# Hypericum yezoense

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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = 
| image_caption = 
| genus = Hypericum
| parent = Hypericum ser. Hypericum
| species = yezoense
| authority = [Maxim.](/source/Karl_Maximovich)<ref name="POWO"/>
| synonyms = 
}}

'''''Hypericum yezoense''''',{{Efn|Also styled as '''''Hypericum yezoënse'''''}} the '''Yezo St John's wort''', is a [species](/source/species) of [flowering plant](/source/flowering_plant) in the St John's wort family [Hypericaceae](/source/Hypericaceae). Native to Japan, [Sakhalin](/source/Sakhalin), and the [Kurils](/source/Kuril_Islands), the plant can be found among rocks and in grasslands. It is a [perennial](/source/perennial) herb with many stems and small flower clusters. Several [phytochemicals](/source/Phytochemical) called [yezo'otigirins](/source/Yezo'otigirin) have been isolated from the species, which have demonstrated [anticancer](/source/Anticarcinogen) and [antimicrobial](/source/antimicrobial) activity in a laboratory setting.

== Description ==
''Hypericum yezoense'' is a [perennial](/source/perennial) herb that usually grows {{Convert|10-30|cm|4=0|sp=us}} tall. It is similar to ''[H.&nbsp;momoseanum](/source/Hypericum_momoseanum)'' from central [Honshu](/source/Honshu), but can be told apart by its separate distribution and the reduced size of its inflorescence.{{Sfn|Robson|2002|p=117}}

=== Vegetative structures ===
Most of the time, the plant grows upright, but it sometimes grows outwards along the ground from a rooting base. It has many stems that normally grow in dense tufts, but are rarely solitary. The stems may or may not be branched, and have two lines running along their length that have black point-shaped [glands](/source/Gland_(botany)). The [internodes](/source/Internode_(botany)) are 1.2–2.8 cm long, and the leaves are directly attached to the stems.{{Sfn|Robson|2002|p=117}}

The leaf blades are 0.8–2.0 cm long by 0.3–0.9 cm wide. The uppermost leaves are [ovate](/source/Ovate_(leaf)) in shape, while lower ones are more lance-shaped or narrowly oblong. They are a slightly paler color on the underside and have a papery texture. The leaf tip is blunt to round, the edges are smooth, and the base is wedge-shaped and somewhat embraces the stem. There are two to three pairs of veins on the leaf. Most of the glands on the leaves are pale and point-shaped, but there are some that are black and point-shaped around the edges.{{Sfn|Robson|2002|p=117}}

=== Flowering structures ===
The flower clusters ([inflorescence](/source/inflorescence)) have 3–9 flowers from one or two [nodes](/source/Node_(botany)), creating a [corymb](/source/corymb)-like or roughly pyramidal shape. The [bracts](/source/Bract) are the same shape as the leaves, but somewhat smaller, and there are [bracteoles](/source/Bracteole) that are 0.4–0.5 cm long and narrowly lance-shaped. The flowers themselves are 1.5–2.0 cm wide, and have petals arranged in a star shape. When [budding](/source/Bud), they are a narrow ovoid shape with a somewhat acute point. There are five [sepals](/source/Sepal) of varying lengths, 0.4–0.6 cm long and 0.1–0.2 cm wide. They are erect when the plant is budding and [fruiting](/source/fruiting), and are a lance-like shape with an acute point and smooth edges. The sepals have three to five veins, and point-shaped glands that are mostly pale but rarely black. The flower has five pale yellow petals that are 0.8–1.2 cm long and 0.35–0.5 cm wide, roughly twice as large as the sepals. They are asymmetric, with mostly smooth edges. On the surface of the petals are pale glands while on the edges are irregularly spaced black glands.{{Sfn|Robson|2002|p=117}}

There are around 30–50 [stamens](/source/Stamen) per flower, bundled into three [fascicles](/source/Fascicle_(botany)). The longest stamens are 0.8–1.0 cm long, just shorter than the petals, and all have a black [anther](/source/anther) gland. The [ovary](/source/Ovary_(botany)) is three-celled and measures 0.30–0.32 cm long and 0.15–0.20 cm wide. There are three free [styles](/source/Style_(botany)), and the [stigmas](/source/Stigma_(botany)) have a narrow rounded head. The [seed capsule](/source/Capsule_(fruit)) is 0.5–0.8 cm long by 0.3–0.4 cm wide, and is an ovoid shape with valves along its length. The seeds inside are dark brown and are a 0.1–0.13 cm long cylinder.{{Sfn|Robson|2002|p=117}}

