# House of Borgia

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/House_of_Borgia
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/House_of_Borgia.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borgia
> Source revision: 1356913939
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Italo-Spanish Renaissance noble family

"Borgia" redirects here. For other uses, see [Borgia (disambiguation)](/source/Borgia_(disambiguation)).

Borgia Borja Pontifical noble family Arms of Borgia family (Or a bull gules upon a terrace vert in a bordure Or charged with eight flames vert.) Country Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Spain Kingdom of France Andorra Kingdom of Naples Papal States Etymology From the Spanish town of Borja Founded 1455; 571 years ago (1455) Founder Pope Callixtus III (de facto) Final ruler María Ana, 12th Duchess of Gandía Titles Pope (non-hereditary) Co-Prince of Andorra Duke of Gandía Gained and lost in 16th century Prince of Piombino (1501–03) Prince of Squillace (1494–1728) Duke of Urbino (1501–03) Duke of Romagna (1501–53) Duke of Camerino (1501–48) Duke of Valentinois (1498–53) Count of Diois (1498–53) Members Pope Callixtus III Pope Alexander VI Giovanni Borgia Cesare Borgia Lucrezia Borgia Francis Borgia Distinctions Supreme Order of Christ Golden Rose (papacy) Order of Saint Michael Traditions Roman Catholicism Dissolution 1748 (1748)[1]

The **House of Borgia** ([/ˈbɔːr(d)ʒə/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*BOR-zhə, BOR-jə*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key);[2][3][4] Italian: [\[ˈbɔrdʒa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian); [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) and [Aragonese](/source/Aragonese_language): *Borja* [\[ˈboɾxa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish); [Valencian](/source/Valencian_language): *Borja* [\[ˈbɔɾdʒa, -dʒɔ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan)) was a noble family of Spanish origins, which rose to prominence during the [Italian Renaissance](/source/Italian_Renaissance).[5] They were from [Xàtiva](/source/X%C3%A0tiva), [Kingdom of Valencia](/source/Kingdom_of_Valencia), the surname being a [toponymic](/source/Toponymic_surname) from the town of [Borja](/source/Borja%2C_Zaragoza), then in the [Crown of Aragon](/source/Crown_of_Aragon), in [Spain](/source/Spain).

The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes: [Alfons de Borja](/source/Pope_Callixtus_III), who ruled as [Pope Callixtus III](/source/Pope_Callixtus_III) during 1455–1458, and his nephew [Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia](/source/Pope_Alexander_VI), as [Pope Alexander VI](/source/Pope_Alexander_VI), during 1492–1503.

Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including [adultery](/source/Adultery), [incest](/source/Incest), [simony](/source/Simony), [theft](/source/Theft), [bribery](/source/Bribery), and [murder](/source/Murder) (especially murder by [arsenic poisoning](/source/Arsenic_poisoning)).[6] Because of their grasping for power, they made enemies of the [Medici](/source/House_of_Medici), the [Sforza](/source/House_of_Sforza), and the Dominican friar [Girolamo Savonarola](/source/Girolamo_Savonarola), among others. They were also [patrons of the arts](/source/Patrons_of_the_arts) who contributed to the development of [Renaissance art](/source/Renaissance_art).

## History

### Early history

The Borja was a [noble house](/source/List_of_noble_houses) with origin in the town of [Borja](/source/Borja%2C_Zaragoza) (Zaragoza) in the then [Crown of Aragon](/source/Crown_of_Aragon). During this time, there were numerous unsubstantiated claims that the family was of originally [Jewish](/source/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews) descent, and were pretending to be pious Roman Catholics. These underground rumours were propagated by, among others, [Giuliano della Rovere](/source/Giuliano_della_Rovere), and the family was frequently described as [marranos](/source/Marranos) by political opponents. The rumours have persisted in popular culture for centuries, listed in the *Semi-Gotha* of 1912.[7][8][9] The family themselves propagated a spurious genealogical descent from a 12th-century claimant to the crown of the [Kingdom of Aragon](/source/Kingdom_of_Aragon), [Pedro de Atarés](/source/Pedro_de_Atar%C3%A9s), Lord of Borja, who actually died childless.[10]

### Alfons

Main article: [Pope Callixtus III](/source/Pope_Callixtus_III)

Alfons de Borja (1378–1458) was born to Francina Llançol and [Domingo de Borja](/source/Juan_Domingo_de_Borja_y_Doncel) in La Torreta, [Canals](/source/Canals%2C_Valencia), which was then situated in the [Kingdom of Valencia](/source/Kingdom_of_Valencia).

