# Homeland

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Place associated with a collective identity

This article is about native lands. For the TV series, see [*Homeland* (TV series)](/source/Homeland_(TV_series)). For other uses, see [Homeland (disambiguation)](/source/Homeland_(disambiguation)).

"Old Country" redirects here. For the silent film, see [*The Old Country*](/source/The_Old_Country). For the album by Nat Adderley's Quintet, see [*The Old Country* (album)](/source/The_Old_Country_(album)).

*[Liberty Leading the People](/source/Liberty_Leading_the_People)* by [Eugène Delacroix](/source/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix) personifies the French motherland.

A **homeland** is a place where a national or ethnic identity has formed. The definition can also mean simply one's country of birth.[1] When used as a [proper noun](/source/Proper_noun), the Homeland, as well as its equivalents in other languages, often has [ethnic nationalist](/source/Ethnic_nationalism) connotations. A homeland may also be referred to as a *fatherland*, a *motherland*, or a *mother country*, depending on the [culture](/source/Culture) and [language](/source/Language) of the nationality in question.

## Motherland

"Motherland" and "Mother country" redirect here. For other uses, see [Motherland (disambiguation)](/source/Motherland_(disambiguation)) and [Mother Country (disambiguation)](/source/Mother_Country_(disambiguation)).

Further information: [Metropolis](/source/Metropolis)

[Bharat Mata](/source/Bharat_Mata) (Mother India) statue accompanied by a lion at [Yanam, India](/source/Yanam%2C_India)

Motherland refers to a *mother country*, i.e. the place in which somebody grew up or had lived for a long enough period that somebody has formed their own cultural identity, the place that one's ancestors lived for generations, or the place that somebody regards as home, or a [Metropole](/source/Metropole) in contrast to its colonies. People often refer to [Mother Russia](/source/Personifications_of_Russia) as a personification of the Russian nation. The [Philippines](/source/Philippines) is also considered as a motherland which is derived from the word "*Inang Bayan*" which means "Motherland". Within the [British Empire](/source/British_Empire), many natives in the colonies came to think of [Britain](/source/United_Kingdom) as the mother country of one, large nation. [India](/source/India) is often personified as [Bharat Mata](/source/Bharat_Mata) (Mother India). The French commonly refer to France as "la mère patrie";[2] [Hispanic](/source/Hispanic) countries that were former Spanish viceroyalties commonly referred to [Spain](/source/Spain) as "*la Madre Patria*". [Armenians](/source/Armenian_people) refer to [Armenia](/source/Armenia) as "Mer Hayrenik" (lit: mother homeland.). [Kathleen Ni Houlihan](/source/Kathleen_Ni_Houlihan) is a mythical symbol of Irish nationalism found in literature and art including work by [W.B. Yeats](/source/W._B._Yeats) and [Seán O'Casey](/source/Se%C3%A1n_O'Casey), She was an emblem during colonial rule, and became associated with the [Irish Republican Army](/source/Irish_Republican_Army) in Northern Ireland, especially during [The Troubles](/source/The_Troubles).

## Fatherland

"Fatherland" redirects here. For other uses, see [Fatherland (disambiguation)](/source/Fatherland_(disambiguation)).

[Postcard](/source/Postcard) of an Austrian and a German soldier in the [First World War](/source/First_World_War) with the text "Shoulder to shoulder, hand in hand, for God, Emperor and Fatherland."

Fatherland is the nation of one's "fathers", "[forefathers](/source/Forefathers)", or [ancestors](/source/Ancestor). The word can also mean the country of nationality, the country in which somebody grew up, the country that somebody's ancestors lived in for generations, or the country that somebody regards as home, depending on how the individual uses it.[3] It can be viewed as a [nationalist](/source/Nationalism) concept, in so far as it is evocative of emotions related to family ties and links them to national identity and patriotism. It can be compared to motherland and homeland, and some languages will use more than one of these terms.[4]

The [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) *patris*, fatherland, led to *patrios*, *of our fathers* and thence to the [Latin](/source/Latin) *patriota* and [Old French](/source/Old_French) *patriote*, meaning compatriot; from these the English word [patriotism](/source/Patriotism) is derived. Romans and the subjects of [Rome](/source/Rome) saw [Italy](/source/Italy) as the fatherland (*patria* or *terrarum parens*) of the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire), in contrast to [Roman provinces](/source/Roman_provinces).[5][6] The related [Ancient Roman](/source/Ancient_Rome) word *Patria* led to similar forms in modern [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages).

