# Husting

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Small political assembly

Look up ***[husting](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/husting)*** or ***[hustings](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hustings)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A **husting** originally referred to a native [Germanic](/source/Germanic_peoples) governing assembly, the [thing](/source/Thing_(assembly)). By [metonymy](/source/Metonymy), the term may now refer to any event (such as debates or speeches) during an election campaign where one or more of the candidates are present.

## Development of the term

The origin of the term comes from the [Old English](/source/Old_English) *hūsting* and [Old Norse](/source/Old_Norse) *hūsþing* (literally "house [thing](/source/Thing_(assembly))"), an assembly of the followers or household retainers of a nobleman,[1] such as a king, earl or chief. According to the [*Encyclopædia Britannica* Eleventh Edition](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition), the husting contrasted with the [folkmoot](/source/Folkmoot), which was the assembly of the entire people.[2]

The use of *husting* to mean a "temporary platform for political speeches" had developed by the year 1719, as an extension of the meaning of the [Court of Husting](/source/Court_of_Husting), which was held at a platform at the [Guildhall](/source/Guildhall%2C_London) in the [City of London](/source/City_of_London), and presided over by the [lord mayor](/source/Lord_Mayor_of_London), [sheriff](/source/Sheriffs_of_the_City_of_London), and [aldermen](/source/Court_of_Aldermen).[1][2]

By the middle of the 19th century, the term *hustings* came to refer to the election campaigning process.[1]

## 18th and 19th century practice

### Britain

In Britain, a similar practice prevailed in [elections](/source/List_of_United_Kingdom_general_elections) to the [House of Commons](/source/British_House_of_Commons). At the conclusion of candidates' speeches, a show of hands was taken. This was an informal indication of the opinion of the voters and no official record was kept of how many voted for a particular candidate. Sometimes a candidate who found he had little support or otherwise did not want to continue declined to call for a poll. One example of this was seen in the 1784 election for the [four seats of the City of London](/source/City_of_London_(UK_Parliament_constituency)). [William Pitt the Younger](/source/William_Pitt_the_Younger) was proposed and "was returned on the show of hands" but removed himself from consideration before the polling was completed.[3] Hustings crowds were often boisterous[4] and unruly.[5]

An individual [parliamentary constituency](/source/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom) might have several separate hustings.[5] Initially, many constituencies had only a single hustings as the polling place,[6] but the [Reform Act 1832](/source/Reform_Act_1832) required that a separate hustings exist for every 600 electors.[6][7] The 1832 act also slightly extended the franchise, expanding the percentage of the population eligible to vote from about 5% to 7%, and furthering the notions of [representation](/source/Political_representation).[6] Although ineligible to vote, historians have noted that women and unenfranchised men took part in "looking on"—the "active participation of non-electors in the rituals of the nomination and the hustings."[8]

The [Ballot Act 1872](/source/Ballot_Act_1872) abolished the hustings in Britain in favor of the [secret ballot](/source/Secret_ballot).[2] The system of public nomination at the hustings was replaced by nomination based on the submissions of signed papers. [John Bright](/source/John_Bright), a [Radical](/source/Radicals_(UK)) reformer, was among those who supported the secret ballot and the end to the hustings, citing the "tumult and disorder" (including often alcohol-fueled [mob violence](/source/Mob_violence) that accompanied the hustings process in some areas).[9] Proponents of the abolition of the public hustings also argued that the increased [literacy rate](/source/Literacy_rate) and the availability of inexpensive newspapers rendered the hustings superfluous.[10]

### Canada

In the [Province of Canada](/source/Province_of_Canada), prior to [Confederation](/source/Canadian_Confederation), the [returning officer](/source/Returning_officer) (under an 1849 act) typically administered elections from the hustings. "Nomination day" and "declaration day" were separate. The returning officer took nominations by a [show of hands](/source/Show_of_hands_(politics)) to determine if any candidate received a majority; if a losing candidate demanded a vote, this was followed by several days of polling, then a return to the hustings where the returning officer declared the winner. (The polling period was originally six days, but this was reduced to two days with the 1842 and 1849 Election Acts). The show of hands and hustings declaration were abolished in 1866, and hustings nominations were abolished in federal elections by a federal statute in 1874.[11] Historian George Neil Emery writes that after this point, "only in provincial elections did the hustings retain its original meaning: an elevated platform at the place of election from which the returning officer, candidates, and nominators of candidate addressed an assembled of electors before then."[12]