Alfons de Borja was a professor of law at the [University of Lleida](/source/University_of_Lleida), then a diplomat for the [Kings of Aragon](/source/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs) before becoming a cardinal. At an advanced age, he was elected [Pope Callixtus III](/source/Pope_Callixtus_III) in 1455 as a compromise candidate and reigned as Pope for just three years, until his death in 1458.

### Rodrigo

Main article: [Pope Alexander VI](/source/Pope_Alexander_VI)

[Rodrigo Borgia](/source/Pope_Alexander_VI) (1431–1503) was born in [Xàtiva](/source/X%C3%A0tiva), also in the Kingdom of Valencia, to Isabel de Borja i Cavanilles and [Jofré Llançol i Escrivà](/source/Jofr%C3%A9_Llan%C3%A7ol_i_Escriv%C3%A0). He studied law at [Bologna](/source/Bologna) and was [appointed as cardinal by his uncle](/source/Cardinal_Nephew), Alfons Borgia, Pope Callixtus III. He was elected Pope in 1492, taking the [regnal name](/source/Regnal_name) Alexander VI. While a cardinal, he maintained a long-term illicit relationship with [Vannozza dei Cattanei](/source/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei), with whom he had four children: [Giovanni](/source/Giovanni_Borgia%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Gandia); [Cesare](/source/Cesare_Borgia); [Lucrezia](/source/Lucrezia_Borgia); and [Gioffre](/source/Gioffre_Borgia). Rodrigo also had children by other women, including one daughter with his mistress, [Giulia Farnese](/source/Giulia_Farnese).

As Alexander VI, Rodrigo was recognized as a skilled politician and diplomat. However, he was widely criticized during his reign for his over-spending, [sale of Church offices](/source/Simony), lasciviousness, and [nepotism](/source/Nepotism). As Pope, he sought to acquire more personal and papal power and wealth, often ennobling and enriching the Borgia family directly. He appointed his son Giovanni as [captain-general of the papal army](/source/Gonfalonier_of_the_Church), his foremost military representative, and established another son, Cesare, as a cardinal. Alexander used the marriages of his children to build alliances with powerful families in Italy and Spain. At the time, the [Sforza family](/source/House_of_Sforza), which comprised the Milanese faction, was one of the most powerful in Europe, so Alexander united the two families by marrying Lucrezia to [Giovanni Sforza](/source/Giovanni_Sforza). He also married Gioffre, his youngest son from Vannozza, to [Sancha of Aragon](/source/Sancha_of_Aragon%2C_Princess_of_Squillace) of the [Crown of Aragon and Naples](/source/Crown_of_Aragon). He established a second familial link to the Spanish royal house through Giovanni's marriage during a period of on-again/off-again [conflict between France and Spain over the Kingdom of Naples](/source/Italian_Wars).

It is reported that under Alexander VI's rule the Borgias hosted [orgies](/source/Orgy) in the [Vatican Palace](/source/Vatican_Palace). The "[Banquet of Chestnuts](/source/Banquet_of_Chestnuts)" is considered one of the most disreputable balls of this kind. [Johann Burchard](/source/Johann_Burchard) reports that fifty [courtesans](/source/Courtesan) were in attendance for the entertainment of the banquet guests.[11]

Pope Alexander VI died in [Rome](/source/Rome) in 1503 after contracting a disease, generally believed to have been [malaria](/source/Malaria). Two of Alexander's successors, [Sixtus V](/source/Sixtus_V) and [Urban VIII](/source/Urban_VIII), described him as one of the most outstanding popes since [St. Peter](/source/St._Peter).[12]

### Cesare

Painting by [John Collier](/source/John_Collier_(Pre-Raphaelite_painter)), *"A glass of wine with Caesar Borgia"*, from left: Cesare Borgia, Lucrezia, Pope Alexander, and a young man holding an empty glass. The painting represents the popular view of the treacherous nature of the Borgias – the implication being that the young man cannot be sure that the wine is not poisoned.

