# Horned Serpent > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Horned_Serpent > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Horned_Serpent.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_Serpent > Source revision: 1325693692 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) "Uktena" redirects here. For the tribe of werewolves in the World of Darkness setting, see [Uktena (World of Darkness)](/source/Uktena_(World_of_Darkness)). Mythological serpent found in the mythology of many cultures The Horned Serpent design is a common theme on pottery from [Casas Grandes](/source/Casas_Grandes) (Paquimé) Mound Builders Polities Apalachee Apalachicola Cahokia Casqui Cofitachequi Coosa Guale Jaega Mocoso Ocute Pacaha Pafalaya Pohoy Quivira Saturiwa Taarsite? Tacatacuru Tocobaga Uzita Archaeology Adena Calusa Fort Ancient Hopewell Mississippian Poverty Point Watson Brake Religion Datura Earth lodge Effigy mound Horned Serpent Masks Medicine bag Pipes Platform mound Red Horn Sacred bundle SECC Shell gorget Thunderbird Underwater panther Yaupon tea v t e The **Horned Serpent** appears in the mythologies of many cultures including [Native American peoples](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States),[1] European, and [Near Eastern mythology](/source/Ancient_Near_East). Details vary among cultures, with many of the stories associating the mystical figure with water, rain, lightning, thunder, and rebirth. Horned Serpents were major components of the [Southeastern Ceremonial Complex](/source/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex) of North American prehistory.[2][3] ## In Native American cultures A digital illustration of Horned Serpent by the artist Herb Roe. Based on an engraved shell cup in the *Craig B style* (designated *Engraved shell cup number 229*[4]) from [Spiro](/source/Spiro_Mounds), Oklahoma. Horned serpents appear in the [oral history](/source/Oral_tradition) of numerous [Native American](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) cultures, especially in the [Southeastern Woodlands](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands) and [Great Lakes](/source/Great_Lakes). [Muscogee Creek](/source/Muscogee_Creek) traditions include a Horned Serpent and a Tie-Snake, *estakwvnayv* in the [Muscogee Creek language](/source/Muscogee_Creek_language). These are sometimes interpreted as being the same creature and sometimes different—similar, but the Horned Serpent is larger than the Tie-Snake. To the [Muscogee people](/source/Muscogee_people), the Horned Serpent is a type of underwater serpent covered with iridescent, crystalline scales and a single, large crystal in its forehead. Both the scales and crystals are prized for their powers of divination.[5] The horns, called *chitto gab-by*, were used in medicine.[6] Jackson Lewis, a Muscogee Creek informant to [John R. Swanton](/source/John_R._Swanton), said, "This snake lives in the water has horns like the stag. It is not a bad snake. ... It does not harm human beings but seems to have a magnetic power over game."[7] In stories, the Horned Serpent enjoyed eating sumac, *[Rhus glabra](/source/Rhus_glabra)*.[8] [Alabama people](/source/Alabama_people) call the Horned Serpent *tcinto såktco* or "crawfish snake", which they divide into four classifications based on its horns' colors, which can be blue, red, white, or yellow.[7] [Yuchi people](/source/Yuchi_people) made effigies of the Horned Serpent as recently as 1905. An effigy was fashioned from stuffed deerhide, painted blue, with the antlers painted yellow. The Yuchi Big Turtle Dance honors the Horned Serpent's spirit, which was related to storms, thunder, lightning, disease, and rainbows.[6] Among Cherokee people, a Horned Serpent is called an *uktena*. Anthropologist [James Mooney](/source/James_Mooney), describes the creature: Those who know say the Uktena is a great snake, as large around as a tree trunk, with horns on its head, and a bright blazing crest like a diamond on its forehead, and scales glowing like sparks of fire. It has rings or spots of color along its whole length, and can not be wounded except by shooting in the seventh spot from the head, because under this spot are its heart and its life. The blazing diamond is called Ulun'suti—"Transparent"—and he who can win it may become the greatest wonder worker of the tribe. But it is worth a man's life to attempt it, for whoever is seen by the Uktena is so dazed by the bright light that he runs toward the snake instead of trying to escape. As if this were not enough, the breath of the Uktena is so