# Henry Samueli > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Henry_Samueli > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Henry_Samueli.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Samueli > Source revision: 1355455761 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|American businessman}} {{Use American English|date=April 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2014}} {{Infobox person | name = Henry Samueli | image = Henry Samueli, Bush and Anaheim Ducks (cropped).jpg | alt = Samueli wearing a black suit presenting a black hockey jersey labeled "Bush 07" to President George W. Bush. | caption = Samueli (center) in 2008 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|9|20}} | birth_place = [Buffalo, New York](/source/Buffalo%2C_New_York), U.S. | birth_name = | education = [University of California, Los Angeles](/source/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles) ([BS](/source/Bachelor_of_Science), [MS](/source/Master_of_Science), [PhD](/source/PhD)) | occupation = | known_for = Co-founder of [Broadcom Corporation](/source/Broadcom_Corporation)
Owner of the [Anaheim Ducks](/source/Anaheim_Ducks) | children = 3 | spouse = Susan Samueli | parents = | website = }} '''Henry Samueli''' (born September 20, 1954) is an American businessman and engineer. He is a co-founder of [Broadcom Corporation](/source/Broadcom_Corporation), owner of the [Anaheim Ducks](/source/Anaheim_Ducks) of the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League) (NHL), and a prominent [philanthropist](/source/philanthropist) in the [Orange County, California](/source/Orange_County%2C_California), community. He is chairman of [Broadcom Inc](/source/Broadcom_Inc). He is also a professor (on leave of absence) in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at UCLA, and a distinguished adjunct professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at [UC Irvine](/source/UC_Irvine). He holds [honorary doctorate degree](/source/honorary_doctorate_degree)s from the [Technion-Israel Institute of Technology](/source/Technion-Israel_Institute_of_Technology){{Cite web|url=https://www.technion.ac.il/en/technion-honors/|title=Technion Honors {{!}} Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|date=August 11, 2015|access-date=2017-12-01}} and the [National Chiao Tung University](/source/National_Chiao_Tung_University) in Taiwan.{{Cite web|url=http://www.nctu.edu.tw/outstandingnctu/honorarydr/248-105/649-henry-samueli|title=蘇麗尹. "Henry Samueli". www.nctu.edu.tw (in Chinese)|last=National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan|access-date=2017-12-01}} He is a named inventor in 75 [U.S. patent](/source/U.S._patent)s. He is a Fellow of the [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers](/source/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers) (IEEE) for contributions to VLSI architectures and realizations for high-bit rate digital communication systems. {{Cite web| url=https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellows/2000| title = IEEE Fellows 2000 | IEEE Communications Society}} He is also a Fellow of the [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/source/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences) (AAAS). He was also elected a member of the [National Academy of Engineering](/source/National_Academy_of_Engineering) (NAE) in 2003 for pioneering contributions to academic research and technology entrepreneurship in the broadband communications system-on-a-chip industry. In 2012, Samueli won the [Marconi Prize](/source/Marconi_Prize) and Fellowship for "pioneering advances in the development and commercialization of analog and mixed signal circuits for modern communication systems, in particular the cable modem.{{Cite web|url=http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/newsroom/featured-news/archive/2012/henry-samueli-wins-2012-marconi-prize|title=UCLA, School of Engineering. "Henry Samueli Wins 2012 Marconi Prize".|date=July 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722044538/http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/newsroom/featured-news/archive/2012/henry-samueli-wins-2012-marconi-prize|archive-date=July 22, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=November 27, 2012}}{{Cite web|url=http://marconisociety.org/fellows/henry-samueli/|title=Henry Samueli – Marconi Society|website=www.marconisociety.org|date=October 28, 2012 |access-date=2017-12-01}} He is the 80th [wealthiest person](/source/The_World's_Billionaires) in the world, with a net worth of [US$](/source/US%24)25.3 billion as of December 17, 2024, according to ''[Forbes](/source/Forbes)'' and the ''[Bloomberg Billionaires Index](/source/Bloomberg_Billionaires_Index)''. In 2026, he was elected to the [American Philosophical Society](/source/American_Philosophical_Society). ==Biography== === Early life and education === Samueli's parents, Sala and Aron, were [Polish-Jewish](/source/Polish-Jewish) [Holocaust survivors](/source/Holocaust_survivors).