# Highland Chinantec language
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> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Highland_Chinantec_language.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Chinantec_language
> Source revision: 1330598435
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
{{Short description|Oto-Mangue language spoken in Mexico}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Highland Chinantec
| nativename = {{lang|mul|Jmii’}}
| states = [Mexico](/source/Mexico)
| region = [Oaxaca](/source/Oaxaca) Highlands
| ethnicity = [Chinantecs](/source/Chinantecs)
| speakers = 10,000
| date = 1990–1998
| ref = e18
| familycolor = oto-manguean
| fam1 = [Oto-Mangue](/source/Oto-Manguean_languages)
| fam2 = Western Oto-Mangue
| fam3 = Oto-Pame–Chinantecan
| fam4 = [Chinantec](/source/Chinantec_language)
| dia1 = Quiotepec Chinantec
| dia2 = Comaltepec Chinantec
| dia3 = Yolox Chinantec
| lc1 = chq
| ld1 = Quiotepec Chinantec
| lc2 = cco
| ld2 = Comaltepec Chinantec
| glotto = chin1488
| glottorefname = Chinantec Group V
| ELP = 9874
| ELPname = Sierra Chinantec
}}
'''Highland Chinantec''' is a [Chinantecan language](/source/Chinantecan_language) of Mexico, spoken in [Comaltepec](/source/Santiago_Comaltepec), [San Juan Quiotepec](/source/San_Juan_Quiotepec), and surrounding towns in northern [Oaxaca](/source/Oaxaca). It has a complex system of tone and vowel length compared to other Chinantec languages. The two principal varieties, Quiotepec and Comaltepec, have marginal mutual intelligibility. Yolox Chinantec is somewhat less divergent.
== Phonology ==
=== Comaltepec ===
The following are sounds of Comaltepec Chinantec:[Anderson, Judi Lynn, Martínez, Isaac H., & Pace, Wanda. (1990). Comaltepec Chinantec Tone. In William R. Merrifield & Calvin R. Rensch (Eds.), ''Syllables, Tone, and Verb Paradigms: Studies in Chinantec Languages 4'' (pp. 3-20). Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.][Silverman, Daniel. (1997). Tone Sandhi in Comaltepec Chinantec. ''Language, 73''(3), 473-492.]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants
! colspan="2"| !! [Labial](/source/Labial_consonant)!! [Alveolar](/source/Alveolar_consonant)!! [Retroflex](/source/Retroflex_consonant)!! [Palatal](/source/Palatal_consonant)!! [Velar](/source/Velar_consonant)!! [Laryngeal](/source/Laryngeal_consonant)
|-
! colspan="2"| [Nasal](/source/Nasal_consonant)
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || || ({{IPA link|ɲ}}) || {{IPA link|ŋ}} ||
|-
! rowspan="2"|[Stop](/source/Stop_consonant) &
[Affricate](/source/Affricate)
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t}} || || {{IPA link|tʃ}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|ᵐb}} || {{IPA link|ⁿd}} || || {{IPA link|ⁿdʒ}} || {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}} ||
|-
! rowspan="2"|[Fricative](/source/Fricative)
! {{small|voiceless}}
| ({{IPA link|f}}) || {{IPA link|s}} || ({{IPA link|ʂ}}) || ({{IPA link|ʃ}}) || ({{IPA link|x}}) || {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| || || ({{IPA link|ʐ}}) || || ||
|-
! colspan="2"| [Lateral](/source/Lateral_consonant)
| || {{IPA link|l}} || || || ||
|-
! colspan="2"| [Approximant](/source/Approximant)
| || || || {{IPA link|j}} || {{IPA link|w}} ||
|}
:1. Parenthesised sounds are loans, allophones, or free variants
:2. Voiced stops are frequently prenasalised
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels
! !! [Front](/source/Front_vowel)!! [Central](/source/Central_vowel)!! [Back](/source/Back_vowel)
|-
! [High](/source/High_vowel)
| {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|ɨ}} || {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [Mid](/source/Mid_vowel)
| {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|ʌ}} || {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [Low](/source/Low_vowel)
| {{IPA link|æ}} || || {{IPA link|a}}
|}
;Tones
{{empty section|date=December 2020}}
=== Quiotepec ===
The following are sounds of Quiotepec Chinantec:[Robbins, Frank E. (1961). Quiotepec Chinantec Syllable Patterning. ''International Journal of American Linguistics, 27''(3), 237-250.]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Consonants
! colspan="2"| !! [Labial](/source/Labial_consonant)!! [Alveolar](/source/Alveolar_consonant)!! [Palatal](/source/Palatal_consonant)!! [Velar](/source/Velar_consonant)!! [Laryngeal](/source/Laryngeal_consonant)
|-
! colspan="2"| [Nasal](/source/Nasal_consonant)
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || {{IPA link|ɲ}} || {{IPA link|ŋ}} ||
|-
! rowspan="2"|[Stop](/source/Stop_consonant)
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|tʲ}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|dʲ}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} ||
|-
! rowspan="2"|[Fricative](/source/Fricative)
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|ç}} || || {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|β}} || {{IPA link|ð}}|| {{IPA link|ʝ}} || {{IPA link|ɣ}} ||
|-
! colspan="2"| [Lateral](/source/Lateral_consonant)
| || {{IPA link|l}} || || ||
|-
! colspan="2" |[Approximant](/source/Approximant)
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! colspan="2"| [Trill](/source/Trill_consonant)
| || {{IPA link|r}} || || ||
|}
:1. /{{IPA link|β}}/ is heard as a glide [{{IPA link|w}}] after /{{IPA link|k}}/.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [Front](/source/Front_vowel)
!colspan=2| [Back](/source/Back_vowel)
|-
! {{small|unrounded}} || {{small|rounded}}
! {{small|unrounded}} || {{small|rounded}}
|-
! [High](/source/High_vowel)
| {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|y}}
| {{IPA link|ɯ}}|| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [Low](/source/Low_vowel)
| {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|ø}}
| {{IPA link|a}} || {{IPA link|o}}
|}
;Tones
{{empty section|date=December 2020}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Chinantecan languages}}
{{Oto-Manguean languages}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Chinantec languages
---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Highland Chinantec language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Chinantec_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Chinantec_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.