# Homotonal > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Homotonal > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Homotonal.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotonal > Source revision: 1318669941 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Technical musical term}} '''''Homotonal''''' (same-tonality) is a technical musical term that describes the [tonal](/source/tonality) structure of multi-movement [compositions](/source/musical_composition). It was introduced into [musicology](/source/musicology) by [Hans Keller](/source/Hans_Keller). According to Keller's definition and usage, a multi-movement composition is 'homotonal' if all of its [movements](/source/movement_(music)) have the same [tonic](/source/tonic_(music)) (keynote). 'Homotonality' is common in compositions of the [Baroque era](/source/Baroque_music): many Baroque multi-movement works based on dance-forms manifest the same tonic—and even the same ''mode'' (major or minor) – throughout. Thus, for example, [J.S. Bach](/source/J.S._Bach)'s solo violin partita BWV 1004 is homotonal ''[all movements in D minor]'', as is his solo flute partita BWV 1013 ''[all movements in A minor]''. Similarly, [Vivaldi](/source/Antonio_Vivaldi)'s sonata for oboe and continuo RV53 (n.d.) is homotonal ''[all movements in C minor]''. Homotonality is even encountered in some Baroque concertos: examples include Vivaldi's Cello Concertos RV401 (n.d.) ''[all movements in C minor]'' and RV416 (n.d.) ''[all movements in G minor]'', as well as the second concerto of his most famous work [The Four Seasons](/source/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)) ("Summer" RV315) (1725) ''[all movements also in G minor]'', and [Jean-Marie Leclair](/source/Jean-Marie_Leclair)'s Violin Concerto Op.7 No 1 (1737) ''[all movements in D minor]''. With the [Classical era](/source/Classical_period_(music)), however, the situation changes. Outside of two-movement works (which, classically speaking, will maintain the same tonic for both movements and will thus be homotonal by definition), classical-era homotonality is relatively rare: a classical work in three movements will normally move to a different tonic for its middle movement, and a classical work in four movements will normally have at least one of its middle movements in a key other than the original tonic. The classical composer most closely associated with the homotonal principle is [Joseph Haydn](/source/Joseph_Haydn). Keller himself was keen to emphasise that different classical composers showed differing degrees of interest in homotonal structure: {{quote|Although [Mozart](/source/Mozart), as opposed to Haydn, tended to work within narrow tonal frameworks, he did not carry the homotonal approach very far into his maturity . . . whereas Haydn did: some of the older master's greatest string quartets adhere to a single tonality"Hans Keller, 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–91)', in ''The Symphony'' (Ed. Robert Simpson; London, 1966), p.58}} {{quote|"[U]nlike the mature Haydn, Mozart never came to write four movements without changing the keynote" ''[not actually true, but indeed it was much rarer for Mozart than Haydn once Mozart reached maturity]''Hans Keller, 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–91)', in ''The Symphony'' (Ed. Robert Simpson; London, 1966), p.75}} {{quote|Just because Haydn is more adventurous in his excursions into [remote keys](/source/closely_related_key) than Mozart, he sometimes needs a rigid tonal framework in order to contain them; unlike Mozart and like Haydn, whose developmental modulatory creative character he produced twinlike, [Beethoven](/source/Beethoven) in his turn was to indulge in passionate tonal and harmonic contrast within homotonal frameworks.Hans Keller, ''The Great Haydn Quartets: Their Interpretation'' (London, 1986), p.39}} Keller's coinage and concept have not become standard among musicologists.