# Henri Gouraud

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Henri_Gouraud
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Henri_Gouraud.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Gouraud
> Source revision: 1353133905
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

French general (1867–1946)

For his great-nephew, see [Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)](/source/Henri_Gouraud_(computer_scientist)).

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (February 2025) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must follow the LLM translation guideline, revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Henri Gouraud (général)]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Henri Gouraud (général)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Henri Gouraud Autochrome portrait by Auguste Léon, 1919 Military governor of Paris In office 1923–1937 Preceded by Pierre Berdoulat Succeeded by Gaston Billotte High Commissioner of the Levant In office 9 October 1919 – 23 November 1922 Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Robert de Caix (acting) Personal details Born Henri Joseph Eugène Gouraud (1867-11-17)17 November 1867 Paris, Second French Empire Died 16 September 1946(1946-09-16) (aged 78) Paris, Provisional Government of the French Republic Awards Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour Military service Allegiance France Branch/service French Army Years of service 1890–1937 Rank Général d'armée Commands 10th Infantry Division Fourth Army Battles/wars Mandingo Wars World War I Franco-Turkish War Franco-Syrian War

**Henri Joseph Eugène Gouraud** (French pronunciation: [\[ɑ̃ʁi ɡuʁo\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French); 17 November 1867 – 16 September 1946) was a French army [general](/source/General). He played a central role in the colonization of French Africa and the Levant. During [World War I](/source/World_War_I), he fought in major battles such as those of the [Argonne](/source/Meuse-argonne), the [Dardanelles](/source/Battle_of_Gallipoli), and [Champagne](/source/Second_Battle_of_Champagne). An important figure in the aftermath of the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire), he served as [High Commissioner of the French Republic in the Levant](/source/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant) from 1919 to 1922, during which he led military campaigns in [Cilicia](/source/Franco-Turkish_War) and [Syria](/source/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon).

Affiliated with the [colonial party](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_colonial), Gouraud was an active colonizer, influenced by figures such as [Joseph Gallieni](/source/Joseph_Gallieni) and [Hubert Lyautey](/source/Hubert_Lyautey). His name remains closely associated with the conquest of [Sudan](/source/French_Sudan), [Mauritania](/source/Mauritania), [Chad](/source/Chad), and [Morocco](/source/Morocco), and his arrest of [Samory Touré](/source/Samory_Tour%C3%A9) in September 1898 marked a turning point in the French colonization of West Africa. This act brought him to prominence at a time when France sought to overcome the humiliation of the [Fashoda Incident](/source/Fashoda_Incident).

During World War I, Gouraud distinguished himself by his courage and sacrifice. Seriously wounded in the [Dardanelles](/source/Battle_of_Gallipoli), where he lost his right arm, he became a symbol of resilience and a national hero. His victory over [Ludendorff](/source/Erich_Ludendorff) in the [Argonne](/source/Battle_of_Argonne) led to the liberation of [Strasbourg](/source/Strasbourg), the [reconquest of Alsace-Lorraine](/source/Revanchism), and the victory of France.

After the war, as [High Commissioner in the Levant](/source/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant), he played a key role in reorganizing the region, leading campaigns in [Cilicia](/source/Franco-Turkish_War) and [Syria](/source/Franco-Syrian_War), and redrawing the borders of the [Middle East](/source/Middle_East). He is particularly famous for proclaiming the creation of [Greater Lebanon](/source/Greater_Lebanon) in 1920, marking a significant step in French colonial policy.

Back in France, Gouraud continued his military career, becoming [Military Governor of Paris](/source/Military_governor_of_Paris) from 1923 to 1937. At the end of his career, he embodied a figure of transition, having actively participated in the implementation of various colonial regimes ([colony](/source/Colony), [protectorate](/source/Protectorate), [mandate](/source/League_of_Nations_Mandate)). According to historian Julie d'Andurain, "as an actor and witness of these changes, Henri Gouraud understood that the time of colonies would be succeeded by the time of empires and [international organizations](/source/Internationalism_(politics))". He thus linked with the next generation, that of men like [Georges Catroux](/source/Georges_Catroux) and [Jules Bührer](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-Antoine_B%C3%BChrer).

