# IAR 99

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Romanian trainer/light attack aircraft

IAR 99 IAR 99 of the Romanian Air Force General information Type Advanced trainer and light attack aircraft National origin Romania Manufacturer Avioane Craiova Status In service Primary user Romanian Air Force Number built 28 (25 Șoim/C 3 prototip) History Manufactured 1985–2008 Introduction date 1987 First flight 21 December 1985

The **IAR 99**[1] **Șoim** (*Hawk*) is an [advanced trainer](/source/Trainer_(aircraft)#Advanced_training) and [light attack aircraft](/source/Attack_aircraft) designed and produced by the Romanian aircraft manufacturer [Avioane Craiova](/source/Avioane_Craiova). It is capable of performing front line roles, including those of [close air support](/source/Close_air_support) and [aerial reconnaissance](/source/Aerial_reconnaissance).

Development of the IAR 99 begun in 1975, and the prototype conducted its [maiden flight](/source/Maiden_flight) on 21 December 1985. Serial production commenced two years later. The aircraft is of [semi-monocoque](/source/Semi-monocoque) design, with tapered wings and a [swept-back](/source/Swept_wing) tail unit. A large blade-type antenna installed beneath the nose on the port side of the fuselage gives the IAR 99 a distinctive appearance. Introduced by the [Romanian Air Force](/source/Romanian_Air_Force) during the late 1980s, the IAR 99 gradually displaced both the [Aero L-29 Delfin](/source/Aero_L-29_Delfin) and [Aero L-39 Albatros](/source/Aero_L-39_Albatros) as the primary jet trainer of the service.

Since its introduction, various modifications and variants of the IAR 99 have been implemented or proposed. Various small changes made during the 1990s were centred around boosting safety and lowering maintenance demands, as well as to adapt it for use as the lead-in trainer for Romania's [MiG-21 Lancer](/source/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21) fleet. A more extensive upgrade involving American-sourced avionics was worked on, including the adaption of three IAR 99s as flying testbeds and aerial demonstrators, but was ultimately not rolled out to production aircraft. During the early 2020s, the existing IAR 99 airframes were modernised for continued service with the Romanian Air Force. Despite marketing and development efforts, no export sales have been secured for the type to date.

## Development

In 1975, design work on what would become the IAR 99 commenced, the project would produce the first jet trainer to be both fully designed and built in [Romania](/source/Romania). Four years later, funding was approved for the construction of the first aircraft by [I.Av. Craiova](/source/Avioane_Craiova_SA); at the time, the firm was also engaged in the manufacture of the [IAR 93](/source/IAR_93) attack aircraft. In 1983, the existence of the IAR 99 was publicly revealed at the [Paris Airshow](/source/Paris_Airshow); at the event, it was claimed that the aircraft was already being test flown.[2] On 21 December 1985, the prototype (S-001) performed its [maiden flight](/source/Maiden_flight) with Lt. Col. Vagner Ștefănel at the controls.[3] S-002 served for static (ground) testing, S-003 being the second flying prototype (later re-serialled 7003).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The aircraft entered series production in 1987, with 17 aircraft delivered to the [Romanian Air Force](/source/Romanian_Air_Force) by 1989..[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Early refinements and post-delivery modifications were focused around increasing operational safety as well as ease of maintenance.[4]

In 1990, the [fall of the Eastern Bloc](/source/Revolutions_of_1989) created new export opportunities for the aircraft. Despite the aircraft possessing excellent aerodynamic and handling qualities, it was left behind in several competitors largely on account of its obsolete [avionics](/source/Avionics). Accordingly, upgrades became a commercial priority.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