Main article: [Cesare Borgia](/source/Cesare_Borgia)

Cesare was Rodrigo Borgia's second son with Vannozza dei Cattanei. Cesare's education was precisely planned by his father: he was educated by tutors in Rome until his 12th birthday. He grew up to become a charming man skilled at war and politics.[13] He studied law and the humanities at the [University of Perugia](/source/University_of_Perugia), then went to the [University of Pisa](/source/University_of_Pisa) to study theology. As soon as he graduated from the university, his father made him a cardinal.

Cesare was suspected of murdering his brother Giovanni, but there is no clear evidence to confirm this. However, Giovanni's death cleared the path for Cesare to become a layman and gain the honors his brother received from their father, Pope Alexander VI.[14] Although Cesare had been a cardinal, he left the holy orders to gain power and take over the position Giovanni once held: a [condottiero](/source/Condottiero). He was finally married to French princess [Charlotte d'Albret](/source/Charlotte_of_Albret).

After Alexander's death in 1503, Cesare affected the choice of the next Pope. He needed a candidate who would not threaten his plans to create his own principality in [Central Italy](/source/Central_Italy). Cesare's candidate ([Pius III](/source/Pius_III)) did become Pope, but he died a month after the selection. Cesare was then forced to support [Giuliano della Rovere](/source/Pope_Julius_II). The cardinal promised Cesare that he could keep all of his titles and honors. Later, della Rovere betrayed him and became his fiercest enemy.

Cesare died in 1507, at [Viana](/source/Viana%2C_Spain) Castle in [Navarre](/source/Navarre), Spain, while besieging the rebellious army of Count de [Lerín](/source/Ler%C3%ADn). The castle was held by [Louis de Beaumont](/source/Louis_de_Beaumont%2C_2nd_Count_de_Ler%C3%ADn) at the time it was besieged by Cesare Borgia and [King John](/source/John_III_of_Navarre)'s army of 10,000 men in 1507. In order to attempt to breach the extremely strong, natural fortification of the castle, Cesare counted on a desperate surprise attack. He was killed during the battle, in which his army failed to take the castle.

### Lucrezia

Main article: [Lucrezia Borgia](/source/Lucrezia_Borgia)

Lucrezia was born in [Subiaco](/source/Subiaco%2C_Lazio), Italy to Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and Roman mistress Vannozza dei Catanei. Before the age of 13, she was engaged to two Spanish princes. After her father became Pope she was married to Giovanni Sforza in 1493 at the age of 13. It was a typical political marriage to improve Alexander's power; however, when Pope Alexander VI no longer needed the Sforzas, the marriage was annulled in 1497 on the dubious grounds that it had never been consummated.

Shortly afterwards she was involved in a scandal involving her alleged relationship with Pedro Calderón, a Spaniard generally known as Perotto. His body was found in the Tiber on February 14, 1498, along with the body of one of Lucrezia's ladies. It is likely that Cesare had them killed as an affair would have damaged the negotiations being conducted for another marriage. During this time rumors were also spread suggesting that a child born at this time, [Giovanni Borgia](/source/Giovanni_Borgia_(Infans_Romanus)), also known as the *Infans Romanus* (child of Rome) was Lucrezia's.[15]

Lucrezia's second marriage, to wealthy young Prince [Alfonso of Aragon](/source/Alfonso_of_Aragon_(1481%E2%80%931500)), allowed the Borgias to form an alliance with another powerful family. However, this relationship did not last long either. Cesare wished to strengthen his relations with France and completely break with the [Kingdom of Naples](/source/Kingdom_of_Naples). As [Alfonso's father](/source/Alfonso_II_of_Naples) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Naples, the young husband was in great danger. Although the first attempt at murder did not succeed, Alfonso was eventually strangled in his own quarters.

Lucrezia's third and final husband was [Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara](/source/Alfonso_I_d'Este%2C_Duke_of_Ferrara). After her father died in 1503, she lived a life of freedom in Ferrara with her husband and children.[16] Her pregnancies were difficult and she lost several babies after birth. She died in 1519, 10 days after the birth and death of her last child, Isabella Maria. She was buried in a tomb with Isabella and Alfonso.