His policy of dividing [Syria](/source/Syria_(historical_region)) into several small states based on confessional criteria marked a significant step in French colonial policy in the [Levant](/source/Levant), aiming to [divide territories to control them better](/source/Divide_and_rule). Set against a backdrop of [imperial rivalries](/source/French_colonial_empire) and [nationalist tensions](/source/Syrian_nationalism), it is still criticized today for its consequences on the stability and unity of the [region](/source/Middle_East).

## Early life

Henri Gouraud was born on Rue de Grenelle in the [7th arrondissement of Paris](/source/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris) to Doctor Xavier Gouraud and Marie Portal, the first of six children. The Gouraud family originally came from [Vendée](/source/Vend%C3%A9e), but had left during the French Revolution for [Angers](/source/Angers), then Paris. Gouraud was educated at home and at the [Collège Stanislas de Paris](/source/Coll%C3%A8ge_Stanislas_de_Paris). His decision for a military career was, like many Frenchmen of his generation, motivated by the French defeat in the [Franco-Prussian War](/source/Franco-Prussian_War) (1870–1871).

Gouraud entered the [Saint Cyr Military Academy](/source/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr) in 1888 as part of the "Grand Triomphe" promotion, a well-chosen name as it included sixty future generals. He graduated in 1890 and joined the [Troupes de marine](/source/Troupes_de_marine). He expected to be posted overseas as the Troupes de marine served in the [French colonial empire](/source/French_colonial_empire), but his father objected because he feared that the marines would be a bad influence on his son. Gouraud respected his father's wish and was instead posted to the 21st Foot Chasseur Regiment at [Montbéliard](/source/Montb%C3%A9liard).

## Africa

Henri Gouraud was assigned in 1894 to [French Sudan](/source/French_Sudan). He developed a reputation as an effective if lucky commander. In 1898, he was ordered to head one of a number of units fighting [Samori](/source/Samori), the resistance leader who had been fighting the French for more than a decade. Driven into the highlands south of [Niger River](/source/Niger_River) valley by a series of previous defeats, Samori's forces were defeated within the year. On 29 September 1898, Gouraud's unit stumbled upon Samori's encampment and captured him.[1] More importantly, it marked the end of the last large state opposing French colonialism in the West.[2]

The capture of Samori made Henri Gouraud a celebrated figure in France, at the same time as [nationalist feeling](/source/French_nationalism) in the country was heightened by the [Fashoda Incident](/source/Fashoda_Incident). The young captain was feted in the highest political circles of Paris, where he was introduced to powerful businessmen and politicians with interests in the colonial project. Among them were [Auguste d'Arenberg](/source/Auguste_d'Arenberg) and [Eugène Étienne](/source/Eug%C3%A8ne_%C3%89tienne), future founders of what was called the "[parti colonial](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_colonial&action=edit&redlink=1)". Thanks to the patronage of the "parti colonial", Henri Gouraud pursued a career across French Africa for the next fifteen years, with postings in [Niger](/source/Niger), Chad and [Mauritania](/source/Mauritania). In 1907, he was promoted to colonel and *commissaire du Gouvernement général* of Mauritania, where he led a campaign against Bedouin tribes who threatened transport between the colonies of [Morocco](/source/Morocco) and [French West Africa](/source/French_West_Africa).

In 1911, after attending the *centre des Hautes études militaires* in France, colonel Gouraud was stationed in [Morocco](/source/Morocco), where he was promoted to [général de brigade](/source/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_brigade), serving under [Lyautey](/source/Hubert_Lyautey). He was placed in command of the [Fez](/source/Fes%2C_Morocco) military region, and from 1914 to 1915 in command of all French colonial troops in western Morocco.

## World War I

In mid-1915 he served as commander of the [French Expeditionary Corps](/source/Corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_d'Orient) that was committed to the [Dardanelles campaign](/source/Gallipoli_campaign). He was wounded on 30 June,[3] and subsequently lost his right arm.