IAR 99 at Farnborough

The first upgrade attempt was made in 1990 by I.Av.Craiova together with the Texas-based [Jaffe Aircraft Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffe_Aircraft_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1). Aircraft 708 and 709[5] were modified by installing [Honeywell](/source/Honeywell) avionics, while the [canopy](/source/Canopy_(aircraft)) was changed to a two-piece design instead of the original one piece; this change would be retained for all subsequent aircraft. 708 took its first flight on 8 August 1990, followed by 709 weeks later. The aircraft were displayed at the 1990 [Farnborough Airshow](/source/Farnborough_Airshow), being proposed for the [Joint Primary Aircraft Training System](/source/Joint_Primary_Aircraft_Training_System) program for the United States of America, although this work resulted in no orders. In 1991, aircraft number 712 was outfitted with [Collins](/source/Collins_Aerospace) avionics and took part in a show in [Ankara](/source/Ankara), Turkey.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Subsequently, aircraft 708, 709 and 712 were reconfigured to Standard and delivered to the Romanian Air Force.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In 1996, the upgrade program of the IAR 99 was revived with the need for a lead-in trainer for the newly upgraded [MiG-21 Lancer](/source/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21). The Israeli company [Elbit](/source/Elbit) was chosen as an integrator. The avionics package selected was stated to be compatible with fifth generation fighter systems and it was inspired by the MiG-21 Lancer upgrade, but adapted to the requirements for the IAR 99. The first upgraded IAR 99 was the 18th production aircraft (number 718), which performed its first flight on 22 May 1997.[6] The upgraded IAR 99 was displayed at Paris in 1997 and Farnborough in 1998.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

On 6 August 1998, the Romanian Government approved the introduction into series production of the upgrade program for 24 IAR-99 Șoim, out of which four were originally scheduled to be delivered by 2001. On 20 April 2000, the Romanian [Ministry of National Defence](/source/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Romania)) signed a contract covering all 24 aircraft; however, the scope was reduced to only 12 aircraft on 14 December 2000.[7] Of these, seven IAR 99s were to be new-builds (numbers 719–725) while five were upgraded from existing airframes (numbers 709, 711, 712, 713, 717). The upgraded aircraft were delivered between 2003 and 2008,[8] gradually replacing the [L-39 Albatros'](/source/Aero_L-39_Albatros) in service with the Romanian Air Force's training school. Thus, the Romanian Air Force will have 12 *IAR 99 C Șoim* (upgraded) and 11 *IAR 99 Standard*, with 7003 remaining with [Avioane Craiova SA](/source/Avioane_Craiova_SA) as demonstrator aircraft.

In 2015, a consortium composed of Avioane Craiova, INCAS and [CCIZ](/source/Craiova_Air_Base#Center_for_Research,_Innovation_and_Flight_Tests) announced[9] that an enhanced version of the IAR 99 called IAR 99 TD is under development. A single airframe will be built with a new avionics suite, an engine and radar. The [Leonardo](/source/Leonardo_S.p.A.) Vixen 500E[10] radar was chosen and requires lengthening the nose by 900mm. A new powerplant which supports computer control is required to replace the [Rolls-Royce Viper](/source/Armstrong_Siddeley_Viper) engine, which had been designed during the 1950s; this in turn will necessitate a twice as big air intake.[11] A prototype is expected to be completed by 2022.[12]

In December 2020, [Elbit Systems](/source/Elbit_Systems) announced they had been awarded the contract to upgrade the remaining 10 IAR 99 Standard airframes in service with the Romanian Air Force.[13][14] The upgrade, performed by Avioane Craiova, was to be finished by 2024. However, due to several delays, the first aircraft was modernized in December 2023.[15] One factor in these delays has been the [Russo-Ukrainian war](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_war) as suppliers were requested to put other projects on hold to prioritise aid to Ukraine.[16][17]

## Design

The fuselage of the IAR 99 is of conventional semi-[monocoque](/source/Monocoque) construction, being all-metal and possessing an oval cross-section.[2] It is equipped with retractable [tricycle landing gear](/source/Tricycle_landing_gear), each unit being equipped with a single wheel and an [oleo](/source/Oleo_strut)-[pneumatic](/source/Pneumatic) [shock absorber](/source/Shock_absorber); when retracted, the landing gear is full enclosed.[2] The IAR 99 is powered by a non-[afterburning](/source/Afterburner) model of the [Rolls-Royce Viper](/source/Armstrong_Siddeley_Viper) [turbojet](/source/Turbojet) engine, which also powered the [IAR 93](/source/IAR_93) attack aircraft.[2] Installed within the rear fuselage, air is supplied to the engine via a pair of lateral intakes set on either side of the fuselage in line with the rear of the cockpit. No [air brake](/source/Air_brake_(aeronautics)) is present.[2]