The term fatherland is used throughout Europe where a [Germanic](/source/Germanic_languages) language is spoken. In Dutch *vaderland* is used in the national anthem, "[Het Wilhelmus](/source/Het_Wilhelmus)", which lyrics are written around 1570. It is also common to refer to the national history as *vaderlandse geschiedenis*.

In German, the term *Vaterland* became more prominent in the 19th century. It appears in numerous patriotic songs and poems, such as Hoffmann's song *[Lied der Deutschen](/source/Lied_der_Deutschen)* which became the national anthem in 1922. German government [propaganda](/source/Propaganda) used its appeal to nationalism when making references to Germany and the state.[7][8] It was used in *[Mein Kampf](/source/Mein_Kampf)*,[9] and on a sign in a German [concentration camp](/source/Concentration_camp), also signed, [Adolf Hitler](/source/Adolf_Hitler).[10]

Because of the use of *Vaterland* in Nazi-German war propaganda, the term "Fatherland" in English has become associated with domestic British and American anti-Nazi propaganda during [World War II](/source/World_War_II). This is not the case in Germany itself, or in other Germanic speaking and Eastern European countries, where the word remains used in the usual patriotic contexts.

Terms equating "Fatherland" in Germanic languages:

- Afrikaans: *Vaderland*

- Danish: *fædreland*

- Dutch (Flemish): *vaderland*[11]

- West Frisian: *heitelân*

- German: *Vaterland*[12] (as in the national anthem [Das Lied der Deutschen](/source/Deutschlandlied), also [Austrians](/source/Austrians), the [Swiss](/source/Swiss_people) as in the national anthem [Swiss Psalm](/source/Swiss_Psalm) and [Liechtensteiners](/source/Liechtensteiners))

- Icelandic: *föðurland*

- Norwegian: *fedreland*

- Swedish: *fäderneslandet* (besides the more common *fosterlandet*; the word *faderlandet* also exists in Swedish but is never used for Sweden itself, but for other countries such as Germany).

A corresponding term is often used in Slavic languages, in:

- [Russian](/source/Russian_language) *otechestvo* (отечество) or *otchizna* (отчизна)

- [Polish](/source/Polish_language) *ojczyzna* in common language literally meaning "fatherland", *ziemia ojców* literally meaning "land of fathers",[13] sometimes used in the phrase *ziemia ojców naszych*[14] literally meaning "land of our fathers" (besides rarer name *macierz* "motherland")

- [Ukrainian](/source/Ukrainian_language) *batʹkivshchyna* (батьківщина) or *vitchyzna* (вітчизна).

- [Czech](/source/Czech_language) *otčina* (although the normal Czech term for "homeland" is *vlast*)

- the [Belarusians](/source/Belarusians) as Бацькаўшчына (*Baćkaŭščyna*)

- [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian) *otadžbina* (отаџбина) meaning "fatherland", *domovina* (домовина) meaning "homeland", *dedovina* (дедовина) or *djedovina* meaning "grandfatherland" or "land of grandfathers"

- [Bulgarian](/source/Bulgarian_language) татковина (*tatkovina*) as well as *otechestvo* (Отечество)

- [Macedonian](/source/Macedonian_language) татковина (*tatkovina*)

### Other groups that refer to their native country as a "fatherland"

Groups with languages that refer to their native country as a "fatherland" include:

- the [Arabs](/source/Arabs) as أرض الآباء *'arḍ al-'abā'* ("land of the fathers")