pestilential, that no living creature can survive should they inhale the tiniest bit of the foul air expelled by the Uktena. Even to see the Uktena asleep is death, not to the hunter himself, but to his family. Tie-snakes on a [Mississippian](/source/Mississippian_culture) sandstone plate from the [Moundville Archaeological Site](/source/Moundville_Archaeological_Site) According to [Sioux](/source/Sioux) belief, the *[Unhcegila](/source/Unktehila)* (*Ųȟcéǧila*) are dangerous reptilian water monsters which lived in ancient times. They were of various shapes. In the end the [Thunderbirds](/source/Thunderbird_(mythology)) destroyed them, except for small species like snakes and lizards. This belief may have been inspired by finds of [dinosaur](/source/Dinosaur) fossils in Sioux tribal territory. The Thunderbird may have been inspired partly by finds of [pterosaur](/source/Pterosaur) skeletons.[9] ### Other known names - **[Sisiutl](/source/Sisiutl)**— Kwakwaka'wakw - **[Awanyu](/source/Awanyu)**—[Tewa](/source/Tewa) - **[Djodi'kwado'](/source/Djodi'kwado')**—[Iroquois](/source/Iroquois) - **Misi-kinepikw** ("great snake")—[Cree](/source/Cree_language) - **Msi-kinepikwa** ("great snake")—[Shawnee](/source/Shawnee_language) - **Misi-ginebig** ("great snake")—[Oji-Cree](/source/Oji-Cree_language) - **Mishi-ginebig** ("great snake")—[Ojibwe](/source/Ojibwe_language) - **Gitaskog** ("great snake")—[Abenaki](/source/Western_Abnaki_language) - **Sintishtahollo'** ("sacred snake")—[Chickasaw](/source/Chickasaw_language) - **Sinti Lapitta**—[Choctaw](/source/Choctaw_language) - **Unktehi** or **[Unktehila](/source/Unhcegila)**—[Dakota](/source/Dakota_language) - **ʔU·lahkaha·p** ("white snake")—[Natchez](/source/Natchez_language) - **Uktena**—[Cherokee](/source/Cherokee_Language) - **mazacoatl** - [Nahuatl](/source/Nahuatl) ## Eurasia ### In Europe #### In Celtic iconography The antlered deity of the [Gundestrup cauldron](/source/Gundestrup_cauldron), commonly identified with [Cernunnos](/source/Cernunnos), holding a ram-horned serpent and a [torc](/source/Torc). The ram-horned serpent was a cult image found in north-west Europe before and during the Roman period. It appears three times on the [Gundestrup cauldron](/source/Gundestrup_cauldron), and in Romano-Celtic Gaul was closely associated with the horned or antlered god [Cernunnos](/source/Cernunnos), in whose company it is regularly depicted. This pairing is found as early as the fourth century BC in Northern Italy, where a huge antlered figure with [torcs](/source/Torc) and a serpent was [carved on the rocks](/source/Rock_drawings_in_Val_Camonica) in [Val Camonica](/source/Val_Camonica).[10] A bronze statuette called the [God of Étang-sur-Arroux](/source/God_of_%C3%89tang-sur-Arroux) and a stone sculpture from [Sommerécourt](/source/Sommer%C3%A9court) depict Cernunnos' body encircled by two horned snakes which feed from bowls of fruit and corn-mash balanced in the god's lap. Also at Sommerécourt is a sculpture of a goddess holding a [cornucopia](/source/Cornucopia) and a pomegranate, with a horned serpent eating from a bowl of food. At [Yzeures-sur-Creuse](/source/Yzeures-sur-Creuse) a carved youth has a ram-horned snake twined around his legs, with its head at his stomach. In a [relief](/source/Relief) at a museum in [Cirencester](/source/Cirencester), Gloucestershire, Cernunnos' legs are depicted as two ram-horned snakes which rear up on each side of his head and are eating fruit or corn. Relief of Cernunnos with two ram-horned snakes in the [Corinium Museum](/source/Corinium_Museum). According to Miranda Green, the snakes reflect the peaceful nature of the god, associated with nature and fruitfulness, and perhaps accentuate his association with regeneration.[10] Other deities occasionally accompanied by ram-horned serpents include "Celtic Mars" and "Celtic Mercury". The horned snake, and also conventional snakes, appear together with the solar wheel, apparently as attributes of the sun or sky god.[10] #### In Northern and Central Europe Variations on the horned serpent appear throughout the folklores of Northern and Central Europe. For example, there are the many incarnations of the [Lindworm](/source/Lindworm). There are tales of a serpent in Icelandic folklore known as the [Lagarfljót Worm](/source/Lagarflj%C3%B3t_Worm). While in Southern Sweden, there are claims of a huge water snake, the sight of which was deadly, called [Storsjöodjuret](/source/Storsj%C3%B6odjuret).