# IC 3528

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Galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices

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IC 3528 SDSS image of IC 3528. Below the image is NGC 4540 Observation data (J2000 epoch) Constellation Coma Berenices Right ascension 12h 34m 55.90s Declination +15° 33′ 56.2″ Redshift 0.04582 0.00004 Heliocentric radial velocity 13,773 km/s Distance 657 Mly (201.43 Mpc) Apparent magnitude (V) 14.6 Apparent magnitude (B) 15.4 Characteristics Type SAB(r)b, Sy 1.5 Size 0.40' x 0.4' Notable features Seyfert Galaxy Other designations PGC 41882, GSC 01446-00639, 2MASX J12345592+1533561, VCC 1593, Z 99-95, NVSS B123244+155026, ALFALFA 1-358, AGC 220811, SDSS J123455.90+153356.2, FAUST 3256, [HB91] 1232+158, LEDA 41882

**IC 3528** is [spiral galaxy](/source/Spiral_galaxy) located 660 million [light-years](/source/Light-year)[1] away in the constellation of [Coma Berenices](/source/Coma_Berenices).[2] It lies near to another spiral galaxy [NGC 4540](/source/NGC_4540), although the two of them are quite far.[3][4] The object was discovered by [Royal Harwood Frost](/source/Royal_Harwood_Frost) on May 7, 1904.[5] Although listed as a member in the Virgo Cluster Catalogue[6] as VCC 1593, it is not a member of the [Virgo cluster](/source/Virgo_Cluster) but a background galaxy.[7]

## Physical characteristics

IC 3528 is classified a narrow-line [Seyfert 1.5 type galaxy](/source/Seyfert_galaxy).[8][9] Containing [X-ray](/source/X-ray) emission,[10] the galaxy shows strong evidence of non-gravitational outflow [kinematics](/source/Kinematics) in its [O III] λ5007 emission feature.[11] In addition, IC 4528 contains broad [emission lines](/source/Emission_lines) with [widths](/source/Three-dimensional_space) measuring Hβ [FWHM](/source/Full_width_at_half_maximum) ≤ 2000 km s−1 and is a type-1 [active galactic nucleus](/source/Active_galactic_nucleus) (AGN) hosted inside a lower-luminosity galaxy that is found having a higher incidence of pseudo-bulges, with [barred](/source/Barred_spiral_galaxy) morphology, and considered less disturbed. This suggests narrow-line Type 1 AGNs like in the case of IC 3528, experiences a more quiescent [evolutionary history](/source/History_of_life) that is driven primarily by internal secular evolution rather than external dynamical [perturbations](/source/Perturbation_(astronomy)).[12]

### Starburst activity

IC 3528 has an estimated [star formation](/source/Star_formation) rate of ≳6 M☉ yr−1[13] It is a dusty [starburst galaxy](/source/Starburst_galaxy) exhibiting a strong [Hδ](/source/Balmer_series) line in absorption and modest [O II] emission, whom researchers found the galaxy is affected by [reddening](/source/Extinction_(astronomy)). Based on star formation rates derived from the FIR luminosities with the estimates based on the [Hα](/source/Hydrogen-alpha) line, they found the values obtained from these optical [emission lines](/source/Spectral_line) in IC 3528 are a factor of 10-70 (Hα) and 20-140 ([O II]) lower than the FIR estimates (50-300 Msolar yr−1).[14]

### Metallicity

IC 3528 has a low [gas](/source/Gas) fraction and higher [oxygen](/source/Oxygen) abundance, making a it gas-poor galaxy and [metal-rich](/source/Metallicity), which demonstrates the idea that removal of gas from the outskirts of spirals increases the observed average [metallicity](/source/Metallicity) by ~0.1 dex.[15]

