# Hybrid train

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Type of train

Not to be confused with [Battery electric multiple unit](/source/Battery_electric_multiple_unit) / [locomotive](/source/Electric_locomotive#Battery_locomotive) or [Electro-diesel multiple unit](/source/Electro-diesel_multiple_unit) / [locomotive](/source/Electro-diesel_locomotive) or [Tram-train](/source/Tram-train).

A **hybrid train** is a [locomotive](/source/Locomotive), [railcar](/source/Railcar) or [train](/source/Train) that uses an onboard [rechargeable energy storage system](/source/Rechargeable_battery) (RESS), placed between the power source (often a [diesel engine](/source/Diesel_engine) [prime mover](/source/Prime_mover_(locomotive))) and the traction transmission system connected to the wheels. Since most diesel locomotives are diesel-electric, they have all the components of a series hybrid transmission except the storage battery, making this a relatively simple prospect.

Surplus energy from the power source, or energy derived from [regenerative braking](/source/Regenerative_brake), charges the storage system. During acceleration, stored energy is directed to the transmission system, boosting that available from the main power source. In existing designs, the storage system can be electric [traction batteries](/source/Electric_vehicle_battery), or [a flywheel](/source/Flywheel_energy_storage). The energy source is [diesel](/source/Diesel_fuel), [liquefied petroleum gas](/source/Liquefied_petroleum_gas), or [hydrogen](/source/Hydrogen_economy) (for [fuel cells](/source/Fuel_cell)) and transmission is [direct mechanical](/source/Transmission_(mechanics)), [electric](/source/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_transmission) or [hydrostatic](/source/Hydraulic_machinery).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Diesel electric locomotives](/source/Diesel_locomotive#Diesel-electric) may have most of what they need for regenerative braking since they might already use [dynamic braking](/source/Dynamic_braking). This uses the traction motors as generators to convert much of the train's kinetic energy to electrical energy, but without a way to store the generated electricity it is simply converted to heat with large rooftop resistor banks and dumped to the atmosphere with the aid of cooling fans.

Using a storage system means that a non-fully electric train can use regenerative (as opposed to merely dynamic) braking, and even shut down the main power source whilst idling or stationary. Reducing energy consumption provides environmental benefits and economic savings.[1] A smaller scale version of the concept is found in hybrid automobiles, such as the [Chevrolet Volt](/source/Chevrolet_Volt).

## Development

The Patton Motor Car, manufactured by [Patton Motor Company](/source/Patton_Motor_Company), was a gas-electric hybrid system, although the term *hybrid* was not yet in use. William H. Patton filed for a patent on February 25, 1889; the drawings on his patent application resemble later descriptions of his first prototype.[2] Patton built a [tram car](/source/Tram_car) that was in experimental service in [Pullman, Illinois](/source/Pullman%2C_Illinois) in 1891 and a small Patton [locomotive](/source/Locomotive) was sold to a [street railway](/source/Street_railway) company in [Cedar Falls, Iowa](/source/Cedar_Falls%2C_Iowa) in 1897. The latter used a 2-cylinder, 25 hp gasoline engine to drive a 220-volt generator that served to charge the 200-[Ampere hour](/source/Ampere_hour) 100-cell [lead acid battery](/source/Lead_acid_battery) in parallel with the traction motors. The engine ran at constant speed, with a shunt-wound generator that also served as an electric starter motor. A conventional [series-parallel controller](/source/Series-parallel_control) was used for the two 35 hp [traction motors](/source/Traction_motors) that drove the wheels of the locomotive.[3][4][5]

The term *mixed drive train* came to be used at the turn of twentieth century. The [Pieper](/source/Pieper) system was applied to Belgian ([Vicinal tramway](/source/Vicinal_tramway)) and French ([Compagnie des Chemins de Fer de Grande Banlieue](/source/Compagnie_des_Chemins_de_Fer_de_Grande_Banlieue)) railcars as early as 1911.[6][7]

The Thomas system, manufactured by Thomas Transmission Ltd. of England, which is similar in design to the mechanical part of the [Hybrid Synergy Drive](/source/Hybrid_Synergy_Drive), was used in the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom) and tested in [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand) in a [NZR RM class railcar](/source/NZR_RM_class_(railcar)).[8]

### China

In 2010, [CRRC Ziyang](/source/CRRC_Ziyang) (then [CSR](/source/CSR_Corporation_Limited) Ziyang) developed CKD6E-5000, a small [shunting locomotive](/source/Switcher) capable of 1,000 kW combined power based on their existing shunter design.[9] It later received a contract from [China Railway](/source/China_Railway) to develop a high-power, hybrid shunter; the effort produced [HXN6](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HXN6&action=edit&redlink=1) in 2015, a shunter with an 1,860 kW traction power that was able to reduce fuel consumption by 25% to 40% and motor active hours by up to 91% compared to diesel shunters of a similar role already in service.[10] HXN6 received type certification and manufacturing license from the [National Railway Administration](/source/National_Railway_Administration) in 2020, a first for Chinese hybrid locomotives[11].