Lucrezia was rumored to be a notorious poisoner and she became famous for her skill at political intrigue. However, some recent revisionists have looked at her in a more sympathetic light, claiming her to be a victim of her family's deceptions.[17]

### Family tree

Borja or Borgia genealogy tree

### Borgias of Velletri

One branch of the family established itself in the city of [Velletri](/source/Velletri) where for many years they served in the administration of the [Papal States](/source/Papal_States).[18]

Pietro Borgia, married Madonna Filomena

- - Ettore Borgia, married Porzia Landi - - Camillo Borgia, Governor of Velletri - - Clemente Erminio Borgia, Governor of Velletri, married Cecilia Carboni - - Stefano Camillo Borgia (1681–1763), married Madalena Gagliardi - - Giovanni Paolo Borgia, General in the Pontifical Army, married Alcmena [Baglioni-Malatesta](/source/Baglioni_family) - - Camillo Borgia (1777–1817), Adjutant-General and Field Marshall in Murat's army, married Adelaide Quainson - - [Ettore Borgia](/source/Ettore_Borgia) (1802–1892), Italian politician - [Alessandro Borgia](/source/Alessandro_Borgia_(1783%E2%80%931871)) (1783–1871), [Lieutenant of the Grand Master](/source/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller) of the [Sovereign Military Order of Malta](/source/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta) - [Stefano Borgia](/source/Stefano_Borgia) (1731–1804), [Cardinal](/source/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)) - [Alessandro Borgia](/source/Alessandro_Borgia) (1682–1764), [Archbishop of Fermo](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Fermo) - Fabrizio Borgia (1689–1754), [Bishop of Ferentino](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ferentino) - Angela Caterina Borgia (1694–1743), a nun and [Servant of God](/source/Servant_of_God)

### Other notable members of the house of Borja

- [Rodrigo de Borja](/source/Rodrigo_de_Borja_(Spanish_noble)) (b. 1349), Head of the Borja family, great-grandfather of Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI).

- [Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet](/source/Rodrigo_Gil_de_Borja_y_Fennolet) (lived late 14th century), Rodrigo's son, jurat of Xativa.

- [Jofré Llançol i Escrivà](/source/Jofr%C3%A9_Llan%C3%A7ol_i_Escriv%C3%A0) (b. circa 1390 – d. 1436 or 1437), Rodrigo Gil's son; father of Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI) and Pedro Luis.

- [Pedro Luis de Borja](/source/Pedro_Luis_de_Borja) (1432–1458), Duke of Spoleto and Marquess of Civitavecchia.

- [Roderic de Borja i Escrivà](/source/Roderic_de_Borja_i_Escriv%C3%A0) (? – 1478)

- [Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st duke of Gandía](/source/Pier_Luigi_de_Borgia%2C_1st_duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa) (1458 or 1460 – 1488 or 1491).

- [Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia](/source/Giovanni_Borgia%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Gandia) (1474 or 1476 – 1497)

- [Gioffre Borgia](/source/Gioffre_Borgia) (1482–1516), son of Pope Alexander VI and younger brother of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia. He married Sancha of Aragon, daughter of Alfonso II of Naples, obtaining as her dowry both the [Principality of Squillace](/source/Prince_of_Squillace) (1494) and the [Duchy of Alvito](/source/Duchy_of_Alvito) (1497). He later married Maria de Mila y Aragón.

- Juan Borgia, 3rd Duke of Gandia (1493–1543), son of Giovanni Borgia, II Duke of Gandia.

- [Isabel Borgia](/source/Isabel_de_Borja_y_Enr%C3%ADquez) (1498–1557), daughter of Giovanni Borgia, II Duke of Gandia, nun with the name of Francisca de Jesus.

- [Angela Borgia or Angela de Borja](/source/Angela_Borgia) (c. 1486 – c. 1520–1522), lady of [Sassuolo](/source/Sassuolo).

