# Hoxhaism

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Variant of Marxism–Leninism

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Translated works of [Enver Hoxha](/source/Enver_Hoxha), for whom the ideology is named.

Part of a series on Marxism–Leninism Concepts Administrative-command system Anti-imperialism Anti-revisionism Central planning Soviet-type Collective farming Collective leadership Commanding heights of the economy Democratic centralism Dialectical logic Dialectical materialism Foco Intensification of the class struggle under socialism Labor aristocracy Marxist–Leninist atheism National democracy revolution state New Soviet man Party spirit People's democracy revolution state Popular front Proletarian internationalism Protracted people's war Self-criticism Social fascism Socialism in one country Socialist patriotism Soviet Yugoslav State socialist Soviet republic Theory of the productive forces Third Period Vanguardism Wars of national liberation Unified state power Variants Browderism Camilism Fidelismo Guevarism Ho Chi Minh Thought Hoxhaism Husakism Kádárism Kaysone Phomvihane Thought Khrushchevism Machelism Maoism Marxist–Leninist Prachanda Path Third Worldist Gonzalo Thought Sankarism Socialism with Chinese characteristics Stalinism Neo- Titoism Politicians Adhikari Aidit Bakdash Bains Barre Bierut Bishop Brar Brezhnev Cabral Cano Castro Ceaușescu Chervenkov Chin Choibalsan Dahal Deng Díaz Dubcek Dimitrov Garang Gheorghiu-Dej Gierek Gomułka Gorbachev Gottwald Guevara Habash Hall Honecker Hoxha Hu Husák Ibárruri Jadid Jara Jaruzelski Jiang (Zemin) Kádár Kaganovich Kabila Kaypakkaya Kaysone Kérékou Khrushchev Kim Koliševski Lara Machel Mao Mengistu Mugabe Nagy Namboodiripad Neto Nkrumah Nosaka Ortega Pieck Pollitt Pol Pot Qasim Rákosi Sankara Stalin Taraki Thälmann Thorez Tito Togliatti Ulbricht Giáp Hồ Wijeweera Xi Zachariadis Zhivkov Zyuganov Intellectuals Andreyeva Avakian Bettelheim Bukharin Chen Davis Dean Dutt Dutta Ghandy Guzmán Haywood Hinton Hirschman Jiang (Shigong) Li Losurdo Newton Parenti Roy Sison Camilo Trọng Trường Theoretical works Foundations of Leninism (1924) Dialectical and Historical Materialism (1938) The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) (1938) Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR (1951) A Critique of Soviet Economics (1960) Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism (1960) Guerrilla Warfare (1961) Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung (1964) President Ho Chi Minh's Testament (1969) The Governance of China (2014) History Soviet Union 1927–1953 1953–1964 1964–1982 1982–1991 Great Break Collectivization in the Soviet Union Industrialization in the Soviet Union Great Purge Spanish Civil War World War II Great Patriotic War Greek Civil War Cold War Eastern Bloc Chinese Revolution China 1949–1976 1976–1989 1989–2002 2002–2012 2012–present Korean War Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution De-Stalinization Warsaw Pact Non-Aligned Movement Vietnam War Sino-Soviet split Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Great Leap Forward Portuguese Colonial War Black power movement Nicaraguan Revolution Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Naxalite insurgency Revolutions of 1989 Nepalese Civil War By country Afghanistan Albania Angola Benin Bulgaria Cambodia 1975–79 1979–92 China Congo Cuba Czechoslovakia Czechia Slovakia East Germany Ethiopia Grenada Hungary Laos Mongolia Mozambique North Korea Poland Romania Somalia South Yemen Soviet Union Armenia Azerbaijan Byelarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Vietnam Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Organizations Comecon Comintern Chinese Communist Party Communist Party of Cuba Communist Party of India Communist Party of Kampuchea Communist Party of the Russian Federation Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communist Party of Vietnam French Communist Party IMCWP Indochinese Communist Party Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Lao People's Revolutionary Party Nepal Communist Party Party of Labour of Albania Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Sandinista National Liberation Front Workers' Party of Korea Related topics All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Anti-communism Mass killings Bolshevism Crimes against humanity under communist regimes Mass killings Criticism of communist party rule Cult of personality Intercommunalism Juche Leninism Marxist schools of thought National Bolshevism National communism New class Post-communism Red fascism Red Scare Second Second World State ideology of China State ideology of the Soviet Union State capitalism State socialism Tankie Third-Worldism Totalitarianism Trotskyism Communism portal Politics portal v t e

