11) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 (0) Other transcription factors (0.2) HMGI(Y) HMGA 1 2 HBP1 (0.3) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 (0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 (0.6) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 2 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL 2 3 T1 MNDA NFY A B C Rho/Sigma see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies

*This article incorporates text from the [United States National Library of Medicine](/source/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine), which is in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain).*

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [ISL1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISL1) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISL1?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.