# Herpothallon

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Genus of lichens

Herpothallon Herpothallon rubrocinctum Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Arthoniomycetes Order: Arthoniales Family: Arthoniaceae Genus: Herpothallon Tobler (1937) Type species Herpothallon sanguineum (Vain.) Tobler (1937) Species See text Synonyms[1] Hypochnus Fr. ex Ehrenb. (1820)

***Herpothallon*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [crustose lichens](/source/Crustose_lichen) in the family [Arthoniaceae](/source/Arthoniaceae). It has about 50 species.[2]

## Taxonomy

The genus was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) in 1930 by German lichenologist [Friedrich Tobler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Tobler&action=edit&redlink=1), with *Herpothallon sanguineum* assigned as the [type species](/source/Type_species). Tobler erroneously believed that the fungus was a member of the [Basidiomycota](/source/Basidiomycota).[3][4] After it was recognized as an ascolichen, it was referred to either *[Chiodecton](/source/Chiodecton)* (family [Roccellaceae](/source/Roccellaceae)) or *[Cryptothecia](/source/Cryptothecia)* (family [Arthoniaceae](/source/Arthoniaceae)).[5]

In 2009, *Herpothallon* was resurrected following a publication by [André Aptroot](/source/Andr%C3%A9_Aptroot), Göran Thor, [Robert Lücking](/source/Robert_L%C3%BCcking), and [John Elix](/source/John_Alan_Elix), in which they recognized 29 species worldwide.[6] The type species is now known as *[Herpothallon rubrocinctum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_rubrocinctum&action=edit&redlink=1)*,[7] or in the [vernacular](/source/Common_name) as the "Christmas lichen".[8]

## Description

*Herpothallon* is characterized by the [byssoid](/source/Byssoid_lichen) (a wispy or cottony texture) prothallus (i.e., the first purely fungal layer upon which an algae-containing [thallus](/source/Thallus) develops) and hypothallus (i.e., a growth of undifferentiated purely fungal [mycelium](/source/Mycelium) present as a distinct layer on the underside of the thallus). The texture of the thallus is somewhat felt-like, and its form is heteromerous, meaning that more or less distinct tissues are present, in particular, the [mycobiont](/source/Mycobiont) and [photobiont](/source/Photobiont) components occur in well-marked layers, with the photobiont in a more or less distinct zone between the upper cortex and the [medulla](/source/Medulla_(lichenology)). Another thallus feature common to all species is the felty pseudoisidia; these are [isidia](/source/Isidia)-like outgrowths that, unlike true isidia, lack internal differentiation and have no distinct [cortex](/source/Cortex_(botany)). The thallus also has pustules (blister-like elevations), and [granules](/source/Granule_(cell_biology)) ranging in form and size from [soredia](/source/Soredia)-like to minute. The [photobiont](/source/Photobiont) partner of the *Herpothallon* lichen is from *[Trentepohlia](/source/Trentepohlia_(alga))*, a genus of [green algae](/source/Green_alga).[9] In *Herpothallon*, the [asci](/source/Ascus) do not develop in true [ascomata](/source/Ascomata). Only two members of the genus, *[H. fertile](/source/Herpothallon_fertile)* and *[H. inopinatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_inopinatum&action=edit&redlink=1)*, are known to be fertile.[10]

## Species

*Herpothallon*, not identified to species, in Amazonian Peru

As of July 2024[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon&action=edit), [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) accepts 49 species of *Herpothallon*.[11]

- *[Herpothallon adnatum](/source/Herpothallon_adnatum)* G.Thor (2009)[12]

- *[Herpothallon alae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_alae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sipman (2018)[13] – [Vanuatu](/source/Vanuatu)

- *[Herpothallon aurantiacoflavum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_aurantiacoflavum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (B.de Lesd.) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[14]

- *[Herpothallon australasicum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_australasicum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Elix) Elix & G.Thor (2009)[15]