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} Musicologist William Drabkin, for example, asked the question "doesn't 'homotonality' sound a trifle queer?" William Drabkin, review of Hans Keller, ''The Great Haydn Quartets: Their Interpretation'', Musical Times, Vol. 127, No. 1726 (Nov., 1986), pp. 624–625 The term 'homotonality' (referring to ''the manifest retention of a tonic'') should not be confused with '[monotonality](/source/monotonality)' (the theoretical position according to which a tonal structure has only one 'real' tonic, and all [modulation](/source/modulation_(music)) is superficial or illusory). ==Examples== Examples of 'homotonal' works (in more than two movements) from the classical era and afterwards are: ===1750s=== *The [Toy Symphony](/source/Toy_Symphony) ''[all movements in G major]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 37](/source/Symphony_No._37_(Haydn)) (c. 1758) ''[all movements in C major or C minor]'' ===1760s=== *Haydn's [Symphony No. 4](/source/Symphony_No._4_(Haydn)) (1757–60) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 19](/source/Symphony_No._19_(Haydn)) (1757–61) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 17](/source/Symphony_No._17_(Haydn)) (1760–61) ''[all movements in F major or F minor]'' *Haydn's [Piano Trio](/source/List_of_piano_trios_by_Joseph_Haydn) Hob. XV/1 (1761) ''[all movements in G minor]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 25](/source/Symphony_No._25_(Haydn)) (1761–63) ''[all movements in C major]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 12](/source/Symphony_No._12_(Haydn)) (1763) ''[all movements in E major or E minor]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 33](/source/Symphony_No._33_(Haydn)) (1763–65) ''[all movements in C major or C minor]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 21](/source/Symphony_No._21_(Haydn)) (1764) ''[all movements in A major]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 22](/source/Symphony_No._22_(Haydn)) 'The Philosopher' (1764) ''[all movements in E-flat major]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 34](/source/Symphony_No._34_(Haydn)) (1765) ''[all movements in D minor or D major]'' *The [Symphony, K. Anh. C 11.18](/source/Symphony%2C_K._Anh._C_11.18) 'Odense' (attributed spuriously to Mozart, 1765?) ''[all movements in A minor or A major]'' *[Mozart](/source/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart)'s [Sonata in C major for keyboard four-hands, K. 19d](/source/Sonata_in_C_major_for_keyboard_four-hands%2C_K._19d) (perhaps spurious, 1765?) ''[all movements in C major]'' *Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV/37 (1766) ''[all movements in F major]'' *Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV/38 (1766) ''[all movements in B-flat major]'' *Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV/C1 (1766) ''[all movements in C major]'' *Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XIV/6 (1767) ''[all movements in G major or G minor]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 49](/source/Symphony_No._49_(Haydn)) 'La Passione' (1768) ''[all movements in F minor]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 59](/source/Symphony_No._59_(Haydn)) 'Fire' (c. 1768) ''[all movements in A major or A minor]'' ===1770s=== *Mozart's [string quartet K. 80](/source/String_Quartet_No._1_(Mozart)) (1770) ''[all movements in G major]'' *Haydn's String Quartet Op.17 No. 1 (1771) ''[all movements in E major or E minor]'' *Haydn's String Quartet Op.17 No. 5 (1771) ''[all movements in G major or G minor]'' *Mozart's [Symphony K. 96](/source/Symphony%2C_K._96_(Mozart)) "No. 46" (1771) ''[all movements in C major or C minor]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 52](/source/Symphony_No._52_(Haydn)) (1771–72) ''[all movements in C minor or C major]'' *Haydn's [string quartet Op.20](/source/String_Quartets%2C_Op._20_(Haydn)) No. 2 (1772) ''[all movements in C major or C minor]'' *Haydn's String Quartet Op.20 No. 3 (1772) ''[all movements in G major or G minor]'' *Haydn's String Quartet Op.20 No. 4 (1772) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Haydn's String Quartet Op.20 No. 5 (1772) ''[all movements in F minor or F major]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 