- the [Albanians](/source/Albanians) as *Atdhe*

- the [Amharas](/source/Amhara_people) as አባት አገር (*Abbat Ager*)

- the [Arakanese](/source/Rakhine_people) as A pha rakhaing pray (အဖရခိုင်ပြည်)

- the [Chechens](/source/Chechens) as *Daimokh*

- the [Estonians](/source/Estonians) as *isamaa* (as in the national anthem [Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm](/source/Mu_isamaa%2C_mu_%C3%B5nn_ja_r%C3%B5%C3%B5m))

- the [Finns](/source/Finns) as *isänmaa*

- the [Georgians](/source/Georgians) as *Samshoblo* (სამშობლო - "[land] of parents") or *Mamuli* (მამული)

- the [Ancient Greeks](/source/Ancient_Greeks) as πατρίς *patris*

- the [Ancient Romans](/source/Ancient_Rome) as *patria “fatherland”*

- the [Greeks](/source/Greeks) as πατρίδα *patrida*'

- the [Kazakhs](/source/Kazakhs) as *atameken*

- the [Kyrgyz](/source/Kyrgyz_people) as *ata meken*

- the [Latvians](/source/Latvians) as tēvzeme

- the [Lithuanians](/source/Lithuanians) as *tėvynė*

- the [Nigerians](/source/Nigerians) as *fatherland*

- the [Oromo](/source/Oromo_people) as *Biyya Abaa*

- the [Pakistanis](/source/Pakistanis) as *Vatan* (madar-e-watan means motherland. Not fatherland)

- the [Somali](/source/Somali_people) as *Dhulka Abaa*, land of the father

- the [Thais](/source/Thai_people) as *pituphum* (ปิตุภูมิ), the word is adapted from *[Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit)*

- the [Tibetans](/source/Tibet) as ཕ་ཡུལ (*pha yul*)

- the [Welsh](/source/Welsh_people) as *Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau*, 'the ancient land of my fathers'

### Romance languages

In [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages), a common way to refer to one's home country is *Patria/Pátria/Patrie* which has the same connotation as *Fatherland*, that is, the nation of our parents/fathers (From the Latin, Pater, father). As *patria* has feminine gender, it is usually used in expressions related to one's mother, as in Italian *la Madrepatria*, Spanish *la Madre Patria* or Portuguese *a Pátria Mãe* (Mother Fatherland). Examples include:

- the [Esperantists](/source/Esperantist) as *patrio*, *patrolando* or *patrujo*

- [Aragonese](/source/Aragonese_language), [Asturian](/source/Asturian_language), [Franco-Provençal](/source/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language), [Galician](/source/Galician_language), [Italian](/source/Italian_language), [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) (in its many dialects): *Patria*

- [Catalan](/source/Catalan_language): *Pàtria*

- [Occitans](/source/Occitan_language): *Patrìo*

- [French](/source/French_language): *Patrie*

- [Romanian](/source/Romanian_language): *Patrie*

- [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language): *Pátria*

### Multiple references to parental forms

- the [Armenians](/source/Armenians), as *Hayrenik* (Հայրենիք), home. The national anthem [Mer Hayrenik](/source/Mer_Hayrenik) translates as *Our Fatherland*

- the [Azerbaijanis](/source/Azerbaijanis) as *Ana vətən* (lit. mother homeland; vətən from Arabic) or *Ata ocağı* (lit. father's [hearth](/source/Hearth))

- the [Bosniaks](/source/Bosniaks) as *Otadžbina* (Отаџбина), although *Domovina* (Домовина) is sometimes used colloquially meaning *homeland*

- the [Chinese](/source/China) as *zǔguó* (祖国 or 祖國 ([traditional chinese](/source/Traditional_chinese)), "land of ancestors"), *zǔguómǔqīn* (祖国母亲 or 祖國母親, "ancestral land, the mother") is frequently used.