The IAR 99 features a low-mounted [cantilever](/source/Cantilever) monoplane wing with unswept [leading](/source/Leading_edge) and [trailing edges](/source/Trailing_edge) along with a three-degree [dihedral](/source/Dihedral_(aeronautics)).[2] It is equipped with [ailerons](/source/Aileron) and [trim tabs](/source/Trim_tab). The wing employs a conventional structure, comprising a pair of [spars](/source/Spar_(aeronautics)), [webs](/source/Truss#Types) and [flanges](/source/Flange).[18] Furthermore, the wing is equipped with a total of four underwing [hardpoints](/source/Hardpoint) that permit the platform to perform weapons training and light attack missions.[2] The tail unit features a rear-swept [fin](/source/Fin) and a balanced [rudder](/source/Rudder); the tailplane is unswept, lacks any dihedral, and features balanced [elevators](/source/Elevator_(aeronautics)). Trim tabs are present in each elevator and the rudder.[2]

The aircraft has a [tandem](/source/Tandem)-stepped dual-control cockpit, which is equipped with [Martin-Baker](/source/Martin-Baker) Mk 10 [zero-zero ejection seats](/source/Zero-zero_ejection_seat). The instructor's seat at the rear position is raised by 35 cm to provide better visibility. The canopy was made as a single piece (prototypes and planes 701–707), later changed to a two-piece canopy, both opening to the [starboard](/source/Starboard) side.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The cockpit is equipped with [Liquid Crystal Displays](/source/Liquid_Crystal_Display) (LCDs) and [HOTAS](/source/HOTAS) flight controls. Both the pilot and the instructor are equipped with a DASH Display and Sight Helmet identical to those used on Romanian [MiG-21 Lancer](/source/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21) fighters;[19] this helmet guides the onboard weapons systems to the pilot's line of sight and (via the visor's display) confirms when target acquisition has been achieved. The visor also displays the data from the HUD (Head-Up Display) while flight and navigation data are displayed on HUD, on the helmet DASH and MFDC (color multifunction [displays](/source/Display_device)).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

IAR 99 Șoim

[Elbit](/source/Elbit) is supplying the aircraft's advanced avionics suite installed on a [MIL-STD-1553](/source/MIL-STD-1553)B data bus. The advanced avionics suite, including communications, navigation, identification systems and the cockpit configuration, are similar to those of the [MiG 21](/source/MiG_21) LanceR and [F-16](/source/F-16) fighter aircraft. The IAR 99 is also equipped with video and debriefing systems.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The communication systems include VHF and UHF communications, voice-activated intercom and an [IFF](/source/Identification_friend_or_foe) transponder. The flight systems include a VOR/ILS, linked [VHF](/source/VHF) [omnidirectional antenna](/source/Omnidirectional_antenna) radio ranger linked to the [instrument landing system](/source/Instrument_landing_system). Other navigation tools include [distance measuring equipment](/source/Distance_measuring_equipment) (DME), an [automatic direction finder](/source/Automatic_direction_finder) (ADF), a [Northrop Grumman](/source/Northrop_Grumman) inertial navigation system and a Trimble [GPS](/source/GPS) system.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] One of the best features of the aircraft's avionics is a virtual training system that allows, based on a [data link](/source/Data_link) system, inflight simulations of firing and air combat capabilities using two or more aircraft.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The [electronic warfare](/source/Electronic_warfare) suite of the IAR 99 is based on the [Elisra Electronic Systems](/source/Elisra) [radar warning receiver](/source/Radar_warning_receiver) and [electronic countermeasures](/source/Electronic_countermeasures) pod plus a [chaff](/source/Chaff_(radar_countermeasure)) and [flare](/source/Flare) decoy dispenser. The systems are integrated through the 1553 data bus. The radar warning receiver detects [pulse-Doppler](/source/Pulse-Doppler), pulse and [continuous wave radar](/source/Continuous_wave_radar) threats and provides threat identification by comparing signal characteristics against a threat database.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Variants

**- IAR-99 "Standard"**
- Initial variant designed as a lead-in trainer for the [IAR-93](/source/IAR-93).

IAR 99, number 7003, landing in 2006. Note below the cockpit, the white bird logo overlapping the yellow "Swift" writing.