- [Enrique de Borja y Aragón](/source/Enrique_de_Borja_y_Arag%C3%B3n) (1518–1540)

- [Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía](/source/Francis_Borgia%2C_4th_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa) (1510–1572), great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI. Became an effective organizer of the [Society of Jesus](/source/Society_of_Jesus). Canonized by [Clement X](/source/Clement_X) as "Saint Francis Borgia" on 20 June 1670.[19]

- [Juan de Borja y Castro](/source/Juan_de_Borja_y_Castro) (1533–1606)

- [Tomás de Borja y Castro](/source/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Borja_y_Castro) (1551–1610)

- [Juan Buenaventura de Borja y Armendia](/source/Juan_Buenaventura_de_Borja_y_Armendia) (1564* – 1628)

- [Íñigo de Borja](/source/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_de_Borja) (1575–1622), great-grandson of Francis and elder brother of Gaspar.

- [Gaspar de Borja y Velasco](/source/Gaspar_de_Borja_y_Velasco) (1580–1645), born at [Villalpando](/source/Villalpando) in Spain who unlike many of his relatives preferred to use the Spanish spelling "Borja". He served as [Primate of Spain](/source/Primacy_of_the_Diocese_of_Toledo), [Archbishop of Seville](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville), and [Archbishop and Viceroy of Naples](/source/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples).

- [Francisco de Borja y Aragón](/source/Francisco_de_Borja_y_Arag%C3%B3n) (1581–1658)

- [Fernando de Borja y Aragón](/source/Fernando_de_Borja_y_Arag%C3%B3n) (1583–1665)

- [Arturo Borja Pérez](/source/Arturo_Borja) (1892–1912), Ecuadorian poet who was part of a group known as the "[Generación decapitada](/source/Generaci%C3%B3n_decapitada)" (Decapitated Generation).

- [Rosa Borja de Ycaza](/source/Rosa_Borja_de_Ycaza) (1889–1964), Ecuadorian writer, essayist, playwright, sociologist, poet, novelist, feminist and activist.

- [Luz Elisa Borja Martínez](/source/Luz_Elisa_Borja_Mart%C3%ADnez) (1903–1927), Ecuadorian poet, pianist, painter, and sculptor.

- [Rodrigo Borja Cevallos](/source/Rodrigo_Borja_Cevallos) (1935–2025), [President](/source/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ecuador) of the [Republic of Ecuador](/source/Republic_of_Ecuador)

## Gallery

		- Coat of arms of the [dukes of Gandía](/source/Duke_of_Gandia).

		- Coat of arms of Maria Enriquez de Luna widow of Pedro and Juan Borgia

		- Coat of arms of the [dukes of Valentinois](/source/Duke_of_Valentinois).

		- Coat of arms of Cesare Borgia as Duke of Romagna and Valentinois and Captain-General of the Church

		- [Alfons de Borja](/source/Pope_Callixtus_III) Pope Callixtus III

		- [Rodrigo Borja](/source/Pope_Alexander_VI) Pope Alexander VI, father of Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia and Gioffre.

		- [Giovanni Borgia](/source/Giovanni_Borgia_(1474)) [2nd Duke of Gandia](/source/Duke_of_Gandia)

		- *[Portrait of a Gentleman](/source/Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_(Melone))*, [Cesare Borgia](/source/Cesare_Borgia) [Duke of Valentinois](/source/Duke_of_Valentinois)

		- [Lucrezia Borgia](/source/Lucrezia_Borgia) Duchess of Ferrara and Modena

		- [Gioffre Borgia](/source/Gioffre_Borgia) Prince of Squillace

		- [Francisco Borgia](/source/Francis_Borgia) Saint Francis Borgia, S.J., [4th Duke of Gandia](/source/Duke_of_Gandia)

		- [Juan Buenaventura de Borja](/source/Juan_Buenaventura_de_Borja_y_Armendia), President of the [Real Audiencia de Santa Fe de Bogotá](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_de_Santa_Fe_de_Bogot%C3%A1)

		- [Gaspar de Borja y Velasco](/source/Gaspar_de_Borja_y_Velasco) Cardinal, [Primate of Spain](/source/Primacy_of_the_Diocese_of_Toledo), [Archbishop of Seville](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville), and [Archbishop and Viceroy of Naples](/source/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples)