## Supernova

SN 2001Z, a [Type II supernova](/source/Type_II_supernova) was discovered in IC 3528[16][17] by astronomers Modjaz and Li, whom they saw it on an unfiltered image taken with KAIT on Mar. 3.5 UT. The supernova was located at R.A. = 12h 34m 55.87s, Decl. = +15° 34′ 07.5″ (equinox 2000.0), which was located 0".5 west and 11".2 north of the nucleus.[18] SN 2001Z was also captured by other astronomers named Phillips, Martin and Valladares who obtained its spectrum on Mar. 5.37 UT with the [Baade telescope](/source/Magellan_Telescopes). They found the spectrum has a weak, relatively narrow [H-alpha](/source/Hydrogen-alpha) and [H-beta](/source/H-beta) emission lines on a strong, blue continuum and consistent with a type-II supernova caught at a very early epoch. The redshift of the [emission lines](/source/Spectral_line) is z = 0.045.[19]

## Black hole

Initially having an estimated range of 105.1 to 1010.3 *M*☉ with an [Eddington](/source/Eddington_luminosity) ratio varying from −3.3 to 1.3 in [logarithmic scale](/source/Logarithmic_scale),[20] IC 3528 has a low-mass [black hole](/source/Black_hole) (BH) of BH masses MBH ~106 to 108 *M*☉, powered by accretion matter.[21] Similar to IC 750, the budge-mass and stellar mass is found to be (7.3±2.7)×108 *M*☉ and 1.4×1010 *M*☉ respectively, which the mass upper limit of the BH decreases by two orders of [magnitude](/source/Magnitude_(astronomy)) below the MBH-σ* relation and roughly one order of magnitude below the MBH-MBulge and MBH-M* relations. This is found larger than the relations' intrinsic scatters of 0.58±0.09 dex, 0.69 dex, and 0.65±0.09 dex.[22]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Your NED Search Results"](https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?search_type=Obj_id&objid=57064&objname=1&img_stamp=YES&hconst=73.0&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1). *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Revised IC Data for IC 3528"](https://spider.seds.org/ngc/revngcic.cgi?IC+3528). *spider.seds.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Galaxies IC 3528 & NGC 4540 - Supernova 2001z"](https://www.kopernik.org/images/archive/i3528.htm). *www.kopernik.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Keel, William C. (1996-02-01). ["Seyfert Galaxies With Companions: Orbital and Kinematic Clues to AGN Triggering"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111..696K). *The Astronomical Journal*. **111**: 696. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1996AJ....111..696K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111..696K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/117816](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F117816). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6256](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Index Catalog Objects: IC 3500 - 3549"](https://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ic35.htm#ic3528). *cseligman.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["The Virgo Cluster"](http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html). *www.atlasoftheuniverse.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Binggeli, B.; Sandage, A.; Tammann, G. A. (1985-09-01). ["Studies of the Virgo cluster. II. A catalog of 2096 galaxies in the Virgo cluster area"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985AJ.....90.1681B). *The Astronomical Journal*. **90**: 1681–1758. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1985AJ.....90.1681B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985AJ.....90.1681B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/113874](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F113874). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6256](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Grünwald, G.; Boller, Th.; Rakshit, S.; Buchner, J.; Dauser, Th.; Freyberg, M.; Liu, T.; Salvato, M.; Schichtel, A. (2023-01-01). ["The first look at narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with eROSITA"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...669A..37G). *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **669**: A37. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2211.06184](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06184). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2023A&A...669A..37G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...669A..37G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1051/0004-6361/202244620](https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202244620). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Lipovetsky, V. A.; Neizvestny, S. I.; Neizvestnaya, O. M. (1988-01-01). ["A catalogue of Seyfert galaxies"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988SoSAO..55....5L). *Soobshcheniya Spetsial'noj Astrofizicheskoj Observatorii*. **55**: 5–133. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1988SoSAO..55....5L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988SoSAO..55....5L).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Anderson, Scott F.; Margon, Bruce; Voges, Wolfgang; Plotkin, Richard M.; Syphers, David; Haggard, Daryl; Collinge, Matthew J.; Meyer, Jillian; Strauss, Michael A.; Agüeros, Marcel A.; Hall, Patrick B.; Homer, L.; Ivezić, Željko; Richards, Gordon T.; Richmond, Michael W. (2007-01-01). ["A Large, Uniform Sample of X-Ray-emitting Active Galactic Nuclei from the ROSAT All Sky and Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: The Data Release 5 Sample"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....133..313A). *The Astronomical Journal*. **133** (1): 313–329. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[astro-ph/0609458](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0609458). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007AJ....133..313A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....133..313A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/509765](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F509765). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6256](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Sexton, Remington O.; Matzko, William; Darden, Nicholas; Canalizo, Gabriela; Gorjian, Varoujan (2021-01-01). ["Bayesian AGN Decomposition Analysis for SDSS spectra: a correlation analysis of \[O III\] λ5007 outflow kinematics with AGN and host galaxy properties"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstaa3278). *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. **500** (3): 2871–2895. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2010.09748](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.09748). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021MNRAS.500.2871S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.500.2871S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/mnras/staa3278](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstaa3278). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0035-8711](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Kim, Minjin; Ho, Luis C.; Peng, Chien Y.; Barth, Aaron J.; Im, Myungshin (2017-10-01). ["Stellar Photometric Structures of the Host Galaxies of Nearby Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei"](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Faa8a75). *The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series*. **232** (2): 21. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1710.02194](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.02194). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2017ApJS..232...21K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJS..232...21K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/1538-4365/aa8a75](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Faa8a75). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0067-0049](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0067-0049).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Lutz, D.; Shimizu, T.; Davies, R. I.; Herrera-Camus, R.; Sturm, E.; Tacconi, L. J.; Veilleux, S. (2018-01-01). ["Local Swift-BAT active galactic nuclei prefer circumnuclear star formation"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&A...609A...9L). *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **609**: A9. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1709.00857](https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.00857). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018A&A...609A...9L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&A...609A...9L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1051/0004-6361/201731423](https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201731423). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Poggianti, Bianca M.; Wu, Hong (2000-01-01). ["Optical Spectral Signatures of Dusty Starburst Galaxies"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...529..157P). *The Astrophysical Journal*. **529** (1): 157–169. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[astro-ph/9908180](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9908180). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2000ApJ...529..157P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...529..157P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/308243](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F308243). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Hughes, T. M.; Cortese, L.; Boselli, A.; Gavazzi, G.; Davies, J. I. (2013-02-01). ["The role of cold gas and environment on the stellar mass-metallicity relation of nearby galaxies"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...550A.115H). *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **550**: A115. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1207.4191](https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.4191). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013A&A...550A.115H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...550A.115H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1051/0004-6361/201218822](https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201218822). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Bright Supernovae - 2001"](https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2001/index.html#2001Z). *www.rochesterastronomy.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Hakobyan, A. A.; Adibekyan, V. Zh.; Aramyan, L. S.; Petrosian, A. R.; Gomes, J. M.; Mamon, G. A.; Kunth, D.; Turatto, M. (2012-08-01). ["Supernovae and their host galaxies. I. The SDSS DR8 database and statistics"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...544A..81H). *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **544**: A81. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1206.5016](https://arxiv.org/abs/1206.5016). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012A&A...544A..81H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...544A..81H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1051/0004-6361/201219541](https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219541). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Li, W. D.; Modjaz, M.; Schwartz, M. (2001-03-01). ["Supernova 2001Z in IC 3528"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IAUC.7592....2L). *International Astronomical Union Circular* (7592): 2. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001IAUC.7592....2L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IAUC.7592....2L). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0081-0304](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-0304).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Phillips, M.; Martin, G.; Valladares, G. (2001-03-01). ["Supernova 2001Z in IC 3528"](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IAUC.7593....4P). *International Astronomical Union Circular* (7593): 4. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001IAUC.7593....4P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IAUC.7593....4P). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0081-0304](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-0304).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Liu, He-Yang; Liu, Wen-Juan; Dong, Xiao-Bo; Zhou, Hongyan; Wang, Tinggui; Lu, Honglin; Yuan, Weimin (2019-08-01). ["A Comprehensive and Uniform Sample of Broad-line Active Galactic Nuclei from the SDSS DR7"](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Fab298b). *The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series*. **243** (2): 21. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1906.05597](https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.05597). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019ApJS..243...21L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJS..243...21L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/1538-4365/ab298b](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Fab298b). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0067-0049](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0067-0049).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Viswanath, Gayathri; Stalin, C. S.; Rakshit, Suvendu; Kurian, Kshama S.; Ujjwal, K.; Gudennavar, Shivappa B.; Kartha, Sreeja S. (2019-08-01). ["Are Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies Powered by Low-mass Black Holes?"](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fab365e). *The Astrophysical Journal*. **881** (1): L24. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1907.02683](https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02683). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019ApJ...881L..24V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJ...881L..24V). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/2041-8213/ab365e](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fab365e). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Zaw, Ingyin; Rosenthal, Michael J.; Katkov, Ivan Yu.; Gelfand, Joseph D.; Chen, Yan-Ping; Greenhill, Lincoln J.; Brisken, Walter; Noori, Hind Al (2020-07-01). ["An Accreting, Anomalously Low-mass Black Hole at the Center of Low-mass Galaxy IC 750"](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab9944). *The Astrophysical Journal*. **897** (2): 111. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2006.01114](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.01114). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020ApJ...897..111Z](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...897..111Z). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/1538-4357/ab9944](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab9944). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).