44](/source/Symphony_No._44_(Haydn)) 'Trauer' (1772) ''[all movements in E minor or E major]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 46](/source/Symphony_No._46_(Haydn)) (1772) ''[all movements in B major or B minor]'' *Mozart's [string quartet K. 157](/source/Milanese_Quartets_(Mozart)) (1772) ''[all movements in C major or C minor]'' *Haydn's Piano Sonata Hob.XVI:23 (1773) ''[all movements in F major or F minor]'' *Mozart's [string quartet K. 168](/source/Viennese_Quartets_(Mozart)) (1773) ''[all movements in F major or F minor]'' *Mozart's string quartet K. 173 (1773) ''[all movements in D minor or D major]'' *Mozart's [Piano Sonata K.280](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Mozart)) (1774) ''[all movements in F major or F minor]'' *Mozart's [Symphony K. 208+102](/source/Symphony%2C_K._208%2B102_(Mozart)) "No. 52" (1775) ''[all movements in C major]'' *Haydn's Piano Sonata Hob.XVI:27 (1776) ''[all movements G major]'' *Mozart's 'Serenata Notturna' K. 239 (1776) ''[all movements in D major]'' *Mozart's Notturno for 4 Orchestras K. 286 (1777) ''[all movements in D major]'' *Mozart's [Piano Sonata K. 331](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._11_(Mozart)) (1778) ''[all movements in A major or A minor]'' *The [Sinfonia Concertante for Oboe, Clarinet, Horn, Bassoon and Orchestra](/source/Sinfonia_Concertante_for_Oboe%2C_Clarinet%2C_Horn%2C_Bassoon_and_Orchestra_(Mozart)) K. 297b/Anh.C 14.01 (attributed spuriously to Mozart, 1778?) ''[all movements in E-flat major]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 70](/source/Symphony_No._70_(Haydn)) (1779) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *[Michael Haydn](/source/Michael_Haydn)'s [Symphony No. 23](/source/Symphony_No._23_(Michael_Haydn)) (c. 1779) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Mozart's [Symphony No. 32](/source/Symphony_No._32_(Mozart)) (1779) ''[all movements in G major]'' ===1780s=== *Haydn's [Symphony No. 63](/source/Symphony_No._63_(Haydn)) 'La Roxelane' (1779–81) ''[all movements in C major or C minor]'' *Haydn's Piano Sonata Hob.XVI:37 (1780) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Haydn's [Symphony No. 62](/source/Symphony_No._62_(Haydn)) (1780–81) ''[all movements in D major]'' *Haydn's [String Quartet Op.33 No.5](/source/String_Quartets%2C_Op._33_(Haydn)) (1781) ''[all movements in G major or G minor]'' *Haydn's String Quartet Op.33 No.6 (1781) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Mozart's [Serenade for winds K.375](/source/Serenade_No._11_(Mozart)) (1781) ''[all movements in E-flat major]'' *Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV:5 (1785) ''[all movements in G major]'' *Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV:7 (1785) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV:10 (1785) ''[all movements in F major]'' *[Hoffmeister](/source/Franz_Anton_Hoffmeister)'s Viola Concerto No. 1 (1786) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Haydn's String Quartet Op.50 No.6 (1787) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Haydn's String Quartet Op.54 No.2 (1788) ''[all movements in C major or C minor]'' *Haydn's String Quartet Op.55 No.2 (1788) ''[all movements in F minor or F major]'' *Mozart's [Violin Sonata K.547](/source/Violin_Sonata_No._36_(Mozart)) (1788) ''[all movements in F major]'' ===1790s=== *Haydn's String Quartet Op.64 No.2 (1790) ''[all movements in B minor or B major]'' *Haydn's Piano Trio no. 37 in A major, Hob. XV:18 (1793) ''[all movements in A major or A minor]'' *[Dussek](/source/Jan_Ladislav_Dussek)'s Piano Concerto No. 5, Op. 22 (1793) ''[all movements in B-flat major]'' *Haydn's Piano Trio no. 38 in D major, Hob. XV:24 (1795) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Haydn's Piano Trio no. 40 in F-sharp minor, Hob. XV:26 (1795) ''[all movements in F-sharp minor or F-sharp major]'' *[Beethoven](/source/Beethoven)'s [Piano sonata Op.2 No.1](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._1_(Beethoven)) (1795) ''[all movements in F minor or F major]'' (dedicated to Haydn) *Haydn's [Piano Trio No. 