# Hyposaurus

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Extinct genus of reptiles

Hyposaurus Temporal range: Maastrichtian–Paleocene ~67–60 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Clade: Pseudosuchia Clade: Crocodylomorpha Family: †Dyrosauridae Genus: †Hyposaurus Owen, 1849 Type species Hyposaurus rogersii Owen, 1849 Species †H. derbianus Cope 1886 †H. nopcsai Swinton 1930 †H. paucidens Arambourg 1952 †H. rogersii Owen 1849 †H. wilsoni Swinton 1930

***Hyposaurus*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [extinct](/source/Extinct) marine [dyrosaurid](/source/Dyrosauridae) [crocodyliform](/source/Crocodyliform). Fossils have been found in [Paleocene](/source/Paleocene) aged rocks of the [Iullemmeden Basin](/source/Iullemmeden_Basin) in [West Africa](/source/West_Africa),[1] [Campanian](/source/Campanian)–[Maastrichtian](/source/Maastrichtian) ([Late](/source/Late_Cretaceous) [Cretaceous](/source/Cretaceous)) [Shendi Formation](/source/Shendi_Formation) of [Sudan](/source/Sudan)[2] and [Maastrichtian](/source/Maastrichtian) (Late Cretaceous) through [Danian](/source/Danian) (Early [Paleocene](/source/Paleocene)) strata in [New Jersey](/source/New_Jersey), [Alabama](/source/Alabama) and [South Carolina](/source/South_Carolina). With an Indeterminate species from the [Mid](/source/Selandian) to [Late](/source/Thanetian) [Palaeocene](/source/Paleocene) [Teberemt Formation](/source/Teberemt_Formation) of [Mali](/source/Mali).[3] Isolated [teeth](/source/Teeth) comparable to *Hyposaurus* have also been found in [Thanetian](/source/Thanetian) (Late Paleocene) strata of [Virginia](/source/Virginia).[4][5] It was related to *[Dyrosaurus](/source/Dyrosaurus)*. The priority of the [species](/source/Species) *H. rogersii* has been debated,[6][7] however there is no sound basis for the recognition of more than one species from North America. The other [North American](/source/North_American) species (i.e. *H. fraterculus*, *H. ferox* and *H. natator*) are therefore considered *[nomina vana](/source/Nomen_vanum)* (i.e. empty names).[5]

## Introduction

*Hyposaurus* is an extinct [reptile](/source/Reptile) whose fossils are found in [marine](/source/Sea) sediments from the Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous age) to the Danian (earliest Paleocene age).[5] It is a mesosuchian crocodyliform in the family Dyrosauridae.[5] It is closely related to dyrosaurs and congosaurs (Schwarz-Wings). The earliest fossils were found in [North America](/source/North_America), and they were later discovered in [Africa](/source/Africa) and [South America](/source/South_America).[5] The [genus](/source/Genus) is believed to have originated in Africa.[8][2] *Hyposaurus* lived in a shallow, near shore marine environment and has many aquatic adaptations [5] In 2009, the disorganized phylogeny of crocodyliforms was treated and reliable diagnostic traits established, but remaining questions are unanswered.[9]

## Early discoveries

Owen first recognized the genus in 1849.[10] This first fossil was two amphicoelous vertebrae, vertebrae with two concave sides of the centrum, discovered by Professor Henry Roger. It was found in the greensand beds in New Jersey.[10] The different greensand beds of New Jersey represent a complete record from the Cretaceous to the Paleocene. They are estimated to cover 10,000 square miles (26,000 km2) of sea floor but are limited on land to coastal environments.[11] In honor of professor Roger, Owen named this new fossil *Hyposaurus rogersii*.[10] The genus name is meant to describe the unique "hypapophyseal keel extended on the ventral surface of the centrum".[5] This is an extension of the vertebrae centrum which point down towards the belly, similar to a boat [keel](/source/Keel). The second fossil find was by Cope in 1886.[12] This fossil was found in Brazil and comprises a left molar, [quadratojugal bone](/source/Quadratojugal_bone), a lower jaw, many vertebrae from the middle to posterior parts of the column, a [humerus](/source/Humerus), a [coracoid](/source/Coracoid) bone, teeth, and several other bones.[12] It had been hypothesized *Hyposaurus* was related to *Teleosaurus* and this fossil evidence allowed Cope to propose *Hyposaurus* was part of the family [Teleosauridae](/source/Teleosauridae).[5][12] The differences between *Hyposaurus* and *Teleosaurus* are described as "the robust size and vertical direction" of the teeth of *Hyposaurus*, as well as *Hyposaurus* had hypapophyses[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] on more dorsal vertebrae than *Teleosaurus*, which only has these on the first and second dorsal vertebrae.[12] Cope remarks the characteristics of *H. rogersii* and his new specimen are very similar, but the articular faces of the centrum are less concave than *H. rogersii*.[12] The species was named *Hyposaurus derbianus* after professor [Orville Derby](/source/Orville_Derby), the director of the department of Geology at the [National Museum of Brazil](/source/National_Museum_of_Brazil).[12]