**- IAR-109 "Swift"**
- In 1992, an upgrade program was started in partnership with [IAI](/source/Israel_Aircraft_Industries) Lahav[20] of [Israel](/source/Israel), for both [Romanian Air Force](/source/Romanian_Air_Force) use and export.[21] Aircraft number 7003 was equipped with [HOTAS](/source/HOTAS) (Hands On Throttle and Stick) controls in both cockpits, a wide-angle HUD ([Head-Up Display](/source/Head-Up_Display)) with Up Front Control Panel in the front cockpit, two 3 inch displays in both cockpits, a ring laser gyro [Inertial Navigation System](/source/Inertial_Navigation_System) (INS), as well as the integration of both Eastern and Western weapon systems on the aircraft. The aircraft was displayed at the 1993 [Paris Air Show](/source/Paris_Air_Show)[22] and flew at [Asian Aerospace](/source/Asian_Aerospace) in 1994. A prospective sale of 10 aircraft to Botswana[23] was blocked in parliament, ending the collaboration with IAI. The aircraft was converted back to Standard configuration and delivered to the center for flight research and testing (CCIZ). As late as 2009[24] it still retained its "Swift" styled paint scheme and logo.

**- IAR-99C "Șoim"**
- IAR-99C landing at [RoAF 71st Airbase](/source/RoAF_71st_Air_Base) during open doors 2017. Upgraded variant using an [Elbit Systems](/source/Elbit_Systems) avionics package.

**- IAR-99TD**
- Technical demonstrator under development which will act as base for a future new trainer aircraft called IAR-99NG.[25]

**- IAR-99SM "Standard Modernizat"**
- IAR-99SM, number 715, on static display at BSDA 2024. Modernized Standard variant designed as a lead-in trainer for the [F-16](/source/F-16) and [F-35](/source/F-35).[26]

**- IAR-99SR "Șoim Revitalizat"**
- Modernized C variant designed as a light-attack aircraft with air-to-air capabilities.[27]

## Operators

### Current

[Romania](/source/Romania)

- [Romanian Air Force](/source/Romanian_Air_Force) – 21 aircraft in service.[28]

### Proposed

[Botswana](/source/Botswana)

- [Botswana Defence Force Air Arm Command](/source/Air_Arm_Command_(Botswana)) – 10 aircraft were planned. In the early 1990s, Romania attempted to export the IAR-99 based on the IAR-109 Swift upgrade to Botswana. The proposed deal reportedly involved the sale of approximately ten aircraft. However, the acquisition was ultimately not approved by the parliament, and the export contract was never concluded.[23]

[Mauritania](/source/Mauritania)

- [Mauritania Islamic Air Force](/source/Mauritania_Islamic_Air_Force) – 2 aircraft were planned. Romania explored supplying two IAR-99 trainer aircraft as part of a broader package to Mauritania in the early 1990s that also included six [IAR-93 Vultur](/source/IAR-93_Vultur) aircraft configured for [maritime patrol](/source/Maritime_patrol). The aircraft were intended for fisheries [surveillance](/source/Surveillance) and maritime monitoring, with Mauritanian pilots and technicians reportedly planned to receive training in Romania. The proposal, which allegedly involved payment partly through fishing rights granted to Romanian ocean-fishing companies, was never finalized and the aircraft were not delivered.[29]

## Notable accidents and incidents

- On 14 August 1986, aircraft number S-002 crashed. Lt. Col. Mihai Ionescu and Mj. Mitiță Stoica safely ejected.[30][7]

- On 26 June 1990, aircraft number S-001: While training for an upcoming air show, during an inverted low level flight, the left wing clipped the air strip and crashed. [Lt. Col.](/source/Lieutenant_colonel) Ștefănel Vagner and Lt. Col. Mihai Ionescu died.[30]

- On 24 February 1994, aircraft number 710 burned down on the ground. No injuries incurred.[7]