From December 1915 to December 1916 and from June 1917 until the end of the war he commanded the [Fourth Army](/source/Fourth_Army_(France)) on the [Western Front](/source/Western_Front_(World_War_I)), where he gained distinction for his use of elastic defense during the [Second Battle of the Marne](/source/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne) in July 1918.

On 22 November 1918 he entered the city of [Strasbourg](/source/Strasbourg), overthrowing the [Soviet government](/source/November_1918_in_Alsace) that had been proclaimed there on 11 November 1918.[4][5]

## French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon

Proclamation of the state of Greater Lebanon, Gouraud with Grand Mufti of Beirut Sheikh Mustafa Naja, and on his right is the Maronite Patriarch [Elias Peter Hoayek](/source/Elias_Peter_Hoayek).

After the war, Gouraud served from 1919 to 1922 as representative of the French Government in the Middle East and commander of the French [Army of the Levant](/source/Army_of_the_Levant). As commander of French forces during the [Franco-Turkish War](/source/Franco-Turkish_War), he presided over the creation of the French Mandates in Syria and Lebanon. Following the implementation of the 1916 [Sykes-Picot Agreement](/source/Sykes-Picot_Agreement), which divided the occupied remnants of the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) between France and Britain, Gouraud was commander of forces sent to enforce the French division of the Levant.

Between 20 January and 10 February 1920, Gouraud's troops were moved north to support forces in the [Franco-Turkish War](/source/Franco-Turkish_War). Gouraud directed the suppression of a rising of [Turkish National Forces](/source/Turkish_National_Forces) at the [Battle of Marash](/source/Battle_of_Marash) which led to the withdrawal of French troops back to Syria.

General Gouraud crossing through al-Khandaq street on 13 September 1920, [Aleppo](/source/Aleppo)

There, Gouraud's ongoing attempt to control [King Faisal](/source/Faisal_I_of_Iraq) came to a head. Gouraud led French forces which crushed [King Faisal](/source/Faisal_I_of_Iraq)'s short-lived monarchy at the [Battle of Maysalun](/source/Battle_of_Maysalun) on 23 July 1920, occupied [Damascus](/source/Damascus), defeated the forces of the [Syrian Revolution](/source/Great_Syrian_Revolt) and established the [French Mandate of Syria](/source/French_Mandate_of_Syria). These territories were reorganised a number of times by Gouraud's decrees, the most famous being the creation of the [State of Greater Lebanon](/source/Greater_Lebanon) on 1 September 1920. Gouraud became the French High Commissioner in Syria and Lebanon, effective head of the colonial government there.

He is remembered in the [Levant](/source/Levant) primarily for this role, and for an [apocryphal](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apocryphal) anecdote. Following the [Battle of Maysalun](/source/Battle_of_Maysalun), Gouraud allegedly went to the [Tomb of Saladin](/source/Mausoleum_of_Saladin), kicked it, and said: “*Awake, [Saladin](/source/Saladin). We have returned. My presence here consecrates the victory of the Cross over the Crescent*."[6][7] The quote is sometimes attributed to [Mariano Goybet](/source/Mariano_Goybet) instead of Gouraud.[8]

[Autochrome](/source/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re) of Gouraud in Syria by [Frédéric Gadmer](/source/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Gadmer), 1921

Gouraud's administration in Syria borrowed much from his time as a young man working under [Lyautey](/source/Hubert_Lyautey) in Morocco, where colonial policy focused on control of the country through manipulation of tribes, Sufis, and the rural Berber populations.[9] In Syria, this took the form of separate administrations for [Druze](/source/Druze) and [Alawite](/source/Alawites) communities, with the aim of dividing their interests from those of urban nationalists.[10]

Particularly unpopular following the French taking of Damascus, the Syrian nationalist [Adham Khanjar](/source/Adham_Khanjar) of [Southern Lebanon](/source/Southern_Lebanon) staged a failed attempt on Gouraud's life on 23 June 1921.