- the [Czechs](/source/Czechs) as *vlast*, *power* or (rarely) *otčina*, fatherland

- the [Hungarians](/source/Hungarians) as *szülőföld* (literally: "bearing land" or "parental land")

- the [Indians](/source/Indian_people) as मातृभूमि literally meaning "motherland", or पितृभूमि translating to "fatherland" in the Indo-Aryan liturgical tradition

- the [Kurds](/source/Kurds) as *warê bav û kalan* meaning "land of the fathers and the grandfathers"

- the [Japanese](/source/Japanese_people) as *sokoku* (祖国, "land of ancestors")

- the [Koreans](/source/Koreans) as *joguk* (조국, [Hanja](/source/Hanja): 祖國, "land of ancestors")

- [French speakers](/source/French_language): *Patrie*, although they also use *la mère patrie*, which includes the idea of motherland

- the [Latvians](/source/Latvians) as *tēvija* or *tēvzeme* (although *dzimtene* – roughly translated as "place that somebody grew up" – is more neutral and used more commonly nowadays)

- the [Burmese](/source/Bamar_people) as အမိမြေ (ami-myay) literally meaning "motherland"

- the [Persians](/source/Persian_people) as *Sarzamin e Pedari (Fatherland), Sarzamin e Mādari (Motherland) or Mihan (Home)*

- the [Poles](/source/Polish_people) as *ojczyzna* (*ojczyzna* is derived from *ojciec*, Polish for father, but *ojczyzna* itself and *Polska* are [feminine](/source/Grammatical_gender), so it can also be translated as motherland), also an [archaism](/source/Archaism) *macierz* "mother" is rarely used.

- the [Russians](/source/Russians), as *Otechestvo* (отечество) or *Otchizna* (отчизна), both words derived from *отец*, Russian for father. *Otechestvo* is [neuter](/source/Grammatical_gender), *otchizna* is [feminine](/source/Grammatical_gender).

- the [Slovenes](/source/Slovenes) as *očetnjava*, although *domovina* (homeland) is more common.

- the [Swedes](/source/Swedish_people) as *fäderneslandet*, although *fosterlandet* is more common (meaning the land that fostered/raised a person)

- the [Vietnamese](/source/Vietnamese_people) as *Tổ quốc* ([Chữ Nôm](/source/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m): 祖國, "land of ancestors")

## In Hebrew

[Jews](/source/Jews), especially Modern-Day Israelis, use several different terms, all referring to [Israel](/source/Israel), including:

- *Moledet* (מולדת; Birth Land). The most analogous Hebrew word to the English term 'Homeland'.

- *Erets Israel* (ארץ ישראל; Land of Israel). This is the most common usage.

- *Haarets* (הארץ; The Land). This is used by Israelis, and Jews abroad, when making distinctions between Israel and other countries in conversation.

- *Haarets Hamuvtachat* (הארץ המובטחת; The Promised Land). This is a term with historical and religious connotations.

- *Erets Zion* (ארץ ציון; Land of Zion; Land of Jerusalem). Notably use in [The Israeli Anthem](/source/Hatikvah).

- *Erets Avot* (ארץ אבות; Land of the Fathers). This is a common biblical and literary usage. Equivalent to 'Fatherland'.

- *Erets Zavat Chalav Oudvash* (ארץ זבת חלב ודבש; Land Flowing with Milk and Honey). This is a biblical term which is still sometimes used.

- *Haarets Hatova* (הארץ הטובה; The Good Land). Originated in the [Book of Deuteronomy](/source/Book_of_Deuteronomy).

## Uses by country

- The [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) created homelands for some minorities in the 1920s, including the [Volga German ASSR](/source/Volga_German_ASSR) and the [Jewish Autonomous Oblast](/source/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast). In the case of the Volga German ASSR, these homelands were later abolished, and their inhabitants deported to either [Siberia](/source/Siberia) or the [Kazakh SSR](/source/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic).