{{Cite web|url=https://www.chapman.edu/research/institutes-and-centers/holocaust-education/samueli-holocaust-memorial-library/index.aspx?hl=en-US|title=Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library}} They arrived in the United States with almost nothing.{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-24-fi-samueli24-story.html|title=Broadcom co-founder Samueli pleads guilty in stock options fraud case|author1=Reckard, E. Scott|author-link1=Christopher Goffard|author2=Goffard, Christopher|date=June 24, 2008|website=www.latimes.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2012/04/23/50-of-new-giving-pledge-donors-are-jewish/|title = 50% of New "Giving Pledge" Donors are Jewish}} Samueli stocked shelves in his family's Los Angeles liquor store and graduated from [Bancroft Junior High School](/source/Bancroft_Middle_School_(Los_Angeles%2C_California)) and [Fairfax High School](/source/Fairfax_High_School_(Los_Angeles)). Samueli became interested in electronics while building an AM/FM radio during a shop class at Bancroft. Samueli attended the [University of California, Los Angeles](/source/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles), where he received his [bachelor's degree](/source/bachelor's_degree) (1975), [master's degree](/source/master's_degree) (1976), and [Ph.D](/source/Doctor_of_Philosophy) (1980),{{Cite web|url=https://samueli.ucla.edu/henry-samueli/|title=Henry Samueli, Ph.D. {{!}} UCLA Samueli School Of Engineering|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-18}} all in the field of electrical engineering. His Ph.D. advisor was [Alan N. Willson Jr.](/source/Alan_N._Willson_Jr.) and his Ph.D. dissertation is titled "Nonperiodic forced overflow oscillations in digital filters."{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1109/TCS.1983.1085294|title = Nonperiodic forced overflow oscillations in digital filters|journal = IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems|volume = 30|issue = 10|pages = 709–722|year = 1983|last1 = Samueli|first1 = H.|last2 = Willson|first2 = A.}} === Broadcom origins === In 1991, while still working as a professor at UCLA, Samueli co-founded [Broadcom Corporation](/source/Broadcom_Corporation) with one of his Ph.D. students, [Henry Nicholas](/source/Henry_Nicholas).{{Cite web|url=https://engineering.uci.edu/events/2012/1/henry-samueli-phd-co-founder-and-chief-technical-officer-broadcom-corporation-entrepre|title=Henry Samueli, Ph.D., Co-founder and Chief Technical Officer, Broadcom Corporation on Entrepreneurship {{!}} The Henry Samueli School of Engineering at UC Irvine|website=engineering.uci.edu|access-date=2019-09-18}} Each invested $5,000 and initially worked out of Nicholas' Redondo Beach home. They rented their first office in 1992 in [Westwood, Los Angeles](/source/Westwood%2C_Los_Angeles), near the UCLA campus and moved to Irvine, CA in 1995 at which time Samueli took a leave of absence from UCLA to be at Broadcom full-time. Broadcom went public three years after that. Samueli still remains on leave from UCLA and he continues to be listed on the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department faculty roster.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ee.ucla.edu/henry-samueli/|title=UCLA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Henry Samueli biography}} === Anaheim Ducks ownership === In 2003, the Samuelis purchased the management contract for the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim sports and entertainment venue, creating Anaheim Arena Management, LLC, to oversee all operations of the arena, and in 2005 they purchased the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim National Hockey League (NHL) club, the arena's largest tenant, from the [Walt Disney Company](/source/Walt_Disney_Company){{cite web | author=foxsports | title=NHL Reinstates Henry Samueli as Owner of Ducks Despite Legal Woes | website=FOX Sports | date=2009-11-12 | url=http://www.foxsports.com/detroit/story/nhl-reinstates-henry-samueli-as-owner-of-ducks-despite-legal-woes-111209 | access-date=2018-02-10}} for $75 million. In 2006, the Samuelis announced the team's name change to the [Anaheim Ducks](/source/Anaheim_Ducks) and the arena's name change to [Honda Center](/source/Honda_Center).{{Cite web|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2006/01/27/name-change-set-for-mighty-ducks/|title=Name change set for Mighty Ducks|date=2006-01-27|website=Orange County Register|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-18}} In 2007, the Anaheim Ducks became the first California team ever to win the Stanley Cup championship.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/07/sports/hockey/07nhl.html|title=Ducks Bring Cup to the West Coast|last=Jenkins|first=Lee|date=2007-06-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-09-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} As of December 2016, Samueli is on the executive committee of the NHL Board of Governors.