## Later years

Gouraud, as Military Governor of Paris, escorting Canadian Prime Minister [William Lyon Mackenzie King](/source/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King) to the [Tomb of the Unknown Soldier](/source/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier) at the [Arc de Triomphe](/source/Arc_de_Triomphe).

In 1923, he returned to France, where he was the Military Governor of Paris from 1923 to 1937. He also served on the Supreme Allied War Council from 1927 until his retirement in 1937. General Gouraud died in Paris in 1946.

## Decorations

- *[Légion d'honneur](/source/L%C3%A9gion_d'honneur)* - Knight (18 October 1898) - Officer (31 May 1904) - Commander (11 July 1909) - Grand Officer (10 August 1914) - Grand Cross (28 December 1918)

- [Médaille militaire](/source/M%C3%A9daille_militaire) (10 July 1915)

- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [Order of St Michael and St George](/source/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George) (United Kingdom, 27 August 1915)

- *[Croix de guerre 1914–1918](/source/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France))*

- [Médaille Interalliée de la Victoire](/source/M%C3%A9daille_Interalli%C3%A9e_de_la_Victoire)

- [Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1914–1918](/source/M%C3%A9daille_comm%C3%A9morative_de_la_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918)

- [Médaille commémorative de Syrie-Cilicie](/source/M%C3%A9daille_comm%C3%A9morative_de_Syrie-Cilicie)

- [Médaille Coloniale](/source/M%C3%A9daille_Coloniale) with "Sénégal et Soudan" "Maroc" "Mauritanie et Adrar" bars

- Grand Cross of the [Order of Ouissam Alaouite](/source/Order_of_Ouissam_Alaouite) (Morocco)

- Grand Cordon of the [Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus](/source/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus) (Italy)

- Commander of the Nicham El-Anouar (Tunisia)

- Commander of the [Nichan Iftikhar](/source/Order_of_Glory_(Tunisia)) (Tunisia)

- [Distinguished Service Medal](/source/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)) (USA)

- [Order of the White Lion](/source/Order_of_the_White_Lion) (Czechoslovakia)

- [Order of Karađorđe's Star](/source/Order_of_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e's_Star) with swords (Serbia)[11]

## Published works

*La Pacification de Mauritanie. Journal des marches et opérations de la colonne de l'Adrar*, 1910; *Souvenirs d'un Africain, Au Soudan*, 1939; *Zinder-Tchad. Souvenirs d'un Africain*, 1944; *Mauritanie-Adrar*, 1945; *Au Maroc*, 1946

## Legacy

1912 Peugeot 146, Gen. Gourard's staff car

- Paris has a ***Place du Général-Gouraud*** in the 7th arrondissement.

- A commemorative statue to Général Gouraud stands in a garden next to [Les Invalides](/source/Les_Invalides).

- A massive [cedar](/source/Atlas_cedar) tree near the town of [Ifrane](/source/Ifrane) in the [Atlas Mountains](/source/Atlas_Mountains) of [Morocco](/source/Morocco) was named for the General; the *Gouraud Cedar* is considered to be over 800 years old, and was "discovered" by Gouraud's troops during the French campaign against anti-colonial resistance on the [Timahdite Plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timahdite_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1) in the years 1917–19.[12] Moreover, the [Cèdre Gouraud Forest](/source/C%C3%A8dre_Gouraud_Forest) in the [Middle Atlas](/source/Middle_Atlas) Mountain Range is named for Gouraud; this forest is one of the few remaining habitats of the [endangered](/source/Endangered) [Barbary macaque](/source/Barbary_macaque).[13]

- [Rue Gouraud](/source/Rue_Gouraud) in the [Achrafieh](/source/Achrafieh) district of [Beirut](/source/Beirut) is named for the General.