		- [Francisco de Borja y Aragón](/source/Francisco_de_Borja_y_Arag%C3%B3n) Prince of [Squillace](/source/Squillace) and [Viceroy of Peru](/source/Viceroy_of_Peru)

## In popular culture

The Borgias were infamous in their time and have inspired numerous references in popular culture. They include novels such as *[City of God: A Novel of the Borgias](/source/City_of_God_(Holland_novel))* (1979) by [Cecelia Holland](/source/Cecelia_Holland),[20] *[The Family](/source/The_Family_(Puzo_novel))* (2001) by [Mario Puzo](/source/Mario_Puzo), and *[Summer of Night](/source/Summer_of_Night)* (1991) by [Dan Simmons](/source/Dan_Simmons);[21] plays, operas, comics; films like *[The Borgia](/source/The_Borgia)* (2006); television series like *[Borgia](/source/Borgia_(TV_series))* (2011) and *[The Borgias](/source/The_Borgias_(2011_TV_series))* (2011) on [CTV](/source/CTV_Television_Network) and [Showtime](/source/Showtime_(TV_network)),[22]; manhwas like “How To Win My Husband Over”; and video games such as *[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood](/source/Assassin's_Creed%3A_Brotherhood)* (2010) by [Ubisoft](/source/Ubisoft).[23]

In series 4 of the sketch comedy TV show *[Horrible Histories](/source/Horrible_Histories_(2009_TV_series))*, a song called "The Borgia Family" was featured in the section 'Radical Renaissance'.[24] The song is a parody of the theme song to [the Addams Family](/source/The_Addams_Family).

The family lore and artifacts are essential to the plot of the 1959 Disney film *The Shaggy Dog*.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## See also

- [Grandee of Spain](/source/Grandee_of_Spain)

- [List of popes from the Borgia family](/source/List_of_popes_from_the_Borgia_family)

- [Borgia castles](/source/Castello_Borgia_(disambiguation))

- [Route of the Borgias](/source/Route_of_the_Borgias)

- [Borgia Apartments](/source/Borgia_Apartments)

- [Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba](/source/Monastery_of_Sant_Jeroni_de_Cotalba)

- [Ducal Palace of Gandia](/source/Ducal_Palace_of_Gandia)

- [Oratory of the Borgias](/source/Oratory_of_the_Borgias)

- [Tower and walls of the Borgias](/source/Tower_and_walls_of_the_Borgias)

- [Palace of the Borgias](/source/Palace_of_the_Borgias)

- [Birthplace of Pope Alexander VI](/source/Birthplace_of_Pope_Alexander_VI)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Mariana de Borja y Córdoba"](http://en.fundacionmedinaceli.org/casaducal/fichaindividuo.aspx?id=2529). Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation. Retrieved 4 July 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Borgia, Lucrezia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190514094747/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Borgia,_Lucrezia) (US) and ["Borgia, Lucrezia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220826094024/https://www.dictionary.com/). *[Lexico](/source/Lexico) UK English Dictionary*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). Archived from [the original](http://www.lexico.com/definition/Borgia,+Lucrezia) on 2022-08-26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Borgia"](https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Borgia). *[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language](/source/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language)* (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 14 May 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Borgias, the"](https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/borgias). *[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English](/source/Longman_Dictionary_of_Contemporary_English)*. [Longman](/source/Longman). Retrieved 28 September 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Borgia Family – Italian family"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Borgia-family). *[Encyclopedia Britannica](/source/Encyclopedia_Britannica)*. Retrieved 2020-02-09.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** *Arsenic: A Murderous History*. Dartmouth Toxic Metals Research Program, 2009

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** The Menorah journal, Volumes 20–23, Intercollegiate Menorah Association, 1932, page 163

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** *The Borgias: or, At the feet of Venus*, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1930, pages 242, 313

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** *Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy*, by Sarah Bradford