- *[Herpothallon biacidum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_biacidum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Frisch, Elix & G.Thor (2010)[16] – Australia

- *[Herpothallon brialmonticum](/source/Herpothallon_brialmonticum)* Aptroot & Elix (2009)[17]

- *[Herpothallon capilliferum](/source/Herpothallon_capilliferum)* P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[18] – China

- *[Herpothallon cinereum](/source/Herpothallon_cinereum)* G.Thor (2009)[17]

- *[Herpothallon confluenticum](/source/Herpothallon_confluenticum)* Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[19]

- *[Herpothallon confusum](/source/Herpothallon_confusum)* G.Thor (2009)[20]

- *[Herpothallon corallinum](/source/Herpothallon_corallinum)* G.Thor (2009)[21]

- *[Herpothallon coralloides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_coralloides&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jagad.Ram (2014)[22] – [Andaman Islands](/source/Andaman_Islands)

- *[Herpothallon echinatum](/source/Herpothallon_echinatum)* Aptroot, Lücking & Will-Wolf (2009)[23]

- *[Herpothallon elegans](/source/Herpothallon_elegans)* G.Thor (2009)[24]

- *[Herpothallon fertile](/source/Herpothallon_fertile)* Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[25]

- *[Herpothallon flavominutum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_flavominutum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jagad.Ram, G.P.Sinha & Elix (2009)[9] – India

- *[Herpothallon furfuraceum](/source/Herpothallon_furfuraceum)* G.Thor (2009)[26]

- *[Herpothallon glaucescens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_glaucescens&action=edit&redlink=1)* L.L.Liu & Lu L.Zhang (2023)[27] – China

- *[Herpothallon globosum](/source/Herpothallon_globosum)* G.Thor (2009)[28]

- *[Herpothallon globuliferum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_globuliferum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jagad.Ram (2014)[22] – Andaman Islands

- *[Herpothallon granulare](/source/Herpothallon_granulare)* (Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[29]

- *[Herpothallon granulosum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_granulosum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jagad.Ram & G.P.Sinha (2009)[5] – India

- *[Herpothallon himalayanum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_himalayanum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jagad.Ram & G.P.Sinha (2009)[9] – India

- *[Herpothallon hypoprotocetraricum](/source/Herpothallon_hypoprotocetraricum)* G.Thor (2009)[29]

- *[Herpothallon hyposticticum](/source/Herpothallon_hyposticticum)* Bungartz & Elix (2013)[30] – [Galápagos Islands](/source/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands)

- *[Herpothallon inopinatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_inopinatum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Frisch & G.Thor (2014)[10] – Mexico

- *[Herpothallon isidiatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_isidiatum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jagad.Ram & G.P.Sinha (2009)[5] – India

- *[Herpothallon japonicum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_japonicum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Zahlbr.) G.Thor (2009)[31]

- *[Herpothallon kigeziense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_kigeziense&action=edit&redlink=1)* Frisch & G.Thor (2013)[32] – Uganda

- *[Herpothallon lilacinum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_lilacinum&action=edit&redlink=1)* L.L.Liu & Lu L.Zhang (2023)[27] – China

- *[Herpothallon lutescens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_lutescens&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jagad.Ram (2014)[22] – Andaman Islands

- *[Herpothallon minimum](/source/Herpothallon_minimum)* Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[33]

- *[Herpothallon minutum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_minutum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jagad.Ram (2014)[22] – Andaman Islands

- *[Herpothallon nigroisidiatum](/source/Herpothallon_nigroisidiatum)* G.Thor (2009)[34]

- *[Herpothallon philippinum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_philippinum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[35]

- *[Herpothallon polyisidiatum](/source/Herpothallon_polyisidiatum)* P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[18] – China

- *[Herpothallon psorpseudisidiatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_psorpseudisidiatum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot, L.A.Santos & M.Cáceres (2024)[36] – Brazil