Part of a series on Stalinism Concepts Aggravation of class struggle under socialism Anti-revisionism Collectivization Cult of personality Five-year plans Great Break Korenizatsiia Marxism–Leninism New Soviet man Popular front Self-criticism Socialism in one country Socialist realism Soviet patriotism Stakhanovite Transformation of nature Vanguardism People Stalin Andreyev Barre Beria Berman Bierut Ceaușescu Chervenkov Choibalsan Dimitrov Foster Frinovsky Frenkel Gheorghiu-Dej Gottwald Guevara Hinkle Hoxha Kaganovich Kalinin Kim Kirov Khrulyov Khrushchev Kolmogorov Kosygin Kryuchkov Kuybyshev Limonov Malenkov Mao Mengistu Merkulov Molotov Ochab Ordzhonikidze Petrovsky Pieck Pollitt Pot Raikhman Rákosi Rosengolts Serov Shehu Sholokhov Thälmann Ulbricht Vyshinsky Voznesensky Yagoda Yenukidze Yezhov Yaroslavsky Zyuganov Theoretical works Anarchism or Socialism? (1906) Marxism and the National Question (1913) Foundations of Leninism (1924) Trotskyism or Leninism? (1924) On the Road to October (1924) On the Problems of Leninism (1926) Problems of Leninism (selected works) (1926–54) Dizzy with Success (1930) Mastering Bolshevism (1937) Concerning Anti-Soviet Elements (1937) Dialectical and Historical Materialism (1938) History of the CPSU(b): Short Course (1938) Falsifiers of History (1948) Stalin Works (1946–55) Marxism and Problems of Linguistics (1950) Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR (1952) History Stalinist Era in USSR Comintern First five-year plan Great Break Collectivisation Famine in Ukraine Industrialisation Great Purge Moscow trials Azerbaijan repressions Mongolia repressions Spanish Civil War World War II Soviet atomic bomb project Greek Civil War Cold War Eastern Bloc Cominform Chinese Revolution First Indochina War Korean War Doctors' plot Death and funeral of Stalin De-Stalinization 20th Congress of the Communist Party Khrushchev Thaw Parties Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist) All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks Albanian Party of Labour Communist Party of Germany Communist Party of Greece Italian Marxist–Leninist Party CARC Party Communist Party of New Zealand Romanian Communist Party Workers' Party of Korea Communist Party of the Russian Federation National Bolshevik Party The Other Russia Stalin Bloc – For the USSR American Communist Party (2024) Related topics Anti-Stalinist left Joseph Stalin's rise to power Stalin and antisemitism Stalin Society Stalinist architecture Neo-Stalinism Anti-Soviet agitation Authoritarian socialism Red-baiting Comparison to Nazism Ho Chi Minh Thought Hoxhaism Juche Maoism National Bolshevism National communism Red fascism Sino–Albanian split Sino–Soviet split Soviet–Albanian split Soviet–Yugoslav split Historians Applebaum Avtorkhanov Carr Chernov Cohen Conquest Daniels Davies Deutscher Djilas Fainsod Fitzpatrick Getty Goldman Lewin Lyons Khlevniuk Kotkin Manning McNeal Medvedev Merridale Mints Nove Orlov Pokrovsky Service Shukman Siegelbaum Solzhenitsyn Souvarine Suny Trotsky Tucker Ulam Viola Volkogonov Communism portal Soviet Union portal v t e

**Hoxhaism** ([UK](/source/British_English): [/ˈhɒdʒə.ɪzəm/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*HOJ-ə-iz-əm*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key), [US](/source/American_English): [/ˈhɔːdʒ-/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*HAWJ-*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key)) is a variant of [Marxism–Leninism](/source/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism) developed in the late 1970s as a result of a [schism](/source/Schism) in the [anti-revisionist](/source/Anti-revisionism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)) movement, namely between the [Chinese Communist Party](/source/Chinese_Communist_Party) and the [Party of Labour of Albania](/source/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania). The ideological dispute between the two parties brought about the [Sino-Albanian split](/source/Sino-Albanian_split).[1] The ideology is named after [Enver Hoxha](/source/Enver_Hoxha), the [first secretary](/source/Secretary_(title)#First_secretary) of the Party of Labour from 1941 to his death in 1985 and leader of the [People's Socialist Republic of Albania](/source/People's_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania) from 1944 to his death in 1985.