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Nadal Cañellas, Juan (2006). ["La permanencia de Rodrigo de Borja (Alejandro VI) en el estudio de Bolonia, según documentos originales"](http://www.raco.cat/index.php/ActaHistorica/article/view/188984/262408). *Acta Histórica et Archaeologica Mediaevalia* (in Spanish) (27–28). Barcelona: [Universidad de Barcelona](/source/Universidad_de_Barcelona). Departamento de Historia Medieval: 173–205. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0212-2960](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-2960).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Johann Burchard, *Pope Alexander VI and His Court: Extracts from the Latin Diary of Johannes Burchardus*, 1921, F.L. Glaser, ed., New York, N.L. Brown, pp. 154–155.[\[1\]](https://archive.org/details/PopeAlexanderVIAndHisCourt/page/n190)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Mallett, M. *The Borgias* (1969) Granada edition. 1981. p. 9.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** "Francis Borgia (1510–1572)". *The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of the Italian Renaissance*. London: Thames & Hudson. 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Najemy, John (September 2013). *Machiavelli and Cesare Borgia: A Reconsideration of Chapter 7 of The Prince* (Volume 75 Issue 4 ed.). Review of politics. pp. 539–556.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Bradford, Sarah (2005). *Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy* (Reprint ed.). Penguin. pp. 67–68. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0143035954](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143035954).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** "Borgia, Lucrezia (1480–1519)". *The Penguin Biographical Dictionary of Women*. London: Penguin. 1998.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Lucrezia Borgia: A Biography. Rachel Erlanger, 1978

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Frederick Rolfe, [*The History of the Borgias*](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179196/page/n417/mode/2up) (New York: Modern Library, 1931), 379–408.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** "Francis Borgia (1510–1572)". *Who's Who in Christianity*. London: Routledge. 2001.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Maclaine_20-0)** Maclaine, David. ["*City of God* by Cecelia Holland"](http://www.historicalnovels.info/City-of-God.html). *Historicalnovels.info*. Retrieved September 5, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Simmons_21-0)** Parypinski, Joanna (July 13, 2013). ["Book Review: *Summer of Night*"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193835/https://joannaparypinski.com/2013/07/13/book-review-summer-of-night/). *joannaparypinski.com*. Archived from [the original](https://joannaparypinski.com/2013/07/13/book-review-summer-of-night/) on October 20, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2021. When one of the boys uncovers the shrouded history of the Borgia Bell—an ancient relic connected with murder and said to be in the closed-off belfry of Old Central—the disturbances in town focus their attention on him.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Donahue, Deirdre (24 March 2011). "Back in time and in crime with Borgias". Life.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Snider, Mike. "'Assassin' is back with 'Brotherhood'". *USA Today*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** [*Horrible Histories – The Borgia Family | Horrible Songs | Radical Renaissance*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1ADwv2A1wg), 9 November 2019, retrieved 2021-12-21

## References

- Fusero, Clemente. *The Borgias*. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1966.

- Grun, Bernard. *The Timetables of History*. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1946, pp. 218, 220, 222.

- Hale, John R. *Renaissance*. New York, Time-Life Books, 1965, p. 85.

- Johnson, Marion. *The Borgias*. London: Macdonald, 1981.

- ["Mad Dogs and Spaniards: An Interview with Cesare Borgia." World and Image, 1996.](http://www.informp.net/~kujira/bint.html)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- Rath, John R. "Borgia", World Book Encyclopedia. 1994 edition. World Book Inc., 1917, pp. 499–500.

- Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 1. (Old Catholic Encyclopedia) New York, Robert Appleton Company (a.k.a. The Encyclopedia Press), 1907.

- Duran, Eulàlia: [The Borja Family: Historiography, Legend and Literature](http://www.raco.cat/index.php/catalanhistoricalreview/article/viewFile/131014/180938.pdf)

- Meyer, G.J., [The Borgias: The Hidden History, 2013](https://www.amazon.com/Borgias-Hidden-History-G-J-Meyer/dp/0345526929)

- Chaplin, Danny, [BORGIA, Behind The Myth: A New History of the Notorious Papal Family, 2018](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07GXRPJZP)

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [House of Borgia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:House_of_Borgia).