### Virginia

In [Virginia](/source/Virginia), the Corporation or Hustings Courts were formerly lower-level [state courts](/source/State_court_(United_States)).[13][14] However, a reorganization of state courts that took effect on July 1, 1973, abolished these and other courts, replacing them with a streamlined [Virginia Circuit Court](/source/Virginia_Circuit_Court) system.[13]

## Modern usage

An election hustings in the [Oxford West and Abingdon](/source/Oxford_West_and_Abingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)) constituency, England during the [2005 United Kingdom general election](/source/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election)

The plural term (e.g., *"on the hustings"*) is used to mean the campaign trail in current Canadian[15] and British usage.[16][17][18]

## See also

- [Mass meeting](/source/Mass_meeting)

- [Town meeting](/source/Town_meeting)

- [Stump speech](/source/Stump_speech)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-OEDictionary_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-OEDictionary_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-OEDictionary_1-2) [hustings (n.)](https://www.etymonline.com/word/hustings), *[Online Etymology Dictionary](/source/Online_Etymology_Dictionary)*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-1911EBritannica_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-1911EBritannica_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-1911EBritannica_2-2) [Chisholm, Hugh](/source/Hugh_Chisholm), ed. (1911). ["Husting"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Husting). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 9.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Smith, Henry Stooks (1973). *The Parliaments of England*. Political Reference Publications.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Angus Hawkins, *Victorian Political Culture: "Habits of Heart and Mind"* (Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 286.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Vernon_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Vernon_5-1) James Vernon, *Modern Britain, 1750 to the Present* (Cambridge University Press, 2017), p. 525.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Roberts_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Roberts_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Roberts_6-2) Matthew Roberts, *Political Movements in Urban England, 1832–1914* (Bloomsbury Publishing: 2008).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ackerman_7-0)** Edwin F. Ackerman, *Origins of the Mass Party: Dispossession and the Party-Form in Mexico and Bolivia in Comparative Perspective* (Oxford University Press: 2021), p. 123.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Angus Hawkins, *Victorian Political Culture: "Habits of Heart and Mind"* (Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 162.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Jon Lawrence, *Electing Our Masters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair* (Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 45–48.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Jon Lawrence, *Electing Our Masters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair* (Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 46.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** George Neil Emery, *Elections in Oxford County, 1837-1875: A Case Study of Democracy in Canada West and Early Ontario* (University of Toronto Press, 2012), pp. xii, 24, 50.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** George Neil Emery, *Elections in Oxford County, 1837-1875: A Case Study of Democracy in Canada West and Early Ontario* (University of Toronto Press, 2012), p. 24.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-1975Report_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-1975Report_13-1) *[National Survey of Court Organization: 1975 Supplement to State Judicial Systems](https://books.google.com/books?id=C8WlhzeOfFsC)*, [United States Bureau of the Census](/source/United_States_Bureau_of_the_Census) (1975), p. 33.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Harry M. Ward, *Public Executions in Richmond, Virginia: A History, 1782–1907* (McFarland: 2012), 10, 15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** See for example, [Little talk on the hustings of Canada's role in Libya](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/little-talk-on-the-hustings-of-canadas-role-in-libya/article1964142/), *The Globe and Mail* March 30, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Hustle on the hustings](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/may/05/publicservices.localgovernment), *The Guardian* (May 5, 2004).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Paul Daley, [What makes a great political speech? Let's talk about oratory, my fellow citizens](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/19/what-makes-a-great-political-speech-lets-talk-about-oratory-my-fellow-citizens), *The Guardian* (May 19, 2022).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** See for example Reid, Mandu (12 June 2018). ["I'm standing up to the far right in Lewisham – because Labour isn't"](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jun/12/standing-up-to-far-right-unlike-labour-lewisham-byelection-hustings). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. Retrieved 4 September 2018. Running for parliament is a steep learning curve, full of challenges, and this week brought the most personal one yet: whether to attend **a hustings** where far-right characters who have brought their vile agenda to my south London constituency would be on the same platform. (emphasis added)

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