=== Chemistry ===
Several new [monoterpene](/source/monoterpene) [phytochemicals](/source/Phytochemical) have been isolated from the aboveground parts of ''H.&nbsp;yezoense''. There were classified as [yezo'otigirins](/source/Yezo'otigirin), and the first three (A–C) were shown to have a unique natural ring structure, and may be derived from a [hyperforin](/source/hyperforin) analogue.{{Sfn|Tanaka|Kakuguchi|Ishiyama|Kubota|2009|p=4749}} Yezo’otogirins D–F were found to be [acylphloroglucinols](/source/Phloroglucinol) while G and H are also monoterpenes.{{Sfn|Tanaka|Tsuji|Kashiwada|Kobayashi|2016|p=991}} Its [microelement](/source/Trace_element) content was assayed in 2012, and it was found to have 109 milligrams of [iron](/source/iron) per kilogram of dry weight, 36 mg of [manganese](/source/manganese) per kg, 20 mg of [zinc](/source/zinc) per kg, 6.4 mg of [copper](/source/copper) per kg, and 15 mg of [nickel](/source/nickel) per kg.{{Sfn|Horie|Mizuno|Nosaka|2000|p=858}}

== Etymology ==
One origin of the genus name Hypericum is that it is derived from the [Greek](/source/Greek_language) words {{lang|el|hyper}} (above) and {{lang|el|eikon}} (picture), in reference to the tradition of hanging the plant over religious [icons](/source/Icon) in the home.{{Sfn|Coombes|2012|p=172}} Its Japanese name is {{Lang|ja|エゾオトギリ}} which can be transliterated as {{Lang|ja|yezo otogiri}} and means Yezo St John's wort.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=''Hypericum yezoense'' {{small|Maxim.}} |url=https://hosho.ees.hokudai.ac.jp/tsuyu/top/plt/st_john-wort/hypericum/yez.html |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Tsuyuzaki Shiro |publisher=Hokkaido University}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tanaka|Kashiwada|2021|p=428}}

== Taxonomy ==
{{cladogram|{{Clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%;width:300px;
|label1=Subsection ''Hypericum''
|1={{clade
   |label1=Series ''Hypericum''
   |1={{clade
      |1=''[H. scouleri](/source/Hypericum_scouleri)''
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=''[H. momoseanum](/source/Hypericum_momoseanum)''
            |2='''''H. yezoense'''''
            }}
         |label2=''[H. attenuatum](/source/Hypericum_attenuatum)''
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[H. iwatelittorale](/source/Hypericum_iwatelittorale)''
            |2=''[H. tosaense](/source/Hypericum_tosaense)''
            }}
         }}
      |3={{clade
           |1=''[H. perforatum](/source/Hypericum_perforatum)''
           |2=''[H. maculatum](/source/Hypericum_maculatum)''
         }}
      |4={{clade
           |1=''[H. tetrapterum](/source/Hypericum_tetrapterum)''
           |2=''[H. triquetrifolium](/source/Hypericum_triquetrifolium)''
           |3=''[H. undulatum](/source/Hypericum_undulatum)''
         }}
  }}
  |label2=
  |2=Series ''Senanensia''
 }}
}}|caption=[Cladogram](/source/Cladogram) showing the relationships between species of series ''Hypericum''{{sfn|Robson|2002|p=63}}|align=right}}''Hypericum yezoense'' was originally described by [Karl Maximovich](/source/Karl_Maximovich) in 1886. Robert Keller described plants of the species from Yezo as ''H.&nbsp;mororanense'' and ''H.&nbsp;procumbens'' in 1897, and as ''H.&nbsp;ologanthemum'' in 1904.<ref name="POWO">{{Cite POWO|id=433967-1|title=''Hypericum yezoense'' {{small|Maxim.}}|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> [Auctore Léveillé](/source/Augustin_Abel_Hector_L%C3%A9veill%C3%A9) and [Eugène Vaniot](/source/Eug%C3%A8ne_Vaniot) named ''H.&nbsp;porphyrandrum'' based on a specimen from Sakhalin with distinct [filiform](/source/Filiform_(botany)) styles and dark purple anther glands, but this was later determined to be a [synonym](/source/Synonym_(taxonomy)).{{Sfn|Léveillé|1909|p=330}} Japanese botanist [Hideo Koidzumi](/source/Hideo_Koidzumi) authored the synonyms ''H.&nbsp;pseduonikkoense'' and ''H.&nbsp;yoitiense'' in 1937.<ref name="POWO" />