- In the [United States](/source/United_States), the [Department of Homeland Security](/source/Department_of_Homeland_Security) was created soon after the [11 September 2001, terrorist attacks](/source/September_11%2C_2001_attacks), as a means to centralize response to various [threats](/source/Imminent_threat). In a June 2002 column, [Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)) consultant and speechwriter [Peggy Noonan](/source/Peggy_Noonan) expressed the hope that the [Bush administration](/source/George_W._Bush_administration) would change the name of the department, writing that, "The name Homeland Security grates on a lot of people, understandably. *Homeland* isn't really an American word, it's not something we used to say or say now".[15] Since the [2020 presidential election](/source/2020_presidential_election) and Donald Trump's second presidential term, there has been an increase of the term Homeland used in American politics, with the [Department of Homeland Security](/source/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security) and [U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement](/source/United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement) (ICE) often using phrases such as "Defend the Homeland" in campaign media and encouraging an implied defense of America by recruiting "*patriotic, brave Americans"* to remove "*Murderers, rapists, terrorists, and child pedophiles"* who are "*criminal illegal aliens"*[16]

- In the [apartheid](/source/History_of_South_Africa_in_the_Apartheid_Era) era in [South Africa](/source/South_Africa), the concept was given a different meaning. The white government had designated approximately 25% of its non-desert territory for black tribal settlement. Whites and other non-blacks were restricted from owning land or settling in those areas. After 1948 they were gradually granted an increasing level of "home-rule". From 1976 several of these regions were granted independence. Four of them were declared independent nations by South Africa, but were unrecognized as independent countries by any other nation besides each other and South Africa. The territories set aside for the African inhabitants were also known as [bantustans](/source/Bantustans).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- In Australia, the term refers to relatively small Aboriginal settlements (referred to also as "outstations") where people with close kinship ties share lands significant to them for cultural reasons. Many such homelands are found across Western Australia, the Northern Territory, and Queensland. The [homeland movement](/source/Homeland_movement) gained momentum in the 1970 and 1980s. Not all homelands are permanently occupied owing to seasonal or cultural reasons.[17] Much of their funding and support have been withdrawn since the 2000s.[18]

- In [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language), the concept of "homeland", especially in the patriotic sense, is "*ana vatan*" (lit. mother homeland), while "*baba ocağı*" (lit. father's [hearth](/source/Hearth)) is used to refer to one's childhood home. (Note: The Turkish word "*ocak*" has the double meaning of *january* and *fireplace*, like the Spanish "*hogar*", which can mean "home" or "hearth".)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Land of one's home

In some languages, there are additional words that refer specifically to the place where one is home to, but is narrower in scope than one's nation, and often have some sort of nostalgic, fantastic, heritage connection, for example:

- In German language, *[heimat](/source/Heimat)*.

- In Russian language, малая родина, *malaya rodina*, little motherland.

- In Dutch and Afrikaans, *t(h)uisland*, equivalent to the term [bantustan](/source/Bantustan)

- In Japanese language, *kokyō,*or*, furusato* (故郷), or *kyōdo* (郷土).

- In Chinese languages, 故乡; 故鄉; *gùxiāng* or 家乡; 家鄉; *jiāxiāng*.

- In Vietnamese language, *cố hương*.

- In Korean language, 고향, *gohyang*, 故鄕.

## See also

- [Diaspora politics](/source/Diaspora_politics)

- [Heimat](/source/Heimat)

- [Homeland security](/source/Homeland_security)

- [Mother tongue](/source/Mother_tongue)

- [Separatism](/source/Separatism)