- On 30 March 1995, aircraft number 714: a fuel line rupture caused a fire. Both occupants ejected safely.[31]

- On 24 September 2004, aircraft number 721 (Șoim), suffered a bird strike to the cockpit with debris ingested by the engine. The crew attempted a crash landing and were badly injured upon impact, but recovered. The aircraft was written off.[32]

- On 23 August 2012, aircraft number 718 (Standard) crashed shortly after takeoff during a training flight. The instructor in the back seat ejected safely, suffering serious injuries. The student died.[33]

- On 16 July 2018, aircraft number 723 (Șoim), crashed after both occupants ejected safely. Onlookers report smoke coming from the aircraft before the crash.[34]

## Specifications

*Data from* *Avioane Craiova SA*,[6] *Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2004-05*[35]

**General characteristics**

- **Crew:** 2

- **Length:** 11.01 m (36 ft 1 in)

- **Wingspan:** 9.85 m (32 ft 4 in)

- **Height:** 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in)

- **Wing area:** 18.71 m2 (201.4 sq ft)

- **[Aspect ratio](/source/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)):** 5.2

- **[Airfoil](/source/Airfoil):** [NACA 641A-214 (modified)](/source/NACA_airfoil)

- **Empty weight:** 3,200 kg (7,055 lb) equipped

- **Max takeoff weight:** 4,400 kg (9,700 lb) Trainer; 5,560 kg (12,260 lb) Ground attack

- **Fuel capacity:** Internal:1,370 L (360 US gal; 300 imp gal); External:up to 450 L (120 US gal; 99 imp gal) (in 225 L (59 US gal; 49 imp gal) drop tanks)

- **Powerplant:** 1 × [Turbomecanica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turbomecanica&action=edit&redlink=1)/[Rolls-Royce Viper Mk632-41M](/source/Rolls-Royce_Viper_Mk632-41M) turbojet, 17.79 kN (4,000 lbf) thrust

**Performance**

- **Maximum speed:** 865 km/h (537 mph, 467 kn) trainer, clean

- **Maximum speed:** Mach 0.76

- **Range:** 1,100 km (680 mi, 590 nmi) Trainer with internal fuel; Ground attack with internal fuel 967 km (601 mi; 522 nmi)

- **Combat range:** 345 km (214 mi, 186 nmi) hi-lo-hi at 5,280 kg (11,640 lb)all-up weight

- **Service ceiling:** 12,900 m (42,300 ft)

- **g limits:** +7 / -3.6

- **Rate of climb:** 35 m/s (6,900 ft/min) at Sea level

- **Wing loading:** 235.2 kg/m2 (48.2 lb/sq ft) Trainer; 297.2 kg/m2 (60.9 lb/sq ft) Ground attack

**Armament**

- **Guns:** 1 × [23 mm](/source/23%C3%97115mm) [Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23L](/source/Gryazev-Shipunov_GSh-23L) [autocannon](/source/Autocannon)

- **Hardpoints:** 4 underwing hardpoints capable of holding 250 kg each and 1 central hardpoint capable of holding 400 kg with a capacity of up to 450 kg (990 lb) of stores (the underwing hardpoints are wet capable of carrying 225l drop tanks)

- **Rockets:** - [LPR 57](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LPR_57&action=edit&redlink=1)

- **Missiles:** - [R-60](/source/R-60_(missile)) [air-to-air missile](/source/Air-to-air_missile) - [Python](/source/Python_(missile)) AAM - [R.550 Magic](/source/R.550_Magic) AAM

- **Bombs:** - [BEM 250](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BEM_250&action=edit&redlink=1) - [BE 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BE_100&action=edit&redlink=1) - [BE 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BE_50&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Mk 82](/source/Mark_82_bomb) [general-purpose bomb](/source/General-purpose_bomb) - [Opher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opher&action=edit&redlink=1) infrared-guided bomb - [Laser-guided bombs](/source/Laser-guided_bomb)

## See also

- [Romania portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Romania)
- [Aviation portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation)

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

- [Aermacchi MB-339](/source/Aermacchi_MB-339) - same engine and role

- [Aero L-59 Super Albatros](/source/Aero_L-59_Super_Albatros)