{{cite web | last=Wilkins | first=Cory | title=Canadiens, Jets owners elected to NHL executive committee | website=theScore.com | date=2016-12-09 | url=https://www.thescore.com/nhl/news/1179255-canadiens-jets-owners-elected-to-nhl-executive-committee | access-date=2018-02-10}} In 2015, the Samuelis acquired ownership of the Ducks' [American Hockey League](/source/American_Hockey_League) affiliate, the [Norfolk Admirals](/source/Norfolk_Admirals_(AHL)). They subsequently moved the franchise to [San Diego](/source/San_Diego) as part of the AHL's western expansion that year and the team was re-branded as the fourth incarnation of the [San Diego Gulls](/source/San_Diego_Gulls).{{Cite web|url=http://ducks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=750924&navid=DL|title=Ducks Launch American Hockey League Franchise in San Diego}} In 2017, ''Forbes'' reported the Anaheim Ducks were worth $415 million.{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/nhl-valuations/list/|title=The Business Of Hockey|last=Forbes|website=[Forbes](/source/Forbes) |access-date=2017-12-02}} ==Philanthropy== {{Promotional|date=May 2024}} thumb|right|Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science at UCLA After Broadcom went public in 1998, the Samueli Foundation was created.{{cite web|url=https://news.uci.edu/2017/09/18/a-legacy-of-giving/ |title=A legacy of giving |website=uci.edu |date=2017-09-18 |access-date=2018-12-18}} The foundation focuses its giving in the areas of education, health, youth services, and Jewish culture and values. In 2012, the Samuelis joined the [Giving Pledge](/source/The_Giving_Pledge),{{cite web | last=Loomis | first=Carol J. | title=12 more billionaires sign on to Buffett/Gates pledge | website=Fortune | date=2012-04-19 | url=http://fortune.com/2012/04/19/12-more-billionaires-sign-on-to-buffettgates-pledge/ | access-date=2018-02-10}} initiated by Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates, whose members pledge the majority of their wealth to philanthropy. In 1999, the Samuelis made major donations to the [UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science](/source/UCLA_Henry_Samueli_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science) and the [UC Irvine School of Engineering](/source/UC_Irvine_Henry_Samueli_School_of_Engineering), both of which have since been named after him. In 2009, Henry Samueli was the founding director and chair of the [Broadcom Foundation](/source/Broadcom_Foundation), a 501c(3) corporate nonprofit, that advances science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). Broadcom Foundation sponsors the Broadcom MASTERS (Math, Applied Science, Technology and Engineering for Rising Stars) and the Broadcom MASTERS International, programs of Society for Science and the Public that inspire middle school students to continue math and science courses into high school in order to create pathways to STEM careers. Samueli was inspired by his own seventh grade experience of building a short wave radio from a [Heathkit](/source/Heathkit) for innovation that he funded the Marconi/Samueli Award for Innovation with his Marconi Award. The Samuelis also sponsor the $25,000 Samueli Foundation top prize in the Broadcom MASTERS. In 2001, the Samuelis established the Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine at [UC Irvine](/source/UC_Irvine). They have also supported the research of the John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California, in cancer prevention and treatment.[Henry Samueli](/source/Inside_Philanthropy){{Circular reference|date=January 2018}} In 2017, the Samuelis made a $200 million gift to UC Irvine to create the Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, a first-of-its-kind institute focused on interdisciplinary integrative health. As part of the gift, the existing Center was elevated to become the Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute.{{cite web | last=Hiltzik | first=Michael | title=A $200-million donation threatens to tar UC Irvine's medical school as a haven for quacks | website=[Los Angeles Times](/source/Los_Angeles_Times) | date=2017-09-22 | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-uci-samueli-20170922-story.html | access-date=2018-02-10}}{{Cite web|url=https://news.uci.edu/2017/09/18/uci-receives-200-million-gift-to-name-college-of-health-sciences-and-launch-major-integrative-health-initiative/|title=UCI receives $200 million gift|date=September 18, 2017}} Some of the other major naming gifts of the Samueli Foundation include the Samueli Theater at the Orange County Performing Arts Center in 2000, the Samueli Jewish Campus in Irvine, CA in 2001, the Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library at [Chapman University](/source/Chapman_University) in 2003, and the Samueli Academy, a public Charter High School in Santa Ana, CA for community, underserved, and foster teens in 2013. In 2015, Samueli received a prize from the [Israeli](/source/Israel) government for his global contribution to innovation and his contribution to innovation in Israel, at the "Innovex" conference for innovation in technology.