In 2002, British botanist [Norman Robson](/source/Norman_Robson_(botanist)) analyzed the [crown](/source/Crown_group) series of ''Hypericum'' as a part of his [monograph](/source/monograph) on the genus, and placed ''H.&nbsp;yezoense'' as a member of this [series ''Hypericum''](/source/Hypericum_ser._Hypericum). Robson informally grouped ''[H.&nbsp;tosaense](/source/Hypericum_tosaense)'', ''[H.&nbsp;iwatelittorale](/source/Hypericum_iwatelittorale)'', and ''H.&nbsp;momoseanum'' into a "derivative Japanese ''H.&nbsp;yezoense'' group" within the series.{{Sfn|Robson|2002|p=62-63}}

== Distribution and habitat ==
''Hypericum yezoense'' is found in [temperate](/source/Temperate_climate) regions from south [Sakhalin](/source/Sakhalin) to northern Japan, and on the [Kuril Islands](/source/Kuril_Islands).<ref name="POWO" /> The species was once recorded in Korea, but later analysis by [Arika Kimura](/source/Arika_Kimura) found this to be erroneous.{{Sfn|Robson|2002|p=117}} Its habitat is are rocky or grassy places in the mountains and by the sea.<ref name=":0" />

== Research ==
Phytochemicals isolated from ''Hypericum yezoense'' have exhibited various effects in a laboratory setting. Yezo’otogirin C showed moderate [cytotoxicity](/source/cytotoxicity) against [human cancer cell lines](/source/Human_cell_line); yezo’otogirin E had [antimicrobial](/source/antimicrobial) effects against ''[Escherichia coli](/source/Escherichia_coli)'' and ''[Staphylococcus aureus](/source/Staphylococcus_aureus)''; yezo’otogirins G and H had some antimicrobial activity against ''[Bacillus subtilis](/source/Bacillus_subtilis)'' and ''[Trichophyton mentagrophytes](/source/Trichophyton_mentagrophytes)''.{{Sfn|Tanaka|Kashiwada|2021|p=428}}{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |last1=Coombes |first1=Allen J. |title=The A to Z of plant names: a quick reference guide to 4000 garden plants |date=2012 |publisher=Timber Press, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60469-196-2 |location=Portland, Oregon |page=}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Horie |first1=Kenji |last2=Mizuno |first2=Naoharu |last3=Nosaka |first3=Shiro |date=2000 |title=Characteristics of Nickel Accumulation in Native Plants Growing in Ultramafic Rock Areas in Hokkaido |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00380768.2000.10409151 |journal=Soil Science and Plant Nutrition |volume=46 |issue=4|pages=853–862 |doi=10.1080/00380768.2000.10409151 |bibcode=2000SSPN...46..853H }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Léveillé |first=Auctore |date=1909 |title=Decades plantorum novum |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/11265#page/357/mode/1up |journal=Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis |volume=6}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Robson |first=Norman |date=2002 |title=Studies in the genus ''Hypericum'' L. (Guttiferae) 4(2). Section 9. ''Hypericum'' sensu lato (part 2): subsection 1. ''Hypericum'' series 1. ''Hypericum'' |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4515354.pdf#page=3 |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany |volume=32 |issue=2 |doi=10.1017/S096804460200004X |issn=0968-0446}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tanaka |first1=Naonobu |last2=Kakuguchi |first2=Yuka |last3=Ishiyama |first3=Haruaki |last4=Kubota |first4=Takaaki |date=2009 |title=Yezo'otogirins A–C, new tricyclic terpenoids from ''Hypericum yezoense'' |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403909011769 |journal=Tetrahedron Letters |volume=50 |issue=33|pages=4747–4750 |doi=10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.06.021 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tanaka |first1=Naonobu |last2=Tsuji |first2=Eri |last3=Kashiwada |first3=Yoshiki |last4=Kobayashi |first4=Junichi |date=2016 |title=Yezo'otogirins D–H, Acylphloroglucinols and Meroterpenes from ''Hypericum yezoense'' |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/64/7/64_c16-00243/_html/-char/ja |journal=Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=64 |issue=7|pages=991–995 |doi=10.1248/cpb.c16-00243 |pmid=27373661 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tanaka |first1=Naonobu |last2=Kashiwada |first2=Yoshiki |date=2021 |title=Characteristic metabolites of ''Hypericum'' plants: their chemical structures and biological activities |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=75|issue=3 |pages=423–433 |doi=10.1007/s11418-021-01489-y |pmid=33555487 |pmc=8159811 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q17812831}}
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yezoense
Category:Flora of Japan
Category:Flora of Sakhalin
Category:Plants described in 1886
Category:Taxa named by Karl Maximovich

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hypericum yezoense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_yezoense) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_yezoense?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.