In 2014, [CRRC Changchun](/source/CRRC_Changchun_Railway_Vehicles) (then [CNR](/source/China_CNR) Changchun) produced the CJ5 series prototypes, [multiple units](/source/Multiple_units) that can be equipped with a mixture of catenary, battery, and/or diesel power.[12] Only [catenary-battery](/source/Battery_electric_multiple_unit) and [catenary-diesel](/source/Electro-diesel_multiple_unit) prototypes were built,[12] and no additional trainsets were produced since.

In 2018,[13] [CRRC Dalian](/source/CRRC_Dalian) designed and manufactured [FXN3B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FXN3B&action=edit&redlink=1), a "mild hybrid"[14] shunter with a 2,500 kW total engine power. CRRC Dalian continued the work and produced [FXN3D](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FXN3D&action=edit&redlink=1) in 2022, a shunter with similar visual and power profile as FXN3B but considered a "full hybrid"; the diesel motor is responsible for only about 50% of its total engine power (compared to FXN3B's 85%).[14] CRRC Ziyang is also involved in FXN3B's mass production,[15] and the first batch of mass-produced FXN3B's entered service in 2024.[16]

### Czechoslovakia

In 1986, [Czechoslovak](/source/Czechoslovakia) locomotive manufacturer [ČKD](/source/%C4%8CKD) built a prototype hybrid shunting locomotive termed the DA 600. The locomotive was powered a 190 kW diesel engine and four [electric motors](/source/Electric_motor), with a maximum overall power 360 kW powered from batteries. The batteries were recharged while the diesel engine was running, by regenerative braking or from external electric power.[17]

After tests on the [Railway test circuit Velim](/source/Railway_test_circuit_Velim) and some minor tweaks, the locomotive was lent to the Olomouc train depot and successfully operated there for ten years. Czechoslovak [socialist economics](/source/Socialist_economics) failed to start mass production, mainly because of a lack of proper battery manufacturing capacities.[18]

### Japan

In May 2003, [JR East](/source/JR_East) started test runs using a [KiYa E991 "NE Train" ("New Energy Train")](/source/NE_Train) railcar, testing the system performance in cold regions.

The design had two 65-kilowatt fuel cells and six [hydrogen](/source/Hydrogen) tanks under the floor, with a [lithium-ion battery](/source/Lithium-ion_battery) on the roof. The test train was capable of 100 kilometres per hour (60 mph) with a range of 50–100 kilometres (31–62 mi) between hydrogen refills. Research was underway into the use of [regenerative braking](/source/Regenerative_braking) to recharge the test train's batteries, intending to increase the range further. JR had stated that it hoped to introduce the train into scheduled local service during the summer of 2007.[19] Technology tested on this train was incorporated in the [KiHa E200](/source/KiHa_E200) diesel/battery railcars entering service in 2007.

The first [JR Freight Class HD300](/source/JR_Freight_Class_HD300) shunting locomotive was delivered from [Toshiba](/source/Toshiba) on 30 March 2010.[20] The new locomotive uses [lithium ion batteries](/source/Lithium-ion_battery), and is designed to reduce exhaust emissions by at least 30% to 40% and noise levels by at least 10 dB compared with existing [Class DE10](/source/JNR_Class_DE10) diesel locomotives.[21][22]

#### Multiple units

- [NE Train](/source/NE_Train), experimental railcar

- [KiHa E200](/source/KiHa_E200), single-car units introduced in 2007

- [HB-E300 series](/source/HB-E300_series), introduced in 2010

- [HB-E210 series](/source/HB-E210_series), introduced in 2015

- [YC1 series](/source/YC1_series), introduced in 2018

- [HC85 series](/source/HC85_series), introduced in 2022

#### Locomotives

- [JR Freight Class HD300](/source/JR_Freight_Class_HD300), delivered in 2010, entering service from 2012

		- The experimental "NE Train"