{{cite news|title=The man who connects|url=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-the-man-who-connects-1001014158|access-date=10 February 2018|publisher=[Globes](/source/Globes_(newspaper))}} Samueli was named a 2017 Fellow by the National Academy of Inventors. Election to NAI Fellow status is the highest professional accolade bestowed to academic inventors.{{Cite web|url=https://news.uci.edu/2017/12/13/henry-samueli-included-in-2017-class-of-national-academy-of-inventors-fellows/|title=Henry Samueli is named a 2017 fellow of the National Academy of Inventors|date=2017-12-13|website=UCI News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-25}} As of 2017, the Samuelis had committed over $500 million to philanthropic causes.{{Cite web|url=https://news.uci.edu/2017/09/18/a-legacy-of-giving/|title=UCI News – A legacy of giving|website=UCI News|date=September 18, 2017|access-date=2017-12-02}} In June 2019, UCLA announced a $100-million gift from the Samuelis, which would be used to expand the engineering school.{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/education/la-me-edu-ucla-gift-donation-engineering-school-henry-samueli-20190604-story.html|title=$100-million gift to UCLA shows growing role of private donors in public universities|last=Watanabe|first=Teresa|website=[Los Angeles Times](/source/Los_Angeles_Times)|date=June 4, 2019|access-date=2019-06-14}} == Personal life == Samueli resides with his wife Susan in [Newport Beach, California](/source/Newport_Beach%2C_California).{{cite web |date=2015-12-26 |title=Most Influential 2015: Henry Samueli, Susan Samueli – Orange County Register |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2015/12/26/most-influential-2015-henry-samueli-susan-samueli/ |access-date=2018-02-10 |website=Orange County Register}} As of 2025, ''[Forbes](/source/Forbes)'' estimates Samueli's net worth at US$36.3 billion.{{cite web |title=Profile: Henry Samueli |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/henry-samueli/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Forbes.com}} == Broadcom stock options investigation == During the technology boom in the 2000s, Samueli and Broadcom co-founder Henry T. Nicholas III awarded millions of stock options to attract and reward employees. Prosecutors alleged Samueli and Nicholas granted options to others, including some other top executives, but not themselves, to avoid having to report $2.2 billion in compensation costs to shareholders. In 2006 both the [Securities and Exchange Commission](/source/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission) and the Department of Justice began investigating [Broadcom Corporation](/source/Broadcom_Corporation) for [backdating](/source/Options_backdating) of [stock options](/source/stock_options).{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} On May 15, 2008, Samueli resigned as chairman of the board and took a leave of absence as Chief Technology Officer after being named in a civil complaint by the SEC.{{cite web | title=Broadcom execs charged by SEC, take leave of absence – L.A. Biz | website=L.A. Biz | date=2008-05-15 | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/stories/2008/05/12/daily23.html | access-date=2018-02-10}} On June 23, 2008, Samueli pleaded guilty for lying to SEC for $2.2 billion of backdating. Under the [plea bargain](/source/plea_bargain), Samueli agreed to a sentence of five years probation, a $250,000 criminal fine, and a $12 million payment to the US Treasury. Prosecutors focused on the fact that Samueli denied under oath any role in making options grants to high-ranking executives. As part of his plea agreement, Samueli admitted the statement was false, and admitted to being part of the options-granting process. However, an internal Broadcom probe laid the majority of blame on [CEO Henry Nicholas](/source/Henry_Nicholas) and CFO William Ruehle. On September 8, 2008, U.S. District Court Judge [Cormac Carney](/source/Cormac_Carney) rejected the plea deal that called for Samueli to receive probation, writing: "The court cannot accept a plea agreement that gives the impression that justice is for sale". Sixteen months later, on December 10, 2009, Judge Carney, after hearing the testimony of all the witnesses at the trial of CFO William Ruehle, dismissed the cases against Samueli, Ruehle, and Nicholas, citing prosecutorial misconduct (and in the case of Samueli, his testimony as well).{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-dec-10-la-fi-samueli10-2009dec10-story.html|title=Judge dismisses charge against Broadcom co-founder|last1=Pfeifer|first1=Stuart|date=December 10, 2009|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=May 4, 2010}} In his ruling Judge Carney stated,