- [Centropolis.homestead_Library](http://centropolis.homestead.com/SC_Library.html)

- (in Spanish) [Borja o Borgia](http://www.euskalnet.net/laviana/gen_hispanas/borja_borgia.htm)

- (in Spanish) [Francisco Fernández de Bethencourt – Historia Genealógica y Heráldica Española, Casa Real y Grandes de España, tomo cuarto](http://www.oliver-rost.homepage.t-online.de/HistoriaGenealogica.txt) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401085740/http://www.oliver-rost.homepage.t-online.de/HistoriaGenealogica.txt) 2019-04-01 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- (in Spanish) [Una rama subsistente del linaje Borja en América española, por Jaime de Salazar y Acha, Académico de Número de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía](http://www.ramhg.es/index.php/boletin/boletin) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120703053207/http://www.ramhg.es/index.php/boletin/boletin) 2012-07-03 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- (in Spanish) [Boletín de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía](https://web.archive.org/web/20131015111445/http://libros.webuda.com/boletin-RAMHG-75.pdf)

- (in Spanish) [La familia Borja: Religión y poder. Entrevista a Miguel Batllori](https://web.archive.org/web/20130224031742/http://www.alfonselmagnanim.com/debats/100/encontres01.htm)

- (in Spanish) [La mirada sobre los Borja (Notas críticas para un estado de la cuestión)](http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/4867/1/RHM_15_16.pdf)

- [The Borja Family: Historiography, Legend and Literature by Eulàlia Duran, Institut d’Estudis Catalans](http://revistes.iec.cat/index.php/CHR/article/view/40579)

- [Bibliography of heraldry of family Borgia](http://www.heraldicapellido.com/B15/Borgia.htm)

- [History of the Borgia Family](http://www.tennapel.net/borgia/birdeye.htm)

- [Institut Internacional d'Estudis Borgians](http://www.elsborja.org/)

- (in Spanish) [García Rivas, Manuel: *Los Borja americanos: su contribución al mundo de la cultura*. Revista Borja. Centro de Estudios Borjanos. Actas del Congreso Los Borja en el arte, Nº. 5. España, 2015–2016, p. 15](http://www.elsborja.cat/borja/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Gracia_Revista_Borja_5.pdf)

- [Diario Borja – Borgia](https://sites.google.com/site/diarioborjaborgia/) Tres siglos de Historia día a día

v t e Royal houses of Italy Aleramici Anjou Antelminelli Appiani Anscarids Barcelona Bentivoglio Bonaparte Borgia Bourbon-Parma Bourbon-Two Sicilies Carolingian Della Rovere Della Torre Doria Este Farnese Fieschi Flavia Fregoso Gonzaga Grimaldi Habsburg Habsburg-Lorraine Hauteville Hohenstaufen Imperiali Julio-Claudia Malatesta Malaspina Medici Montefeltro Murat Ordelaffi Palaiologos Pallavicini Savoy Sforza Trastámara Valois Visconti Widonids

v t e Banking families Americas Canada Molson South America Safra United States Astor Barney Carrión Drexel Goldman–Sachs Lazard Lehman Mellon Morgan Rockefeller Seligman Warburg Asia East Li family Mitsui Sumitomo Yasuda West Bin Laden Dadian Kadoorie Koç Maan Pallache Sabancı Sassoon Shihab South Asaf Jahi Bose Birla Habib Hinduja Jagat Seth Khanna Kotak S. Rm. M. Tata Europe Continental Abravanel Bardi Benveniste Berenberg Bethmann Bischoffsheim Borgia Botin Camondo Cerchi Chigi Etcheverría Ephrussi Erlanger Fould Frescobaldi Fugger Goldschmidt Gondi Gossler (Berenberg-Gossler) Hambro Hochstetter Hottinguer Imhoff Königswarter Kronenberg Liechtenstein Mallet Medici Mendelssohn Metzler Oppenheim Pazzi Pictet Pierleoni Pereire Peruzzi Rothschild Ruffer Schröder Seyler Solaro Sozzini Speyer Stern Thurzó Wallenberg Warburg Welser Van Lanschot British Isles Baring Clifford Goldsmid Grindlay Guinness Lloyd Miles Mocatta Rothschild Sassoon Smith

Authority control databases International VIAF 2 GND FAST National United States 2 Czech Republic Spain Israel People Deutsche Biographie DDB Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [House of Borgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borgia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borgia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.