# Humid Chaco

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Terrestrial ecoregion in South America

Humid Chaco Near Resistencia, Chaco, Northeastern Argentina Ecology Realm Neotropical Biome tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Borders List Argentine Espinal Alto Paraná Atlantic forests Cerrado Dry Chaco Pantanal Paraná flooded savanna Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna Geography Area 291,596 km2 (112,586 mi2) Countries Paraguay Argentina, Brazil Uruguay Conservation Protected 35,949 km² (12%)[1]

The **Humid Chaco** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Chaco Húmedo* or *Chaco Oriental*) is a [tropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands](/source/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands%2C_savannas%2C_and_shrublands) [ecoregion](/source/Ecoregion) in [South America](/source/South_America). It lies in the basin of the [Paraná River](/source/Paran%C3%A1_River), covering portions of central [Paraguay](/source/Paraguay) and northern [Argentina](/source/Argentina), and with a small portion of southwestern [Brazil](/source/Brazil) and northwestern [Uruguay](/source/Uruguay). The natural vegetation is a mosaic of grasslands, palm savanna, and forest.

## Geography

The Humid Chaco lies in the lowlands of the Paraná river and its tributaries, including the [Paraguay River](/source/Paraguay_River). It is bounded on the west by the [Dry Chaco](/source/Dry_Chaco), a semi-arid region of dry forests and savannas. The [Alto Paraná Atlantic forests](/source/Alto_Paran%C3%A1_Atlantic_forests) lie to the east, and the [Cerrado](/source/Cerrado) grasslands to the northeast. It borders on some large [flooded grasslands and savannas](/source/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas), including the [Paraná flooded savanna](/source/Paran%C3%A1_flooded_savanna) along the lower Paraná and Paraguay rivers, the [Pantanal](/source/Pantanal) to the north, and the [Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna](/source/Southern_Cone_Mesopotamian_savanna) to the southeast between the Paraná and [Uruguay](/source/Uruguay_River) rivers.[2]

The topography is generally flat or gently rising, and the soils are mostly fine alluvium deposited by the area's rivers.

[Asunción](/source/Asunci%C3%B3n), Paraguay's capital, lies in the ecoregion.

## Climate

The climate is tropical, becoming subtropical towards the south. Average annual rainfall generally decreases towards the west, and ranges from 1,300 mm in the wetter eastern portions to 750 mm in the west near the transition to the Dry Chaco.[2] Rainfall is highest in the summer months (January to April) and lowest in the winter months (June to August).

## Flora

The flora is a mosaic of grassland, savanna, forests, and bogs. Grasslands and savannas are generally found on higher ground, and forests along streams and in river floodplains. Bogs form seasonally or year-round over impermeable soil layers.[2]

Grasslands are characterized by tall, coarse grass. Palm savannas are common, including the palm *[Copernicia alba](/source/Copernicia_alba)*.

The most common trees in the forests are quebracho colorado (*[Schinopsis balansae](/source/Schinopsis_balansae)*) and quebracho blanco (*[Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco](/source/Aspidosperma_quebracho-blanco)*), together with guayacán (*[Caesalpinia paraguariensis](/source/Caesalpinia_paraguariensis)*), espina corona (*[Gleditsia amorphoides](/source/Gleditsia_amorphoides)*), urunday (*[Myracrodruon balansae](/source/Myracrodruon_balansae)*), viraró (*[Ruprechtia laxiflora](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruprechtia_laxiflora&action=edit&redlink=1)*), palo piedra (*[Diplokeleba floribunda](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplokeleba_floribunda&action=edit&redlink=1)*), guayaibí (*[Patagonula americana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patagonula_americana&action=edit&redlink=1)*), zapallo caspini (*[Pisonia zapallo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pisonia_zapallo&action=edit&redlink=1)*), lapacho negro (*[Tabebuia ipe](/source/Tabebuia_ipe)*), palo borracho del flor rosada (*[Chorisia speciosa](/source/Chorisia_speciosa)*), and itin (*[Prosopis kuntzei](/source/Prosopis_kuntzei)*).[2]

## Fauna

Native mammals include [puma](/source/Cougar) (*Puma concolor*), [jaguar](/source/Jaguar) (*Panthera onca*), [maned wolf](/source/Maned_wolf) (*Chrysocyon brachyurus*), [red brocket](/source/Red_brocket) (*Mazama americana*), [gray brocket](/source/Gray_brocket) (*Mazama gouazoubira*), [marsh deer](/source/Marsh_deer) (*Blastocerus dichotomus*), [pampas deer](/source/Pampas_deer) (*Ozotoceros bezoarticus*), [White-lipped peccary](/source/White-lipped_peccary) (*Tayassu pecari*), [collared peccary](/source/Collared_peccary) (*Tayassu tajacu*), [giant anteater](/source/Giant_anteater) (*Mymercophaga tridactyla*), [capybara](/source/Capybara) (*Hydrochaerys hydrochaeris*), [black howler monkey](/source/Black_howler_monkey) (*Alouatta caraya*), and [Azara’s night monkey](/source/Azara%E2%80%99s_night_monkey) (*Aotus azarae*).[2]

Birds species include the [greater rhea](/source/Greater_rhea) or ñandú (*Rhea americana*), [undulated tinamou](/source/Undulated_tinamou) (*Crypturellus undulatus*), [savanna hawk](/source/Savanna_hawk) (*Buteogallus meridionalis*), and [pale-crested woodpecker](/source/Pale-crested_woodpecker) (*Celeus lugubris*).[2]

## Protected areas

A 2017 assessment found that 35,949 km², or 12% of the ecoregion, lies in protected areas.[1]

Protected areas include [Chaco National Park](/source/Chaco_National_Park), [Río Pilcomayo National Park](/source/R%C3%ADo_Pilcomayo_National_Park), and [Mburucuyá National Park](/source/Mburucuy%C3%A1_National_Park) in Argentina, and [Ypoá National Park](/source/Ypo%C3%A1_National_Park) in Paraguay. The [Iberá Wetlands](/source/Iber%C3%A1_Wetlands), located in the southeast of the ecoregion adjacent to the [Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna](/source/Southern_Cone_Mesopotamian_savanna), are protected by Argentina's [Iberá Provincial Reserve](/source/Iber%C3%A1_Provincial_Reserve) and [Iberá National Park](/source/Iber%C3%A1_National_Park).

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Dinerstein_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Dinerstein_1-1) Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; et al. (2017). ["An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287). *BioScience*. **67** (6): 534–545, Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/biosci/bix014](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5451287](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-wwf_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-wwf_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-wwf_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-wwf_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-wwf_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-wwf_2-5) ["Humid Chaco"](https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0708). *Terrestrial Ecoregions*. World Wildlife Fund.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Humid Chaco](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Humid_Chaco).

- ["Humid Chaco"](https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0708). *Terrestrial Ecoregions*. World Wildlife Fund.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Humid Chaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_Chaco) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_Chaco?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.