The uncontroverted evidence at trial established that Dr. Samueli was a brilliant engineer and a man of incredible integrity. There was no evidence at trial to suggest that Dr. Samueli did anything wrong, let alone criminal. Yet, the government embarked on a campaign of intimidation and other misconduct to embarrass him and bring him down.{{Cite magazine | author = Horton, Scott | date = December 18, 2009 | title = Broadcom Prosecution Collapses as Judge Finds Sweeping Misconduct by Federal Prosecutors | magazine = Harper's Magazine | url = https://harpers.org/2009/12/broadcom-prosecution-collapses-as-judge-finds-sweeping-misconduct-by-federal-prosecutors/ | access-date = December 26, 2023}}
In the ruling, Judge Carney went on, "Needless to say, the government's treatment of Dr. Samueli was shameful and contrary to American values of decency and justice." The judge ordered Samueli's plea agreement to be expunged from his record, further stating, "Dr. Samueli now has a clean slate." == Awards and honors == *2003, [National Academy of Engineering](/source/National_Academy_of_Engineering){{cite web|title= Henry Samueli Honored for his Induction into National Academy of Engineering | publisher= UCI Samueli School Of Engineering| url= https://engineering.uci.edu/news/2003/10/henry-samueli-honored-his-induction-national-academy-engineering}} *2004, American Academy of Arts and Sciences{{cite web|title= American Academy of Arts & Sciences Inducts Class of 2004| date= October 9, 2004| publisher= American Academy of Arts & Sciences| url= https://www.amacad.org/news/american-academy-arts-sciences-inducts-class-2004}} *2006, Golden Plate Award of the [American Academy of Achievement](/source/Academy_of_Achievement){{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[American Academy of Achievement](/source/American_Academy_of_Achievement)|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#business}}{{cite web|title=2006 Summit Highlights|publisher=[American Academy of Achievement](/source/American_Academy_of_Achievement)|url= https://achievement.org/summit/2006/}} *2018, U.S. News STEM Leadership Hall of Fame{{cite web|title= Broadcom's Henry Samueli Connects Success, Philanthropy | publisher= U.S. News & World Report | url= https://www.usnews.com/news/stem-solutions/articles/2018-01-24/digital-communications-leader-henry-samueli-connects-success-and-philanthropy}} *2018, National Academy of Inventors{{cite web|title= Engineering faculty honored by National Academy of Inventors | publisher= Daily Bruin | url= https://dailybruin.com/2018/01/30/engineering-faculty-honored-by-national-academy-of-inventors}} *2020, Ellis Island Medal of Honor{{cite web|title= Alumni Henri Samueli and Reza Rofougaran Awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor | publisher= UCLA Samueli School Of Engineering| url= https://samueli.ucla.edu/alumni-henry-samueli-reza-rofougaran-awarded-the-ellis-island-medal-of-honor/}} *2021, [IEEE Founders Medal](/source/IEEE_Founders_Medal){{cite web|title= Henry Samueli Receives 2021 IEEE Founders Medal| url= https://samueli.ucla.edu/henry-samueli-receives-2021-ieee-founders-medal/}} *2025, [IEEE Medal of Honor](/source/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor){{Cite web|last=Safford|first=Matt|date=February 20, 2025|title=Broadcom founder Henry Samueli to receive the IEEE's Medal of Honor award|url=https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/broadcom-founder-henry-samueli-to-receive-the-ieees-medal-of-honor-award|website=Tom's Hardware}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.ee.ucla.edu/faculty-samueli.htm Henry Samueli biography] at the UCLA Department of Electrical Engineering *[http://www.samueli.org/about-us/leadership-staff/ Henry Samueli biography] at the Samueli Foundation *[http://www.samueli.org The Samueli Foundation] {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{s-bef|before=[The Walt Disney Company](/source/The_Walt_Disney_Company)}} {{s-ttl|title=[Anaheim Ducks](/source/Anaheim_Ducks) owner|years=2004–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{Anaheim Ducks}} {{NHLOwners}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Samueli, Henry}} Category:1954 births Category:American billionaires Category:American businesspeople in the telecommunications industry Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent Category:Anaheim Ducks executives Category:21st-century American philanthropists Category:Jewish American sports executives and administrators Category:Living people Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Category:National Hockey League executives Category:National Hockey League owners Category:Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York Category:Stanley Cup champions Category:UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Category:UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty Category:American chief technology officers Category:Fellows of the IEEE Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:21st-century American Jews Category:Businesspeople from Newport Beach, California Category:Sportspeople from Newport Beach, California Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Henry Samueli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Samueli) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Samueli?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.