44](/source/Piano_Trio_No._44_(Haydn)), Hob. XV:28 (1797) ''[all movements in E major or E minor]'' *Haydn's [String quartet Op.76](/source/String_Quartets%2C_Op._76_(Haydn)) No.2 (1797) ''[all movements in D minor or D major]'' *Beethoven's [Piano sonata Op.10 No.2](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._6_(Beethoven)) (1796–98) ''[all movements in F major or F minor]'' *Beethoven's [Piano sonata Op.10 No.3](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._7_(Beethoven)) (1796–98) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Beethoven's [Violin Sonata No. 2](/source/Violin_Sonata_No._2_(Beethoven)), Op.12 No.2 (1797–8) ''[all movements in A major or A minor]'' *Haydn's String Duo, Hob. VI:Anh. 1 (1798) ''[all movements in B-flat major]'' *Haydn's String Duo, Hob. VI:Anh. 2 (1798) ''[all movements in E-flat major]'' *Beethoven's [String Trio No. 4](/source/String_Trios%2C_Op._9_(Beethoven)) (1798) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Beethoven's [Piano sonata Op.14 No.1](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._9_(Beethoven)) (1798–99) ''[all movements in E major or E minor]'' *Beethoven's [Violin Sonata No. 4](/source/Violin_Sonata_No._4_(Beethoven)) Op. 23 (1800) ''[all movements in A minor or A major]'' ===After 1800=== *Beethoven's [Piano Sonata Op.26](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._12_(Beethoven)) (1800–01) ''[all movements in A-flat major or a-flat minor]'' *Beethoven's [String Quartet Op.18 No.4](/source/String_Quartet_No._4_(Beethoven)) (1801) ''[all movements in c minor or C major]'' *Beethoven's [Piano Sonata ''Quasi una fantasia'' Op.27 No.2](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._14_(Beethoven)) ('Moonlight Sonata') (1801) ''[all movements in c-sharp minor or D-flat major]'' *Beethoven's [Piano Sonata Op.28](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._15_(Beethoven)) (1801) ''[all movements in D major or d minor]'' *[Clementi](/source/Muzio_Clementi)'s Piano Sonata Op.40 No.2 (1801–02) ''[all movements in b minor]'' *Clementi's Piano Sonata Op.40 No.3 (1802) ''[all movements in D major or d minor]'' *Beethoven's [String Quartet Op.59 No.2](/source/String_Quartet_No._8_(Beethoven)) (1806) ''[all movements in e minor or E major, although the finale deceptively begins in C major]'' *Beethoven's [Piano Trio](/source/Piano_Trio) Op.70 No.1 ('Ghost') (1808) ''[all movements in D major or d minor]'' *Beethoven's [Piano Sonata Op.79](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._25_(Beethoven)) (1809) ''[all movements in G major or g minor]'' *[Schubert](/source/Schubert)'s [String Quartet D.87](/source/String_Quartet_No._10_(Schubert)) (1813) ''[all movements in E-flat major]'' *[Paganini](/source/Paganini)'s Violin Concerto in E minor (ca. 1815) ''[all movements in E minor / major]'' *Schubert's [Piano Sonata No.7 in D{{music|flat}}](/source/Piano_Sonata_in_D-flat_major%2C_D_568_(Schubert)) (D.567/568) (1st version, 1817) ''[all movements in D-flat major or c-sharp minor]'' *Beethoven's [Piano Sonata Op. 109](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._30_(Beethoven)) (1820) ''[all movements in E major or e minor]'' *Clementi's Piano Sonata Op. 50 No.3 'Didone Abbandonata' (1821) ''[all movements in g minor]'' *[Mendelssohn](/source/Felix_Mendelssohn)'s Viola Sonata in c minor MWV Q 14 (1824) ''[all movements in c minor]'' *[Chopin](/source/Chopin)'s [Piano Concerto No. 1](/source/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Chopin)) Op. 11 (1830) ''[all movements in e minor or E major]'' *[Friedrich Kalkbrenner](/source/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner)'s Piano Concerto No. 4 in A-flat major, Op. 147 (1835) ''[all movements in A-flat major or a-flat minor]'' *[Alkan](/source/Charles-Valentin_Alkan)'s Piano Trio No. 1 in g minor, Op. 30 (published 1841) ''[all movements in g minor or G major]'' *Mendelssohn's [Organ Sonata](/source/Organ_sonatas_op._65_(Mendelssohn)) Op.65 No.2 (1844) ''[all movements in c minor or C major]'' *Mendelssohn's Organ Sonata Op. 65 No.6 (1845) ''[all movements in D major or d