# Hesionidae

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Family of annelids

Hesionidae Oxydromus pugettensis Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Clade: Pleistoannelida Subclass: Errantia Order: Phyllodocida Suborder: Nereidiformia Family: Hesionidae Grube, 1850 Subfamilies Hesioninae Microphthalminae Ophiodrominae and see text

*[Sirsoe methanicola](/source/Sirsoe_methanicola)*

**Hesionidae** are a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of [phyllodocid](/source/Phyllodocida) bristle worms ([class](/source/Class_(biology)) [Polychaeta](/source/Polychaeta)). They are (like almost all polychaetes) [marine organisms](/source/Marine_organism). Most are found on the [continental shelf](/source/Continental_shelf); *[Hesiocaeca methanicola](/source/Hesiocaeca_methanicola)* is found on [methane ice](/source/Methane_ice), where it feeds on [bacterial](/source/Bacteria) [biofilms](/source/Biofilm).[1]

A characteristic [apomorphy](/source/Apomorph) of the Hesionidae are the [cirrophores](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirrophore&action=edit&redlink=1) of the [anterior](/source/Anterior) [segments](/source/Segment_(biology)), which are well-developed cup-like sheaths; the [cirri](/source/Cirrus_(biology)) of the subsequent segments insert into the [parapodia](/source/Parapodia) directly, or with just a vestigial cirrophore.[2]

## Systematics

As [phyllodocids](/source/Phyllodocida), the Hesionidae belong to the [order](/source/Order_(biology)) [Aciculata](/source/Aciculata), one of the three main [clades](/source/Clade) of polychaetes. They appear to be part of the [basal](/source/Basal_(evolution)) radiation of the main lineage of phyllodocids, alongside such families as the [ragworms](/source/Ragworm) (Nereididae), the [Pilargidae](/source/Pilargidae) and [Sphaerodoridae](/source/Sphaerodoridae) which are closely related to each other, the very ancient [Syllidae](/source/Syllidae), and perhaps the more advanced [catworms](/source/Catworm) (Nephtyidae). [3]

Numerous genera are still treated as Hesionidae *[incertae sedis](/source/Incertae_sedis)*, not reliably assignable to either of the three generally recognized hesionid [subfamilies](/source/Subfamilies):[4]

- *[Alikuhnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alikuhnia&action=edit&redlink=1)* (including *Anophthalmus* Alikunhi, 1949 (non Schmidt, 1844: [preoccupied](/source/Anophthalmus)))

- *[Anoplonereis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anoplonereis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Giard, 1882

- *[Cirrosyllis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirrosyllis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Schmarda, 1861

- *[Elisesione](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisesione&action=edit&redlink=1)* Salazar-Vallejo, 2016[5]

- *[Friedericiella](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedericiella&action=edit&redlink=1)*

- *[Hesiodeira](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesiodeira&action=edit&redlink=1)* Blake & Hilbig, 1990

- *[Hesiolyra](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesiolyra&action=edit&redlink=1)* Blake, 1985 (sometimes separated in [monotypic](/source/Monotypic) subfamily Hesiolyrinae)

- *[Hesionella](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesionella&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hartman, 1939

- *[Heteropodarke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heteropodarke&action=edit&redlink=1)* Pleijel, 1999

- *[Leocratides](/source/Leocratides)* Ehlers, 1908

- *[Mahesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahesia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Westheide, 2000

- *[Neopodarke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neopodarke&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hartman, 1965

- *[Orseis](/source/Orseis_(annelid))* Ehlers, 1864

- *[Oxydromus](/source/Oxydromus)* Grube, 1855

- *[Parahesione](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parahesione&action=edit&redlink=1)* Pettibone, 1956

- *[Parapodarke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parapodarke&action=edit&redlink=1)* Czerniavsky, 1882

- *[Periboea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periboea_(annelid)&action=edit&redlink=1)* Ehlers, 1864

- *[Podarke](/source/Podarke_(genus))* Ehlers, 1864

- *[Pseudosyllidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudosyllidia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Czerniavsky, 1882

- *[Sinohesione](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinohesione&action=edit&redlink=1)* Westheide, Purschke & Mangerich, 1994

- *[Sirsoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirsoe&action=edit&redlink=1)* Pleijel, 1998

- *[Struwela](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Struwela&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hartmann-Schröder, 1959

[6]

## Footnotes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Fisher-NatWis_1-0)** C. R. Fisher; I.'R. MacDonald; R. Sassen; C. M. Young; S. A. Macko; S. Hourdez; R. S. Carney; S. Joye; E. McMullin (2000). ["Methane ice worms: *Hesiocaeca methanicola* colonizing fossil fuel reserves"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060220001902/http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/Ecophy/PDF/00-Fisher-NatWis.pdf) (PDF). *[Naturwissenschaften](/source/Naturwissenschaften)*. **87** (4): 184–187. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2000NW.....87..184F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000NW.....87..184F). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s001140050700](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001140050700). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10840806](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10840806). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [24068068](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24068068). Archived from [the original](http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/Ecophy/PDF/00-Fisher-NatWis.pdf) (PDF) on 2006-02-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Pleijel *et al.* (2008)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Rouse & Fauchald (1998)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Pleijel *et al.* (2008), WoRMS (2008)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Salazar-Vallejo SI (2016) Elisesione, a new name for Wesenbergia Hartman, 1955, and the description of a new species (Annelida, Hesionidae). ZooKeys 632: 1-12. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/zookeys.632.9652](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.632.9652).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Pleijel, Fredrik (1998). ["Phylogeny and classification of Hesionidae (Polychaeta)"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1998.tb00433.x). *Zoologica Scripta*. **27** (2): 89–163. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1463-6409.1998.tb00433.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.1998.tb00433.x).

## References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Hesionidae](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hesionidae).

- Pleijel, Fredrik; Rouse, Greg W.; Ruta, Christine; Wiklund, Helena & Nygren, Arne (2008): *Vrijenhoekia balaenophila*, a new hesionid polychaete from a whale fall off California. *[Zool. J. Linn. Soc.](/source/Zoological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society)* **152**(4): 625–634. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00360.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2007.00360.x) (HTML abstract)

- Rouse, Greg W. & Fauchald, Kristian (1998): Recent views on the status, delineation, and classification of the Annelida. *[Am. Zool.](/source/American_Zoologist)* **38**(6): 953–964. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/icb/38.6.953](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F38.6.953) [PDF fulltext](http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/38/6/953.pdf)[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- [World Register of Marine Species](/source/World_Register_of_Marine_Species) (WoRMS) (2008): [Hesionidae](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=946). Version of 2008-MAR-26. Retrieved 2009-FEB-23.

Taxon identifiers Hesionidae Wikidata: Q3655255 Wikispecies: Hesionidae ADW: Hesionidae AFD: Hesionidae BioLib: 83261 BOLD: 25266 CoL: 84K97 EoL: 99 GBIF: 6969 iNaturalist: 195030 IRMNG: 108650 ITIS: 65467 NBN: NHMSYS0021048933 NCBI: 115834 NZOR: 06a54405-f914-4e75-8169-3a97c9d1c62b Open Tree of Life: 151154 Paleobiology Database: 354966 WoRMS: 946

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hesionidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesionidae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesionidae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.