		- Hybrid Class HD300 locomotive

		- A pair of KiHa E200 hybrid diesel railcars

		- An HB-E210 series hybrid DMU

		- An HB-E300 series hybrid DMU

### Russia

[Sinara transport machines](/source/Sinara_transport_machines) is developing the TEM9H, a hybrid version of its TEM9 series diesel [shunting locomotives](/source/Switcher), at its [Lyudinovsky Locomotive Plant](/source/Lyudinovsky_Locomotive_Plant). This is a 1,200 horsepower, four-axle, locomotive with [lithium-ion batteries](/source/Lithium-ion_batteries), [supercondensers](/source/Electric_double-layer_capacitor) and [AC](/source/Alternating_current) motors. It is planned to be in production early in 2013.[23]

### United Kingdom

A Sunday-service operated on the [Stourbridge Town Branch Line](/source/Stourbridge_Town_Branch_Line) for a period of two years, using a [flywheel](/source/Flywheel)-based energy storage system built by [Parry People Movers](/source/Parry_People_Movers). In 2008, a pair of [British Rail Class 139](/source/British_Rail_Class_139) railcars were ordered to provide full service on the branch line from 2009 onwards.

During 2007, a modified [Class 43 power car](/source/British_Rail_Class_43_(HST)) ran on the [Great Central Railway](/source/Great_Central_Railway_(Nottingham)) and then as part of the Network Rail [New Measurement Train](/source/New_Measurement_Train) (a 200-kilometre per hour track-recording train). The [Hitachi](/source/Hitachi) developed system used a battery-assisted diesel-electric drive system; the hope being that it would demonstrate a cut in emissions by up to 50 percent and a reduction in fuel consumption costs of 20 percent.[24] The modified locomotive, named *Hayabusa*, was semi-permanently attached to a converted passenger carriage containing the battery bank during the testing period.

Since 2015, [Vivarail](/source/Vivarail) has converted some former [London Underground D78 Stock](/source/London_Underground_D78_Stock) for rural services, branding them as [D-Train](/source/Vivarail_D-Train). Some of these converted [Class 230](/source/British_Rail_Class_230) units employ hybrid diesel-electric series propulsion.

In 2022, Chiltern introduced to revenue service a [Class 168](/source/British_Rail_Class_168) whose diesel hydraulic transmission had been retrofitted with a diesel hybrid drive.[25]

### North America

#### Railpower

A *Green Goat* hybrid shunting locomotive

In 2004, [Railpower Technologies](/source/Railpower_Technologies), a Canadian company, began running pilots in the United States with the *[Green Goat](/source/Railpower_GG20B)* shunting locomotives. The trials led to orders by the [Union Pacific](/source/Union_Pacific) and [Canadian Pacific](/source/Canadian_Pacific) Railways, starting in early 2005. These diesel-electric hybrid trains are expected to cut emissions by up to 90 percent and to decrease fuel consumption by up to sixty percent, when compared to conventional diesel-powered locomotives. The "Green Goat" locomotives were intended to be used in marshalling yards.[26][27][28]

#### General Electric

[General Electric](/source/General_Electric) (GE) put their hybrid locomotive[29] on display at [Los Angeles Union Station](/source/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)) on May 24, 2007.[30] The locomotive used [regenerative braking](/source/Regenerative_braking) and a bank of high-capacity [batteries](/source/Battery_(electricity)) that GE was constructing to achieve its [fuel savings](/source/Fuel_saving_devices) and to achieve higher [emissions standards](/source/Emissions_standard) than previous ordinary diesel locomotives. It was expected to join GE's current line of [Evolution Series](/source/GE_Evolution_Series) locomotives[31] as of May 2007[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_train&action=edit).

#### Savannah, Georgia

The city of [Savannah, Georgia](/source/Savannah%2C_Georgia) tested the operation of a [W class Melbourne tram](/source/W_class_Melbourne_tram) in service as a [biodiesel](/source/Biodiesel) fuelled hybrid with on board battery storage in late 2008. Regular service along the [River Street Streetcar](/source/River_Street_Streetcar) started on February 11, 2009.[32][33]

### Greece

Hitachi Hybrid trains began construction in July 2019. They will be available throughout Greece from 2022.