minor]'' *[Schumann](/source/Robert_Schumann)'s [Symphony No. 2](/source/Symphony_No._2_(Schumann)) Op. 61 (1845–46) ''[all movements in C major or c minor]'' *[Brahms](/source/Brahms)' [Piano Trio No. 1](/source/Piano_Trio_No._1_(Brahms)) Op. 8 (1853-4; rev. 1889) ''[all movements in B major or b minor]'' *[Smetana](/source/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana)'s Piano Trio Op. 15 (1854–5) ''[all movements in g minor]'' *Brahms' [Piano Concerto No. 1](/source/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Brahms)) Op.15 (1854–9) ''[all movements in d minor or D major]'' *Brahms' [Horn Trio](/source/Horn_Trio_(Brahms)) Op. 40 (1865) ''[all movements in E-flat major or e-flat minor]'' *Brahms' [String Quartet No. 2](/source/Two_String_Quartets%2C_Op._51_(Brahms)) Op. 51 No. 2 (1873) ''[all movements in A minor or a major]'' *[Dvořák](/source/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)'s [String Quartet No. 5](/source/String_Quartet_No._5_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)) Op. 9 (1873) ''[all movements in F minor or F major]'' *[Grieg](/source/Grieg)'s [Holberg Suite](/source/Holberg_Suite) Op. 40 (1884) ''[all movements in G major or g minor]'' *Brahms' [Piano Trio No. 3](/source/Piano_Trio_No._3_(Brahms)) Op. 101 (1886) ''[all movements in c minor or C major]'' *[Christian Sinding](/source/Christian_Sinding)'s Suite im alten Stil Op. 10 (1888) ''[all movements in a minor]'' *[Dvořák](/source/Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)'s [Sonatina for Violin and Piano](/source/Violin_Sonatina_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)) Op. 100 (1893) ''[all movements in G major or g minor]'' *Brahms' [Clarinet Sonata](/source/Clarinet_Sonatas_(Brahms)) Op. 120 No. 2 (1894) ''[all movements in E-flat major or e-flat minor]'' *[Scriabin](/source/Alexander_Scriabin)'s [Piano Concerto](/source/Piano_Concerto_(Scriabin)) Op. 20 (1896) ''[all movements in f-sharp minor or F-sharp major]'' *[Zemlinsky](/source/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky)'s String Quartet No. 1, Op. 4 (1896) ''[all movements in A major or a minor]'' *Roffredo Caetani's Piano Quintet Op. 4 (1897) ''[all movements in f-sharp minor]'' *[Satie](/source/Erik_Satie)'s [Jack in the Box](/source/Jack_in_the_Box_(Satie)) (1899) ''[all movements in C major]'' ===After 1900=== *[Arne Oldberg](/source/Arne_Oldberg)'s Piano Sonata No. 2 in B-flat minor (1909) ''[all movements in B-flat minor or B-flat major]'' *[Debussy](/source/Debussy)'s [Cello Sonata](/source/Cello_Sonata_(Debussy)) (1915) ''[all movements in D minor]'' *Debussy's [Sonata for flute, viola and harp](/source/Sonata_for_flute%2C_viola_and_harp_(Debussy)) (1915) ''[all movements in F major or F minor]'' *Debussy's [Violin Sonata](/source/Violin_Sonata_(Debussy)) (1916–17) ''[all movements in G minor or G major]'' *Britten's ''[Sinfonia da Requiem](/source/Sinfonia_da_Requiem)'', Op. 20 (1940) ''[all movements in D major or D minor]'' *Britten's [String Quartet No. 2](/source/String_Quartet_No._2_(Britten)), Op. 36 (1945) ''[all movements in C major or C minor]'' *[Miriam Hyde](/source/Miriam_Hyde)'s Trio for Flute, Clarinet and Piano (1948) ''[all movements in G major or G minor]'' *Miriam Hyde's Clarinet Sonata (1949) ''[all movements in F minor or F major]'' *[Mikhail Goldstein](/source/Mikhail_Goldstein)'s Symphony in G minor, attributed to [Mykola Ovsianiko-Kulikovsky](/source/Mykola_Ovsianiko-Kulikovsky) as his "Symphony No. 21" (1948) ''[all movements in G minor or G major]'' *[Nikolay Myaskovsky](/source/Nikolay_Myaskovsky)'s String Quartet No. 13, Op. 86 (1949) ''[all movements in A minor or A major]'' ===After 2000=== *[Christopher Norton](/source/Christopher_Norton)'s Clarinet Sonata (2012) ''[all movements in C major]'' ==References== {{reflist}} {{Key (music)}} {{Music theory lists}} Category:Musical analysis Category:Musical keys --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Homotonal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotonal) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotonal?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.