- [Secession](/source/Secession)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Definition of Homeland"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homeland). *merriam-webster.com*. Retrieved 23 December 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Pitroipa, Abdel (14 July 2010). ["Ces tirailleurs sénégalais qui ont combattu pour la France"](http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/ces-tirailleurs-senegalais-qui-ont-combattu-pour-la-france_906248.html). *[L'Express](/source/L'Express)* (in French). Retrieved 14 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Definition of FATHERLAND"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fatherland). *merriam-webster.com*. Retrieved 8 January 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** James, Caroline (May 2015). ["Identity Crisis: Motherland or Fatherland?"](http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2015/05/identity-crisis-motherland-fatherland/). *[Oxford Dictionaries](/source/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website))*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150511021937/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2015/05/identity-crisis-motherland-fatherland/) from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Bloomsbury Publishing](/source/Bloomsbury_Publishing) (20 November 2013). [*Historiae Mundi: Studies in Universal History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hb6OAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97). [A&C Black](/source/A%26C_Black). p. 97. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781472519801](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472519801).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Anthon, Charles](/source/Charles_Anthon) (1867). [*Eneid of Virgil*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ck0wSTQal48C&pg=PA330).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Wierzbicka_1997_7-0)** Wierzbicka, Anna (21 July 1997). [*Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words : English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6YJjY9qBv9kC&pg=PA173). [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). pp. 173–175. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-535849-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535849-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-WoW_8-0)** Stargardt, Nicholas (18 December 2007). [*Witnesses of War: Children's Lives Under the Nazis*](https://books.google.com/books?id=12PauR6bjrIC&pg=PA328). [Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group](/source/Knopf_Doubleday_Publishing_Group). p. 328. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780307430304](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307430304).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Wilensky, Gabriel (2010). [*Six Million Crucifixions*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mJN8Bqvp30cC&pg=PA85). QWERTY Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780984334643](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780984334643). What we have to fight for is the freedom and independence of the fatherland, so that our people may be enabled to fulfill the mission assigned to it by the creator

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Nazi Germany reveals official pictures of its concentration camps"](https://books.google.com/books?id=9EEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22). *[Life](/source/Life_(magazine))*. Vol. 7, no. 8. [Time Inc](/source/Time_Inc). 21 August 1939. p. 22. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0024-3019](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019). There is a road to freedom. Its milestones are Obedience, Endeavor, Honesty, Order, Cleanliness, Sobriety, Truthfulness, Sacrifice, and love of the Fatherland.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** [Wilhelmus](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_U2HsdbbDgI)-YouTube

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** [Vaterland](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqAKJdv3fqU)-YouTube

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Ziemia Ojców"](http://zpl.lt/2012/04/ziemia-ojcow/). 16 April 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Ziemia Ojców Naszych"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160514025214/http://83.18.193.5/cku/index.php/component/content/article/244-2014-11-07-11-48-07.html). Archived from [the original](http://83.18.193.5/cku/index.php/component/content/article/244-2014-11-07-11-48-07.html) on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Noonan, Peggy (14 June 2002). ["Rudy's Duty. Plus: Homeland ain't no American word"](http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/pnoonan/?id=110001838). *The Wall Street Journal*. Retrieved 27 January 2026.{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["DHS Launches 'Defend the Homeland' Nationwide to Recruit Patriots to Join ICE Law Enforcement And Remove Worst of the Worst from U.S. | Homeland Security"](https://www.dhs.gov/news/2025/07/29/dhs-launches-defend-homeland-nationwide-recruit-patriots-join-ice-law-enforcement). *www.dhs.gov*. Retrieved 21 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Horton, David, ed. (1994). [*The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia*](/source/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Aboriginal_Australia). Aboriginal Studies Press.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Peterson, Nicolas; [Myers, Fred](/source/Fred_Myers), eds. (January 2016). [*Experiments in self-determination: Histories of the outstation movement in Australia \[blurb\]*](https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/monographs-anthropology/experiments-self-determination). Monographs in Anthropology. ANU Press. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.22459/ESD.01.2016](https://doi.org/10.22459%2FESD.01.2016). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781925022902](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925022902). Retrieved 2 August 2020.

## Further reading

- [*Landscape and Memory*](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29596504) by [Simon Schama](/source/Simon_Schama) (Random House, 1995)

## External links

- [Nationalism and Ethnicity – A Theoretical Overview](https://web.archive.org/web/20110310161750/http://www.caucasus.dk/chapter2.htm#_Toc448816639)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Homeland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.