- *[Herpothallon purpureum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_purpureum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot & M.F.Souza (2021)[37] – Brazil

- *[Herpothallon pustulatum](/source/Herpothallon_pustulatum)* G.Thor (2009)[38]

- *[Herpothallon queenslandicum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_queenslandicum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Elix) Elix (2009)[39]

- *[Herpothallon roseocinctum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_roseocinctum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fr.) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[40]

- *[Herpothallon rubrocinctoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_rubrocinctoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* (G.Thor) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[41]

- *[Herpothallon rubrocinctum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_rubrocinctum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ehrenb.) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[42]

- *[Herpothallon rubroechinatum](/source/Herpothallon_rubroechinatum)* Frisch & G.Thor (2010)[43]

- *[Herpothallon rubromaculatum](/source/Herpothallon_rubromaculatum)* G.Thor (2009)[44]

- *[Herpothallon saxorum](/source/Herpothallon_saxorum)* Bungartz & Elix (2013)[30] – Galápagos Islands

- *[Herpothallon subglobosum](/source/Herpothallon_subglobosum)* P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[18] – China

- *[Herpothallon tomentosum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_tomentosum&action=edit&redlink=1)* L.L.Liu & Lu L.Zhang (2023)[27] – China

- *[Herpothallon tricolor](/source/Herpothallon_tricolor)* Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2017)

- *[Herpothallon viridi-isidiatum](/source/Herpothallon_viridi-isidiatum)* P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[18] – China

- *[Herpothallon weii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpothallon_weii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Y.L.Cheng & H.Y.Wang (2012)[45] – China

## References

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAptrootThorLückingElix200958_39-0)** [Aptroot et al. 2009](#CITEREFAptrootThorLückingElix2009), p. 58.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAptrootThorLückingElix200959_40-0)** [Aptroot et al. 2009](#CITEREFAptrootThorLückingElix2009), p. 59.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAptrootThorLückingElix200950_41-0)** [Aptroot et al. 2009](#CITEREFAptrootThorLückingElix2009), p. 50.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAptrootThorLückingElix200961_42-0)** [Aptroot et al. 2009](#CITEREFAptrootThorLückingElix2009), p. 61.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Frisch_Thor_Elix_2010_43-0)** Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Elix, John (2010). "*Herpothallon rubroechinatum* (Arthoniaceae), a new species from tropical and subtropical America". *The Bryologist*. **113** (1): 144–148. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1639/0007-2745-113.1.144](https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0007-2745-113.1.144).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAptrootThorLückingElix200963_44-0)** [Aptroot et al. 2009](#CITEREFAptrootThorLückingElix2009), p. 63.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Cheng_et_al._2012_45-0)** Cheng, Yu-Liang; Ning, Jing; Xu, Hou-Ping; Zhang, Lu-Lu; Wang, Hai-Ying; Zhao, Zun-Tian (2012). ["*Herpothallon weii*, a new lichen from China"](http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0119/0439.htm). *Mycotaxon*. **119**: 439–443. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5248/119.439](https://doi.org/10.5248%2F119.439).

### Cited literature

- Aptroot, André; Thor, Göran; Lücking, Robert; Elix, John A.; Chaves, J.L. (2009). "The lichen genus *Herpothallon* reinstated". In Aptroot, André; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Sparrius, Laurens B. (eds.). *Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichens: Liber Amicorum Harrie Sipman*. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 99. J. Cramer. pp. 19–66. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-443-58078-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-443-58078-0).

Taxon identifiers Herpothallon Wikidata: Q10522484 Wikispecies: Herpothallon AusLichen: 30017804 CoL: 4VXX EoL: 15628897 GBIF: 2592639 iNaturalist: 463096 IndexFungorum: 2305 IRMNG: 1116818 MycoBank: 2305 NCBI: 714650 SpeciesFungorum: 2305

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Herpothallon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpothallon) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpothallon?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.