The term Hoxhaism is rarely used by the organizations associated with it, as they view Hoxha's theoretical contributions to Marxism–Leninism as an augmentation of anti-revisionism rather than a distinct ideology. Hoxhaists typically identify themselves with Marxism–Leninism.[2][3]

## Overview

Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of [Joseph Stalin](/source/Joseph_Stalin), the organization of the [Soviet Union under Stalin](/source/Soviet_Union_under_Stalin), and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as [revisionist](/source/Revisionism_(Marxism)).[4][5] Currents such as [Eurocommunism](/source/Eurocommunism) are regarded as [anti-communist movements](/source/Anti-communism).[5]

Hoxha was critical of the United States and [Yugoslavia](/source/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia), condemning the latter as [social imperialist](/source/Social_imperialism). After the [death of Stalin](/source/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin) and the Sino-Albanian split, he extended his social imperialist critique to the Soviet Union and China. Hoxha condemned the [Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia](/source/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia) in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the [Warsaw Pact](/source/Warsaw_Pact) in response.[6] Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue [socialism](/source/Socialist_mode_of_production) by different paths dictated by the conditions in those countries, although Hoxha personally held the view that [Titoism](/source/Titoism) was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice.[7][8][9][10]

Following the [fall of communism in Albania](/source/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania) in 1991, Hoxhaist parties formed the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) in 1994, and its publication *Unity and Struggle*.[11]

## Affiliated groups and parties

The [Communist Party of Brazil](/source/Communist_Party_of_Brazil) was Hoxhaist, as was the [Tigray People's Liberation Front](/source/Tigray_People's_Liberation_Front) until 1991, when the [Albanian Workers' Party](/source/Albanian_Workers'_Party) was dissolved.[12]

For other Hoxhaist parties, see [Category:Hoxhaist parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hoxhaist_parties).

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** *Communism for Know-It-Alls*. Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. 2008. p. 23.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Revolutionary Spirit: The Marxist-Leninist Guide to Leftist Factions"](http://revolutionaryspiritapl.blogspot.com/2010/02/variants-of-revisionism-marxism_27.html). *Revolutionary Spirit*. 2010-02-27. Retrieved 2023-01-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [*Enver Hoxha: Selected Works. Volume IV: February 1966 - July 1975*](https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/sw/vol4.pdf) (PDF). Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania. 1982. p. 234-235.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Pridham, Geoffrey (2000). *The Dynamics of Democratization: A Comparative Approach*. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 70. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780826450388](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826450388).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hoxha_Aug._1979_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hoxha_Aug._1979_5-1) [Hoxha, Enver](/source/Enver_Hoxha) (August 1979). ["The Marxist-Leninist Movement and the World Crisis of Capitalism"](https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/marxist-leninist.htm). *Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Hoxha, Enver](/source/Enver_Hoxha) (1978). "I: The strategy of imperialism and modern revisionism". [*Imperialism and the Revolution*](https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/imp_ch1.htm). Tirana, Albania.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["A Brief Guide to Hoxhaism"](http://theredstarvanguard.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/a-brief-guide-to-hoxhaism/). The Red Star Vanguard. 11 June 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232358/http://theredstarvanguard.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/a-brief-guide-to-hoxhaism/) from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [Hoxha, Enver](/source/Enver_Hoxha). ["Enver Hoxha: Eurocommunism is Anticommunism"](http://oktobernet.dk/artikler_marxistisk_bibliotek/enver_hoxha/eurocommunism.htm). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140523064452/http://oktobernet.dk/artikler_marxistisk_bibliotek/enver_hoxha/eurocommunism.htm) from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Hoxha, Enver](/source/Enver_Hoxha) (1960). ["Reject the Revisionist Theses of the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Anti-Marxist Stand of Krushchev's Group! Uphold Marxism-Leninism!"](https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/nov1960.htm). Naim Frasheri Publishing House.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Yugoslav "Self-Administration""](https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/1978/yugoslavia/01.htm). *www.marxists.org*. Retrieved 2025-02-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Communist Declaration to the Workers of the World"](https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv1n2/mldecl.htm). *www.revolutionarydemocracy.org*. Retrieved 2023-01-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Burgess, Stephen F. (1998). ["Review of Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658272). *Political Science Quarterly*. **113** (4): 731–732. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2658272](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2658272). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0032-3195](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hoxhaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxhaism) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxhaism?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.