[11] This latter characteristic is reminiscent of the [basilisk](/source/Basilisk). #### Greek Main article: [Cerastes](/source/Cerastes) The cerastes is a creature described in [Greek mythology](/source/Greek_mythology) as a snake with either two large [ram](/source/Sheep)-like horns or four pairs of smaller horns. [Isidore of Seville](/source/Isidore_of_Seville) described it as hunting by burying itself in sand while leaving its horns visible, and attacking creatures that came to investigate them.[12] ### In Mesopotamia In Mesopotamian mythology, [Ningishzida](/source/Ningishzida) is sometimes depicted as a serpent with horns. In other depictions, he is shown as human but is accompanied by *[bashmu](/source/Ba%C5%A1mu)*, [mushussu](/source/Mushussu), and [ushumgal](/source/U%C5%A1umgallu) (three horned snakes in [Akkadian mythology](/source/Akkadian_mythology)). Ningishzida shares the epithet, *ushumgal*, "great serpent", with several other Mesopotamian gods.[13] ## In Africa A horned serpent cave art is known from the La Belle France cave in [South Africa](/source/South_Africa), often conflated with the [Dingonek](/source/Dingonek). It may be based on [dicynodont](/source/Dicynodont) fossils.[14] ## See also - [Amaru](/source/Amaru_(mythology)) - [Avanyu](/source/Avanyu) - [Basilisk](/source/Basilisk) - [Chinese dragon](/source/Chinese_dragon) - [Qiulong](/source/Qiulong) - [Coi Coi-Vilu](/source/Coi_Coi-Vilu) - [Feathered Serpent (deity)](/source/Feathered_Serpent_(deity)) - [Horned deity](/source/Horned_deity) - [Kitchi-at'Husis and Weewilmekq](/source/Kitchi-at'Husis_and_Weewilmekq) - [Kukulcan](/source/Kukulcan) - [Lernaean Hydra](/source/Lernaean_Hydra) - [Lindworm](/source/Lindworm) - [Moñái](/source/Mo%C3%B1%C3%A1i) - [Nāga](/source/N%C4%81ga) - [Ophiotaurus](/source/Ophiotaurus) - [Quetzalcoatl](/source/Quetzalcoatl) - [Piasa](/source/Piasa) Bird, [Alton, Illinois](/source/Alton%2C_Illinois) - [Prehistoric snakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_snakes) - [Python (mythology)](/source/Python_(mythology)) - [Sea goat](/source/Sea_goat) - [Sidewinder rattlesnake](/source/Crotalus_cerastes) of the American Southwest, a living "horned serpent" - [Tciptckaam](/source/Tciptckaam) - *[Titanoboa](/source/Titanoboa)* ## Notes 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Horned serpent, feathered serpent"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060406132843/http://altreligion.about.com/library/glossary/symbols/bldefsavanyu.htm). Archived from [the original](http://altreligion.about.com/library/glossary/symbols/bldefsavanyu.htm) on 2006-04-06. Retrieved 2006-04-07. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Townsend, Richard F. (2004). *Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand*. [Yale University Press](/source/Yale_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-300-10601-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10601-7). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** F. Kent Reilly; James Garber, eds. (2004). *Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms*. [University of Texas Press](/source/University_of_Texas_Press). pp. [29–34](https://archive.org/details/ancientobjectssa0000unse/page/29). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-292-71347-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71347-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Brown, James A.; Rogers, J. Daniel (Summer 1989). ["Linking Spiro's artistic styles : The Copper Connection"](http://projectpast.org/caddo/topic4/brown1989.pdf) (PDF). *Southeastern Archaeology*. **8** (1). Allen Press. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Grantham 24-5 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-g52_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-g52_6-1) Grantham 52 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-g25_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-g25_7-1) Grantham 25 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Grantham 26 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Morell, Virginia (December 2005). ["Sea Monsters"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090123165515/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2005/12/sea-monsters/morell-text/1). *[National Geographic](/source/National_Geographic_(magazine))*, pages 74–75. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GreenHorned_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GreenHorned_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-GreenHorned_10-2) Green, Miranda. *Animals in Celtic Life and Myth*. pp. 227–8. Celtic Mars: carving at the curative sanctuary at Mavilly (Cote d'Ôr). Celtic Mercury: carving at Beauvais (Oise) and Néris-les-Bains (Allier). Association with the solar wheel: Gundestrup cauldron, altar at Lypiatt (Gloucestershire). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["3 sightings may shed light on Sweden 'lake monster'"](https://www.deseret.com/1999/8/29/19463099/3-sightings-may-shed-light-on-sweden-lake-monster). *[Deseret News](/source/Deseret_News)*. 1999-08-29. Retrieved 2021-12-24. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Cerastes"](http://bestiary.ca/beasts/beast532.htm). *Medieval Bestiary*. 2011-01-15. Retrieved 2018-01-04. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** *Eden's Serpent: Its Mesopotamian Origins*. [Walter Mattfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Mattfeld&action=edit&redlink=1). pp. 63, line 10. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Benoit J (2024) A possible later stone age painting of a dicynodont (Synapsida) from the South African Karoo. PLoS ONE 19(9): e0309908. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309908](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309908) ## References - Grantham, Bill. [*Creation Myths and Legends of the Creek Indians.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=OENl21sHqyIC&q=tie-snake&pg=PA25) Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2002. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8130-2451-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2451-6). - Willoughby, Charles C. (1936). "[The Cincinnati Tablet: An Interpretation](https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?page=108&ipp=20&searchterm=shakers&vol=45&pages=257-264)". *The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly* Vol. 45:257–264. ## External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Horned serpent](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horned_serpent). - [Horned serpent, feathered serpent.](http://altreligion.about.com/library/glossary/symbols/bldefsavanyu.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060406132843/http://altreligion.about.com/library/glossary/symbols/bldefsavanyu.htm) 2006-04-06 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) - [Lakota creation myth involving Unktehi](https://web.archive.org/web/20070501074216/http://www.indianlegend.com/lakota/lakota_001.htm) - [The Uktena And The Ulûñsû'tï](http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/cher/motc/motc050.htm) v t e Anishinaabe culture Family Clan system Doodemen Nations Algonquins Ojibweg Oji-Cree Mississaugas Nipissings Saulteaux Odawaag Potawatomik Languages Algonquian Algonquin Ojibwemowin (list) Berens River Border Lakes Central Eastern Nakawēmowin / Saulteaux Nipissing North of Superior Northwestern Odaawaamwin Oji-Cree Southwestern Bodwéwadmimwen Pidgin / Creole Broken Oghibbeway Bungi Hand Talk Birch bark scrolls Writing Canadian Aboriginal syllabics Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics Art Birchbark biting Jingle dress Powwow Quillwork Ribbon work Wampum Housing Tipi Wigwam Governance Council of Three Fires Religion, myth and stories Aayaase Baykok Deer Woman Dreamcatcher Drumkeeper Elbow witch Gitche Manitou Grand Medicine Society / Midewiwin Jiibayaabooz Little people Manitou Medicine wheel Mishi-ginebig ("great snake") Mudjekeewis Nanabozho Nokomis Pukwudgie Seven fires prophecy Shingebis Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers Turtle Island Traditional beliefs Underwater panther Wendigo Education Colonial U.S. residential schools Canadian residential schools Primary/Secondary Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School Hannahville Indian School Joseph K. 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Tennessee and Cumberland Backusburg Beasley Mounds Brentwood Library Brick Church Castalian Springs Dunbar Cave Fewkes Group Hiwassee Island Link Farm Mound Bottom Riverview Sellars Obion Old Town Swallow Bluff Central and Lower Mississippi Belle Meade Boone's Boyd Campbell Carson Chucalissa Denmark Eaker Janet's Menard-Hodges Murphy Nodena Nodena Phase Owl Creek Parkin Quigualtam Tipton Phase Tunica Koroa Yazoo Walls Phase South Appalachian Mississippian Adamson Avery Beaverdam Creek Bell Field Mound Bessemer Biltmore Blair Bussell Island Chauga Chiaha Chota Citico Coosa Dallas Phase Dyar Etowah Garden Creek Hoojah Branch Irene Jere Shine Joara Joe Bell King Lamar Lamar phase Liddell Little Egypt Long Swamp Mabila Mandeville McMahan Moccasin Bend Moundville Mouse Creek Phase Mulberry Muscogee (Creek) Nacoochee Nikwasi Ocmulgee Park Mound Pisgah Phase Punk Rock Shelter Rembert Roods Landing Rucker's