v t e Constellation of Coma Berenices List of stars in Coma Berenices Coma Berenices in Chinese astronomy Stars Bayer α (Diadem) β γ Flamsteed 7 11 12 13 14 16 17 21 23 (Phyllon Kissinou) 24 31 35 36 37 41 Variable FK GP IN LW HR 4668 HD 107146 108863 108874 110067 114762 b 115404 116029 Other 2MASS J12195156+3128497 KELT-6 WASP-56 WISE 1217+1626 Exoplanets HD 108874 b c KELT-6b Star clusters Coma Star Cluster Messier 53 NGC 4147 NGC 5053 Nebulae LoTr 5 Galaxies Messier 64 (Black Eye Galaxy) 85 88 91 98 99 100 NGC 4014 4015 4017 4053 4056 4060 4061 4065 4066 4070 4072 4074 4076 4084 4086 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4095 4098 4136 4146 4150 4162 4185 4189 4203 4211 4212 4213 4222 4237 4245 4253 4262 4274 4278 4293 4298 4302 4308 4310 4312 4314 4323 4328 4340 4359 4375 4383 4393 4394 4414 4419 4448 4450 4455 4459 4468 4473 4474 4475 4477 4479 4489 4494 4495 4498 4502 4506 4515 4516 4523 4525 4540 4555 4556 4558 4559 4561 4565 4571 4585 4595 4611 4614 4615 4633 4634 4651 4659 4670 4673 4676 (Mice Galaxies) 4689 4692 4710 4712 4725 4747 4839 4848 4860 4869 4871 4872 4873 4874 4875 4876 4881 4883 4886 4889 4892 4895 4907 4911 4919 4921 4944 5000 5004 5012 5032 5056 5172 Other 3C 275.1 3C 287 Arp 60 Coma Berenices Dragonfly 44 IC 755 (NGC 4019) IC 831 IC 860 IC 3505 IC 3528 IC 4040 IC 4051 IOK-1 IRAS F12032+1707 LEDA 83677 M85-HCC1 Malin 1 PGC 44691 PKS 1155+251 PKS 1222+216 VIRGOHI21 ZwCl 1305.4+2941 BCG Galaxy clusters Abell 1413 Coma I Coma Cluster Coma Supercluster M94 Group NGC 4065 Group NGC 4631 Group Astronomical events GRB 050509B iPTF14atg SN 1940B SN 1979C SN 2005ap SN 2006X SN 2020oi Category

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