### France

Between 2021 and 2022, the French regions of [Centre-Val de Loire](/source/Centre-Val_de_Loire), [Occitanie](/source/Occitania_(administrative_region)), [Nouvelle Aquitaine](/source/Nouvelle-Aquitaine) and [Grand Est](/source/Grand_Est) in partnership with [SNCF](/source/SNCF) and [Alstom](/source/Alstom), will start test runs using an hybrid [Regiolis](/source/R%C3%A9giolis) railcar (Diesel/Battery), before starting regular service on 2023.[34][35][36][37]

### Brazil

[Progress Rail](/source/Progress_Rail) delivered two hybrid EMD GT38H locomotives to Brazil around October of 2023, making them the first two in Brazilian revenue freight service.[38][39][40]

## See also

- [Steam diesel hybrid locomotive](/source/Steam_diesel_hybrid_locomotive) (combined steam and diesel locomotive)

- [Electro-diesel locomotive](/source/Electro-diesel_locomotive) or Dual-mode locomotive (powered by external electric supply or on-board diesel engine)

- [Hybrid vehicle](/source/Hybrid_vehicle)

- [Hybrid vehicle drivetrain](/source/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain)

- [List of hybrid vehicles](/source/List_of_hybrid_vehicles)

- [Railpower Technologies](/source/Railpower_Technologies)

- [Renewable energy](/source/Renewable_energy)

- [Brookville Liberty Modern Streetcar](/source/Brookville_Liberty_Modern_Streetcar)

## References

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [GE Ecomagination](http://ge.ecomagination.com/site/index.html#hybr) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070825001334/http://ge.ecomagination.com/site/index.html#hybr) August 25, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** UK, DVV Media. ["GE unveils hybrid locomotive"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180627081933/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/ge-unveils-hybrid-locomotive.html). *Railway Gazette*. Archived from [the original](http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/ge-unveils-hybrid-locomotive.html) on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2016-03-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** [GE Unveils First Hybrid Road Locomotive](http://www.bnsf.com/employees/communications/bnsf_today/2007/05/2007-05-31-c.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181731/http://www.bnsf.com/employees/communications/bnsf_today/2007/05/2007-05-31-c.html) September 30, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-city_of_savannah_32-0)** ["River Street Streetcar begins passenger service today"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927152411/http://www.savannahga.gov/cityweb/SavannahGaGOV.nsf/c1b32e1ebcdcc5ff8525729f00645b1f/2dc3cf43a05d40208525755a0050916c?OpenDocument). City of [Savannah](/source/Savannah%2C_Georgia) News. February 11, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.savannahga.gov/cityweb/SavannahGaGOV.nsf/c1b32e1ebcdcc5ff8525729f00645b1f/2dc3cf43a05d40208525755a0050916c?OpenDocument) on September 27, 2011. Retrieved 2009-06-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-savannah_dot_33-0)** ["DOT Savannah"](http://www.connectonthedot.com/). Retrieved 2009-06-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Bientôt des essais prévus de trains à hydrogène sur la ligne Tours - Loches"](https://www.railpassion.fr/reseaux-francais/bientot-des-essais-prevus-de-trains-a-hydrogene-sur-la-ligne-tours-loches/). *Rail Passion* (in French). 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2021-05-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Ortferroviaire (2020-12-08). ["Régiolis hybride : premiers essais l'année prochaine - transportrail - Le webmagazine des idées ferroviaires"](http://transportrail.canalblog.com/archives/2020/12/08/38693668.html). *Transportrail - le Webmagazine des Idées Ferroviaires* (in French). Retrieved 2021-05-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["Des TER hybrides bientôt dans vos gares"](https://www.sncf.com/fr/innovation-developpement/innovation-recherche/ter-hybrides-bientot-dans-vos-gares). *SNCF* (in French). Retrieved 2021-05-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Le premier TER hybride diesel/électrique/batterie expérimenté début 2021"](https://www.banquedesterritoires.fr/le-premier-ter-hybride-dieselelectriquebatterie-experimente-debut-2021). *Banque des Territoires* (in French). 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2021-05-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Vantuono, William C. (6 October 2023). ["GT38H Testing Under Way in Brazil"](https://www.railwayage.com/mechanical/locomotives/gt38h-testing-under-way-in-brazil/). *[Railway Age](/source/Railway_Age)*. Retrieved 18 April 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Vantuono, William (17 October 2023). ["Progress Rail delivers battery hybrid locomotives to Brazil"](https://www.railjournal.com/locomotives/progress-rail-delivers-battery-hybrid-locomotives-to-brazil/). *International Railway Journal*. Retrieved 18 April 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Horpeniakova, Marketa (10 October 2023). ["Brazil's first hybrid freight locomotives"](https://railmarket.com/news/rolling-stock/8152-new-cogwheel-trains-for-iconic-swiss-route?region=af). *RAILMARKET.com*. Retrieved 18 April 2026.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hybrid train](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_train) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_train?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.