## Description

In 2006, Schwarz and colleagues,[13] described the postcranial skeletons of new specimens of *Hyposaurus*, focusing mostly on the vertebrae. From partial skeletons a [proatlas](/source/Proatlas), [atlas](/source/Atlas), [axis](/source/Axis_(anatomy)), a third to ninth [cervical vertebrae](/source/Cervical_vertebrae), and at least 16 dorsal, two sacral, and 45 caudal vertebrae have been reconstructed.[13] The vertebrae are weakly amphicoelous, meaning both sides of the centrum are concave. The dorsal shield is made of two columns of paravertebral [osteoderms](/source/Osteoderm) and two lateral columns of accessory osteoderms. At least 12 horizontal rows of these make up the shield.[13]

The three main differences between the axial skeletons of *Hyposaurus* and modern crocodylians are the tall neural spines, vertically oriented thoracic ribs and osteoderm which lack external keels.[9] This indicates that they also have a different epiaxial musculature (muscles above the axial skeleton).[9] Along with the specialized osteoderm morphology, *Hyposaurus* probably had a specialized trunk bracing system which suggests that individuals with low body mass could have only high walked or galloped.[9]

## Distribution

Locations of *Hyposaurus* fossil discoveries
 [Thanetian](/source/Thanetian)/[Clarkforkian](/source/Clarkforkian)
 [Early Paleocene](/source/Paleocene)
 [Maastrichtian](/source/Maastrichtian)
 [Campanian](/source/Campanian)

Fossils of *Hyposaurus* have been found in North and South America and Africa.[12][10][5][2] There is evidence supporting presence of the genus *Hyposaurus* in Africa where the [Dryosauridae](/source/Dryosauridae) originated.[2][14] Dispersal into the New World is hypothesized to have taken place during the Late Cretaceous or Early Paleocene.[14] Hastings proposed three independent dispersal events of the dyrosaurid clade.[8] These findings show a clear Atlantic focus in fossil distribution. *Hyposaurus* is believed to have been the only amphicoelous crocodylian in North America.[4] It lasted long enough to live alongside the modern procoelous crocodylians which most other amphicoelous crocodylians did not.[4]

Age Formation Location Refs Clarkforkian Williamsburg Formation South Carolina [15] Thanetian Aquia Formation Virginia [16] Thanetian Teberemt Formation Mali [17] Danian Clayton Formation Alabama [18] Danian Hornerstown Formation New Jersey [19] Danian Maria Farinha Formation Brazil [20] Paleocene Teberemt Formation Mali [21] Paleocene Dange Formation Nigeria [22] Paleocene Schistes papyraces Formation Niger [23] Paleocene Umm Himar Formation Saudi Arabia [24] Late Maastrichtian Hornerstown Formation New Jersey [25] Late Maastrichtian New Egypt Formation New Jersey [26] Campanian Shendi Formation Sudan [27] Campanian Monmouth Group Maryland [28]

## Taxonomy

Protosuchia Orthosuchus Mesoeucrocodylia Protosuchus Hemiprotosuchus Gobiosuchus Shantungosuchus Sichuanosuchus Hsisosuchus Baurusuchus Sebecus Pelagosaurus Teleosauridae Metriorhynchidae Pholidosaurus Terminonaris Dyrosauridae Dyrosaurus Hyposaurus

