# Hydroentanglement > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Hydroentanglement > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Hydroentanglement.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroentanglement > Source revision: 1315256928 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Bonding process for wet or dry fibrous webs}} '''Hydroentanglement''' is a bonding process for wet or dry fibrous webs made by either [carding](/source/carding), [airlaying](/source/airlaying) or wet-laying, the resulting bonded fabric being a [nonwoven](/source/nonwoven). It uses fine, high pressure jets of water which penetrate the web, hit the conveyor belt (or "wire" as in [papermaking](/source/papermaking) conveyor) and bounce back causing the fibres to entangle.{{Cite journal|last1=Xiang|first1=P.|last2=Kuznetsov|first2=Andrey V.|last3=Seyam|first3=A. M.|date=2008|title=A Porous Medium Model of the Hydro entanglement Process|url=https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/49dcde6d4c0809db,2fd2ac155a3a2f3c,1d909a9b163ee1a9.html|journal=Journal of Porous Media|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=35–49|doi=10.1615/JPorMedia.v11.i1.30|issn=1091-028X|url-access=subscription}} Hydroentanglement is sometimes known as '''spunlacing''', this term arising because the early nonwovens were entangled on conveyors with a patterned weave which gave the nonwovens a lacy appearance. It can also be regarded as a two-dimensional equivalent of [spinning](/source/spinning_(textiles)) fibres into yarns prior to [weaving](/source/weaving). The water pressure has a direct bearing on the [gsm](/source/Units_of_textile_measurement), and strength of the web, and very high pressures not only entangle but can also split fibres into micro- and nano-fibres which give the resulting hydroentangled nonwoven a leatherlike or even silky texture. This type of nonwoven can be as strong and tough as woven fabrics made from the same fibres.{{Cite patent|title=Process and apparatus for preparing a molded, textured, spunlaced, nonwoven web|country=US|number=7530150|pubdate=2009-05-12|assign1=[The Procter & Gamble Company](/source/The_Procter_%26_Gamble_Company)|inventor1-last=Brennan|inventor1-first=Jonathan Paul|inventor2-last=Sporing|inventor2-first= Lester Charles}} == Composition == Different types of [staple length](/source/Staple_(textiles)) [fiber](/source/fiber)s and [blends](/source/Blend_(textile)) can be used in hydroentangled nonwoven fabrics. [Polyester](/source/Polyester) and cellulosic (regenerated cellulosic fibers such as [viscose](/source/Rayon)) [blend](/source/Textile) is most commonly used in these fabrics.{{Cite patent|title=Process for making spunlaced nonwoven fabrics|country=US|number=5240764|pubdate=1993-08-31|assign1=[E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co.](/source/E.I._Du_Pont_de_Nemours_%26_Co.)|inventor1-last=Haid|inventor1-first=Joseph W.|inventor2-last=Vincent|inventor2-first=James R.}} ==Characteristics == The spun-lace [fabrics](/source/Nonwoven_fabric) have variable thickness and properties since they are produced by varying processing parameters such as waterjet pressure, delivery speed, web mass and web composition. Primarily these fabrics are water absorbent and holds many other properties like water retention, water vapor permeability and capillary. They are lightweight, soft, flexible and silky texture. They are [disposable](/source/Disposable_product) and affordable than peers.{{Cite journal|last1=Hajiani|first1=F.|last2=Hosseini|first2=S. M.|last3=Ansari|first3=N.|last4=Jeddi|first4=A. A. A.|date=2010-08-01|title=The influence of water jet pressure settings on the structure and absorbency of spunlace nonwoven|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-010-0798-x|journal=Fibers and Polymers|language=en|volume=11|issue=5|pages=798–804|doi=10.1007/s12221-010-0798-x|s2cid=135803290|issn=1875-0052|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last1=Jain|first1=Ravi Kumar|last2=Sinha|first2=Sujit Kumar|last3=Das|first3=Apurba|date=2018-01-01|title=Structural investigation of spunlace nonwoven|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/RJTA-07-2017-0038|journal=Research Journal of Textile and Apparel|volume=22|issue=3|pages=158–179|doi=10.1108/RJTA-07-2017-0038|issn=1560-6074|url-access=subscription}} == Process == The spunlace [nonwoven](/source/Nonwoven_fabric) manufacturing process includes the following key steps:[https://www.nwfabric.com/ask/spunlace-nonwoven-manufacturing-process/ spunlace nonwoven process] Retrieved 21 January 2016. ; Fiber Preparation : Selection of raw materials which can be natural fibers like cotton, viscose, bamboo, or synthetic fibers such as polyester and [polypropylene](/source/polypropylene), individually or in blends. ; Carding : Fibers are separated and aligned in parallel by passing through rollers with fine wire teeth to prepare for web formation. ; Web Formation : The aligned fibers are formed into a loose, fibrous web that serves as the base material for the spunlace process. ; Hydroentangling (Spunlacing) : The loose fiber web is passed through high-pressure water jets that spray water jets onto the fibers, entangling them mechanically into a durable fabric. ; Dewatering and Drying : Excess water is removed from the fabric using mechanical rollers and/or hot air drying to prepare the fabric for finishing and winding. == Use == They are suitable for many types of [wet wipe](/source/wet_wipe)s, kitchen wipes and [apron](/source/apron)s. By altering physical properties with lamination, coating, etc. these fabrics offer variety of products suitable in use of hygiene care and [medical textiles](/source/Technical_textiles) for instance sanitary napkins, [baby wipes](/source/baby_wipes), [face masks](/source/Surgical_mask) and range of [medical gown](/source/medical_gown)s used as a part of PPE.{{Cite web|title=How Surgical Masks are Made, Tested and Used|url=https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/other/how-surgical-masks-are-made|access-date=2020-11-06|website=www.thomasnet.com|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120050336/https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/other/how-surgical-masks-are-made/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|title=How to Make PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)|url=https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plant-facility-equipment/how-to-make-ppe|access-date=2020-11-06|website=www.thomasnet.com|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Yinjiang|last2=Deng|first2=Chao|last3=Wang|first3=Yuxiao|last4=Huang|first4=Chen|last5=Zhao|first5=Yi|last6=Jin|first6=Xiangyu|date=2019-02-01|title=A new dispersible moist wipe from wetlaid/spunlace nonwoven: Development and characterization|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083718757524|journal=Journal of Industrial Textiles|language=en|volume=48|issue=7|pages=1136–1150|doi=10.1177/1528083718757524|s2cid=139500588|issn=1528-0837|url-access=subscription}} == References == {{Reflist}} === Bibliography === *{{cite web |url=http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/Textiles/Spunlace.htm |publisher=[University of Tennessee](/source/University_of_Tennessee)'s College of Engineering |title=Spunlace (Hydroentanglement) |date=April 2004 |author1=M. G. Kamath |author2=Atul Dahiya |author3=Raghavendra R. Hegde |access-date=2013-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208092636/http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/Textiles/Spunlace.htm |archive-date=2013-12-08 |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite book|title = Handbook of Technical Textiles|last1 = Horrocks|first1 = Richard A.|last2 = Annex|first2 = Brian H.|publisher = Elsevier|year = 2000|isbn = 9781855738966 |pages = 150–151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBGkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 }} Category:Textiles Category:Textile techniques Category:Nonwoven fabrics --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hydroentanglement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroentanglement) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroentanglement?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.