Bottom Savannah Shiloh Sixtoe Summerour Taskigi Tomotley Toqua Town Creek Waddells Mill Pond Wilbanks Fort Walton culture Anhaica Apalachee Apalachee Province Cayson Corbin-Tucker Fort Walton Mound Lake Jackson Leon-Jefferson culture Letchworth Velda Yon Pensacola culture Bottle Creek Dauphin Island Fort Walton Hickory Ridge Cemetery Naval Live Oaks Cemetery Pensacola people Plaquemine Mississippian Anna Atchafalaya Basin Emerald Fitzhugh Flowery Fosters Ghost Glass Grand Village of the Natchez Holly Bluff Jaketown Jordan Julice Mangum Mazique Medora Mott Natchez Taensa Pocahontas Routh Scott Place Sims Transylvania Venable Winterville Caddoan Mississippian Battle Belcher Blue Spring Shelter Bluffton Caddo Caddoan Mounds Gahagan Hughes Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village Keller Spiro Upper Mississippian cultures Oneota Anker Beattie Park Blood Run Carcajou Point Fifield Fisher Mound Group Gentleman Farm Grand Village of the Illinois Griesmer Hartley Fort Hotel Plaza Hoxie Farm Huber Juntunen Knoll Spring Mero Site Moccasin Bluff Oak Forest Palos Plum Island Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs Schwerdt Summer Island Fort Ancient culture Alligator Effigy Mound Clover Dodge Leo Petroglyph Serpent Mound SunWatch Indian Village Culture Agriculture Beans Chenopodium Little barley Maize Marshelder Pumpkin Squash Sunflower Three Sisters Tobacco Artwork Emmons mask Copper plates Rogan plates Spiro plates Wulfing cache Duck River Cache Long-nosed god maskette Mill Creek chert Pottery Shell gorget Stone statuary Languages Caddoan Central Algonquian Cherokee Mobilian Jargon Muskogean Natchez Taensa Siouan Timucuan Tunican Yuchi Religion Ballgame (Southeastern) Northern Black drink Burial mound Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Earth/fertility cult Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Platform mound Red Horn Sacred bundle Village bundle Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stone box grave Thunderbird Underwater panther Related topics Chevron bead Clarksdale bell Mound Builders de Soto Expedition v t e Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) Anishinaabe Avonlea Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek complex Caborn-Welborn Cades Pond Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Maritime Archaic Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo-Arctic Paleo-Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Safety Harbor Santa Rosa-Swift Creek St. Johns Steed-Kisker Suwannee Valley Tchefuncte Troyville Weeden Island Woodland Archaeological sites Angel Mounds Anzick Site Bandelier National Monument Bastian Benson Blue Spring Shelter Bluefish Caves The Bluff Point Stoneworks Brewster Cahokia Candelaria Cave Carlisle Fort Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Cutler Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Center Fort Juelson Four Mounds Gila Cliff Dwellings Glenwood Grimes Point Helen Blazes Holly Bluff Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Horr's Island Huápoca Key Marco Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds Lake Jackson Mounds Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site L'Anse aux Meadows Lynch Quarry Site Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Morrison Mounds Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena Site Ocmulgee Mounds Old Stone Fort Orwell Site Paquime Painted Bluff Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Plum Bayou Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Rassawek Recapture Canyon River Styx Roberts Island Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Rosenstock Village Russell Cave Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Shell ring sites Spiro Mounds Stallings Island SunWatch Taos Pueblo Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River Velda Mound West Oak Forest Earthlodge Wickiup Hill Windover Winterville Wupatki Human remains Anzick-1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Melbourne Man Minnesota Woman Peñon woman Spirit Cave mummy Vero man Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Ballgame Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Projectile point Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Transoceanic contact Underwater panther Water glyphs Related Genetic history Pre-Columbian era --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Horned Serpent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_Serpent) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_Serpent?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.