*Hyposaurus* was a mesosuchian crocodyliform reptile and a member of the family Dyrosauridae (Denton,.[8] There is a disputed phylogeny with many interpretations. Some[*[who?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)*] paleontologists interpret that Dyrosaurids, *Congosaurus*, and *Acherontisuchus* are sister [taxa](/source/Taxa) of *Hyposaurus*.[8]

## Paleobiology and paleoecology

*Hyposaurus* probably lived in marine environments, mostly in shallow water and in near-shore environments.[8][5] *Hyposaurus* had many aquatic adaptations, including pelvic and tail propulsion and light scute [armor](/source/Armor).[5] In addition, its tail was long, both eyes were on the side of the head, and the snout was long with many[*[quantify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers)*] uniform teeth.[4] The feet were not paddle-formed, a trait rather similar to modern crocodiles.[4] The short transverse process on the caudal vertebrae implies the tail did not move vertically, indicating that *Hyposaurus* was not a diving animal.[4] Moreover, Dyrosaurids generally are hypothesized to have pitch correction where the pleural cavity is pushed towards the back side to produce a more horizontal stance while submerged in water.[8] *Hyposaurus* foraged in their marine environments and used the protection of the water column.[4] [Buffetaut](/source/%C3%89ric_Buffetaut) proposed Dyrosaurids laid their eggs on land and only after they have fully grown moved to coastal waters.[29] Under this hypothesis, the young would live on land or in shallow fresh water environments. This could explain the fossil finds of smaller dyrosaurid specimens in [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan) in [freshwater](/source/Freshwater) sediments.[29] This *Hyposaurus* hypothesis has been debated as there is still a significant amount of variation among the Pakistani Dyrosaurid specimens.[8][29]

## Later research

In 2006 Schwarz and colleagues,[13] described the postcranial skeletons of new specimens of *Hyposaurus*, focusing mostly on the vertebrae. From partial skeletons, a proatlas, atlas, axis, a third to ninth cervical vertebrae, and at least 16 dorsal, two sacral, and 45 caudal vertebrae have been reconstructed.[13] The vertebrae are weakly amphicoelous, meaning both sides of the centrum are concave. The dorsal shield is made of two columns of paravertebral osteoderms and two lateral columns of accessory osteoderms. At least 12 horizontal rows of these make up the shield.[13]

Citing vague distinctions, Jove and colleagues,[1] attempted to reclassify the genus *Hyposaurus* based on diagnostic characteristics and sort of taxonomic troubles. Flattening of the mandibular symphysis[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*], used previously to distinguish between species, is not confirmed and only can be used to distinguish between *Hyposaurus* and *[Congosaurus](/source/Congosaurus)*.[1] Currently, width height ratio of teeth in different positions are being used to distinguish between species. The little variation between the species *Hyposaurus wilsoni* and *Hyposaurus nopcsai*, means one of the two is a [nomen dubium](/source/Nomen_dubium) ([Latin](/source/Latin): "doubtful name"), although fossil evidence does suggest two species.[1] The paper focuses on the at least 5 species of *Hyposaurus* or *Congosaurus* known from the Paleocene of the [Iullemmeden Basin](/source/Iullemmeden_Basin) of Western Africa ([Mali](/source/Mali), [Niger](/source/Niger), [Nigeria](/source/Nigeria)). The authors suggest using skull characteristics instead of mandibular characteristics for taxonomic distinctions because skulls are usually better preserved.[1]

A paper by Hastings and colleagues described a new skull of a dyrosaurid crocodyliform, found in the [Cerrejón Formation](/source/Cerrej%C3%B3n_Formation) of northern Colombia.[14] They used mandibular and cranial characteristics to map it onto a [cladogram](/source/Cladogram) with *Hyposaurus* and other taxa. Analysis supports an African origin to Dyrosauridae, with dispersal and radiation in South America in the [Late Cretaceous](/source/Late_Cretaceous) or very early Paleocene.[14] This specimen of dyrosaurid is the smallest of the family Dyrosauridae found to date, with *Hyposaurus rogersii* being a contender for the next smallest.[14]