- [BAE Systems Hawk](/source/BAE_Systems_Hawk)

- [FMA IA 63 Pampa](/source/FMA_IA_63_Pampa)

- [Mikoyan MiG-AT](/source/Mikoyan_MiG-AT)

- [PZL I-22 Iryda](/source/PZL_I-22_Iryda)

- [Soko G-4 Super Galeb](/source/Soko_G-4_Super_Galeb)

- [Kawasaki T-4](/source/Kawasaki_T-4)

- [CASA C-101](/source/CASA_C-101)

## References

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Avioane IAR 99 Soim (Hawk)"](https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.php?aircraft_id=995). *www.militaryfactory.com*. Retrieved 2023-05-04.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-airforce_108_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-airforce_108_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-airforce_108_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-airforce_108_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-airforce_108_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-airforce_108_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-airforce_108_2-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-airforce_108_2-7) Air Force Magazine 1984, p. 108.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Falcon_3-0)** *Air International* September 1990, pp. 129–133.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iar_successor_4-0)** ["IAR 99 and Successors Program"](https://www.incas.ro/iar-99-and-successors-program/). *incas.ro*. Retrieved 15 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Vlad, Ing. Dănuț (21 December 2015). ["IAR-99 – 30 de ani de la primul zbor"](https://www.resboiu.ro/iar-99-soim-30-de-ani-de-la-primul-zbor/). *Resboiu* (in Romanian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201024084454/https://www.resboiu.ro/iar-99-soim-30-de-ani-de-la-primul-zbor/) from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ACV_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ACV_6-1) ["IAR 99 SOIM History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724203354/http://www.acv.ro/products_en.php?m=1&s=1). Archived from [the original](http://www.acv.ro/products_en.php?m=1&s=1) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_7-2) Leoveanu, Grigore (10 December 2014). ["Programul IAR 99 - Scurt Istoric"](https://iar99soim.blogspot.com/2014/12/programul-iar-99-scurt-istoric.html). *IAR99SOIM* (in Romanian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201127210056/https://iar99soim.blogspot.com/2014/12/programul-iar-99-scurt-istoric.html) from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Ștefănescu, Ioan (1 June 2012). ["S.C. Advanced Training Aircraft IAR 99 (A) SOIM"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268439711). *[ResearchGate](/source/ResearchGate)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308194102/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268439711_SC_Advanced_Training_Aircraft_IAR_99_A_SOIM) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Avionul românesc IAR 99 TD ar putea zbura la începutul anului 2018"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308153618/https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/evenimente/avionul-romanesc-iar-99-td-ar-putea-zbura-la-inceputul-anului-2018-464396) (in Romanian). [Digi24](/source/Digi24). 4 December 2015. Archived from [the original](https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/evenimente/avionul-romanesc-iar-99-td-ar-putea-zbura-la-inceputul-anului-2018-464396) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Leonardo Vixen 500E AESA radar chosen for IAR-99 tech demonstrator"](https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/vixen-500e). Leonardo S.p.A. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Român, Cristian (30 June 2016). ["Demonstratorul tehnologic IAR 99-TD realizat de INCAS"](https://stiintasitehnica.com/demonstratorul-tehnologic-iar-99-td-realizat-de-incas/). *Știință & Tehnică* (in Romanian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170357/https://stiintasitehnica.com/demonstratorul-tehnologic-iar-99-td-realizat-de-incas/) from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Proiectul IAR-99 TD prezentat la Inventika"](https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/proiectul-iar-99-td-prezentat-la-inventika) (in Romanian). Romania Military. 19 October 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Elbit Systems Awarded $27 Million Contract to Upgrade Romanian Air Force's IAR-99 Aircraft"](https://elbitsystems.com/pr-new/elbit-systems-awarded-27-million-contract-to-upgrade-romanian-air-forces-iar-99-aircraft/). *[Elbit Systems](/source/Elbit_Systems)*. 14 December 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Helfrich, Emma (14 December 2020). ["Romanian IAR-99 Hawk aircraft to see avionics upgrades"](https://militaryembedded.com/avionics/computers/romanian-iar-99-hawk-aircraft-to-see-avionics-upgrades). *militaryembedded.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["După o lungă întârziere au început la Craiova probele cu primul avion IAR 99 SM care a fost modernizat"](https://www.g4media.ro/dupa-o-lunga-intarziere-au-inceput-la-craiova-probele-cu-primul-avion-iar-99-sm-care-a-fost-modernizat.html). *[G4Media](/source/G4Media)* (in Romanian). 22 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Minister: Avioane Craiova seeking relief from delay penalties, as upstream company Elbit invokes force majeure"](https://agerpres.ro/2025/10/23/minister-avioane-craiova-seeking-relief-from-delay-penalties-as-upstream-company-elbit-invokes-force--1496524). *agerpres.ro*. 23 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Romania's 2020 IAR-99 Modernization Contract Still Unfinished, Company Begs To Avoid Bankruptcy"](https://en.defence-ua.com/news/romanias_2020_iar_99_modernization_contract_still_unfinished_company_begs_to_avoid_bankruptcy-17243.html). Defense Express. 22 January 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-endurance_58_18-0)** Dorin, Simion, Radu, and Baran 2014, p. 58.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Brooks and Gott 2006, p. 573.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Románia Solymai - IAR-99/99C Soim"](https://military-technology.blog.hu/2019/11/15/delkeleti_szomszedunk_solymai_iar-99_99c_soim). *Military technology*. 15 November 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200925195048/https://military-technology.blog.hu/2019/11/15/delkeleti_szomszedunk_solymai_iar-99_99c_soim) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["IAR-109 Swift"](http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/AVIOANE-IAR-109-SWIFT-Romania.html). *All the world’s aircraft*. Jane’s.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["IAR 109 Swift 7003 Paris Air Show 1993"](https://www.flickr.com/photos/emdjt42/4862755758/in/photostream/). *[Flickr](/source/Flickr)*. 12 June 1993.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_23-1) Leoveanu, Grigore (22 October 2019). ["Cu IAR-ul în… Singapore!!"](https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/cu-iar-ul-in-singapore). *Romania Military*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210213012943/https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/cu-iar-ul-in-singapore) from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Program IAR 99 și Succesoare"](https://www.incas.ro/ro/programe/program-trainer-iar-99-soim/). *INCAS* (in Romanian). Retrieved 1 March 2026.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_30-1) Doroftei, Marius (21 December 2012). ["IAR-99 (Soim), apogeul aviației din România"](https://www.aviatiamagazin.com/headline/iar-99-soim-apogeul-aviatiei-din-romania/). *AviatiaMagazin.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150717145437/https://www.aviatiamagazin.com/headline/iar-99-soim-apogeul-aviatiei-din-romania/) from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-JAWA2004-05_35-0)** Jackson 2005, pp. 373–375.