In 2016, Salih and colleagues reported the first *Hyposaurus* fossil found in the [Campanian](/source/Campanian) to [Maastrichtian](/source/Maastrichtian) [Shendi Formation](/source/Shendi_Formation) of Sudan. It was identified as a *Hyposaurus* based on the flat shape of the mandible (lower jawbone) and the elliptical shape of the mandibular symphysis (median line ridge of mandible). The African member occurs in the Late Cretaceous, which supports the idea that *Hyposaurus* originated in Africa.[2] This fossil is different from other specimens of *Hyposaurus* because it has a larger eighth alveolus (bony socket for tooth root), smaller interveolar space between the ninth and tenth alveoli, and a ridge along the dorsal side of the mandible.[2]

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Fossilworks](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=127195)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BUFF_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BUFF_29-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-BUFF_29-2) [Buffetaut](/source/%C3%89ric_Buffetaut), Éric (1978). "Crocodilian remains from the Eocene of Pakistan". *[Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen](/source/Neues_Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Geologie_und_Pal%C3%A4ontologie%2C_Abhandlungen)*. **156**: 263–283.

v t e Neosuchia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Pseudosuchia Clade: Metasuchia Pseudosuchia see Pseudosuchia Neosuchia see below↓ Neosuchia Neosuchia †Burkesuchus †Isisfordia †Karatausuchus †Khoratosuchus †Montsecosuchus †Stolokrosuchus? †Susisuchus †Tadzhikosuchus? †Wahasuchus? †Zhyrasuchus? †Thalattosuchia? †Tethysuchia Pholidosauridae Anglosuchus Chalawan Crocodilaemus Dakotasuchus Elosuchus Meridiosaurus Oceanosuchus Pholidosaurus Sabinosuchus? Sarcosuchus Terminonaris Vectisuchus Woodbinesuchus Dyrosauridae Acherontisuchus Anthracosuchus Arambourgisuchus Atlantosuchus Brachiosuchus Cerrejonisuchus Chenanisuchus Congosaurus Dorbignysuchus Dyrosaurus Fortignathus Guarinisuchus Hyposaurus Luciasuchus Phosphatosaurus Rhabdognathus Rodeosuchus Sokotosuchus Tilemsisuchus Wadisuchus †Atoposauridae Alligatorellus Alligatorium Aprosuchus Atoposaurus Knoetschkesuchus Ogresuchus? Sabresuchus Theriosuchus Varanosuchus †Stomatosuchidae Laganosuchus Stomatosuchus †Paluxysuchidae Deltasuchus Paluxysuchus †Goniopholididae Amphicotylus Anteophthalmosuchus Calsoyasuchus Coelosuchus Denazinosuchus Diplosaurus Eutretauranosuchus Goniopholis Hulkepholis Nannosuchus Ophiussasuchus Oweniasuchus Paarthurnax Pinacosuchus? Siamosuchus Sunosuchus Symptosuchus? †Bernissartiidae Bernissartia Koumpiodontosuchus †Paralligatoridae Batrachomimus Brillanceausuchus Doratodon? Kansajsuchus Paralligator Rugosuchus Scolomastax Shamosuchus Tarsomordeo Turanosuchus Yanjisuchus †Wannchampsidae Thikarisuchus Wannchampsus Eusuchia see below↓ Eusuchia Eusuchia †Borealosuchus †Confractosuchus †Deinosuchus †Diplocynodon †Dolichochampsa †Gilchristosuchus †Heterosuchus †Leidyosuchus †Portugalosuchus †Pristichampsus †Titanochampsa? †Hylaeochampsidae Acynodon? Hylaeochampsa Iharkutosuchus Pachycheilosuchus? Pietraroiasuchus Turcosuchus Unasuchus †Allodaposuchidae Agaresuchus Allodaposuchus Arenysuchus? Ischyrochampsa Lohuecosuchus Massaliasuchus Musturzabalsuchus? †Aegyptosuchidae Aegyptosuchus Aegisuchus †"Thoracosaurs" Argochampsa Eogavialis Eosuchus Eothoracosaurus Thoracosaurus †Planocraniidae Boverisuchus Duerosuchus Planocrania Crocodilia see Crocodilia for extant taxa, and Extinct Crocodilia for extinct ones See also: Coelognathosuchia Category

Taxon identifiers Hyposaurus Wikidata: Q3495890 GBIF: 4822248 IRMNG: 1341001 Open Tree of Life: 3605927 Paleobiology Database: 36596

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hyposaurus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyposaurus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyposaurus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.