### Bibliography

- "IAR 99 SOIM (Hawk)". *Air Force Magazine*. Vol. 67. Air Force Association. August 1984.

- Brooks, Michael G.; Gott, Kendall D. *Security Assistance, U.S. and International Historical Perspectives: Proceedings of the Combat Studies Institute 2006 Military History Symposium*. Government Printing Office. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9-780160-87349-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780160-87349-2).

- Dorin, Lozici-Brinzei; Simion, Tataru; Radu, Bisca; Baran, Daniela (March 2014). ["Comprehensive study of endurance for IAR-99 Hawk"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270530239). *Incas Bulletin*. **6**: 57–72. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.13111/2066-8201.2014.6.1.6](https://doi.org/10.13111%2F2066-8201.2014.6.1.6).

- "Romanian Falcon". *Air International*. Vol. 39, no. 3. September 1990. pp. 129–133.

- Jackson, Paul, ed. (2005). *Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2004-05*. London, UK: Jane's Publishing Group. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7106-2614-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-2614-2).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [IAR 99](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IAR_99).

- [National Institute for Aerospace Research "Elie Carafoli" - IAR-99 SOIM](http://www.incas.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134&Itemid=125)

- [Photo gallery](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724203312/http://www.acv.ro/gallery_en.php)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [IAR 99](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAR_99) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAR_99?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.