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [M'Baye Gueye, Albert Adu Boahen. West Africa; the fight for survival – a continent resists colonization](http://calbears.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1984_May/ai_3247486/pg_3) [Deprecated link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance) archived 9 July 2012 at [archive.today](/source/Archive.today). UNESCO Courier, May 1984.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Martin Klein. Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge (1998) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-59324-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59324-7). pp.119–121.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Haythornthwaite, Philip (2004) [1991]. *Gallipoli 1915: Frontal Assault on Turkey*. Campaign Series #8. London: Osprey. pp. 15–16. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-275-98288-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98288-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [GOURAUD 1867–1946](https://www.lyceefr.org/aaegd/gouraud1.htm) (in French)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [*Ballade strasbourgeoise*](http://www.ina.fr/notice/voirTouteVideoSimilaire/idNotice/CPF86607096) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120125142612/http://www.ina.fr/notice/voirTouteVideoSimilaire/idNotice/CPF86607096) 25 January 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), [INA](/source/Institut_national_de_l'audiovisuel).fr (in French)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Shadid, Anthony](/source/Anthony_Shadid) (2012). *House of Stone: A Memoir of Home, Family, and a Lost Middle East*. p. [113](https://books.google.com/books?id=bjczeMMMn1YC&pg=PT135).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Meyer, Karl Ernest; Brysac, Shareen Blair (2008). [*Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East*](https://archive.org/details/kingmakersinvent0000meye). W. W. Norton & Company. p. [359](https://archive.org/details/kingmakersinvent0000meye/page/359). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780393061994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393061994). Awake, Saladin. We have returned.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [Barr, James](/source/James_Barr_(author)) (2017). ["General Gouraud: "Saladin, We're Back!" Did He Really Say It?"](https://www.damascus-foundation.org/archives/2873). *damascus-foundation.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Rogan, Eugene (2011). *The Arabs: A History*. Penguin. pp. 220, 225.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Rogan, Eugene (2011). *The Arabs: A History*. Penguin. p. 226.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Acović, Dragomir (2012). *Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima*. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 144.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** [chleuhs.com, Histoires : L'agonie du cèdre dit Gouraud](http://www.chleuhs.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=316) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110708145648/http://www.chleuhs.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=316) 8 July 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), 3 June 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** C. Michael Hogan, (2008) [*Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus*, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg](http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=31757&lang=us) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120419033431/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=31757&lang=us) 19 April 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

## References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Henri Gouraud](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henri_Gouraud).

- This article incorporates translations of the French language Wikipedia articles [fr:Henri Joseph Eugène Gouraud](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Joseph_Eug%C3%A8ne_Gouraud) and [fr:Mandat français en Syrie](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_fran%C3%A7ais_en_Syrie).

- [Le général Gouraud durant la Grande Guerre](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234049/http://andurain.eu/)

- [Biographie de Henri Joseph Eugène Gouraud](https://www.lyceefr.org/aaegd/gouraud1.htm)

### On his time in the Levant

- Philippe Gouraud. Le general Henri Gouraud au Liban et en Syrie (1919–1923) (Comprendre le Moyen-Orient). L'Harmattan (1993). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-7384-2073-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-2073-2)

- Elizabeth Thompson. Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. Columbia University Press, (2000) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-231-10661-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10661-0)

## Further reading

- [Chalak, Zouheir](/source/Zouheir_Chalak) (1989). *Min Awraq al-Intidab: Tarikh Ma Aghfalahu al-Tarikh* [*From the Papers of the Mandate: History That History Overlooked*]. Beirut: Dar al-Nafais. [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [90962841](https://lccn.loc.gov/90962841).

## External links

French [Wikisource](/source/Wikisource) has original text related to this article:

**[Henri Gouraud (général)](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Henri_Gouraud_(g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral))**

- [Newspaper clippings about Henri Gouraud](https://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/006395) in the [20th Century Press Archives](/source/20th_Century_Press_Archives) of the [ZBW](/source/German_National_Library_of_Economics)

v t e Military governors of Paris Governors of Paris under the Ancien Régime Louis I d'Anjou: 1356–1357 Jean de Berry: 1411 Waléran III de Luxembourg: 1411–1413 Jean II de Luxembourg: 1418–1420 Jean de La Baume: 1422–142. Jean de Villiers: 1429–14.. Philippe de Ternant: 14..–14.. Jacques de Villiers: 1461 Charles d'Artois: 1465 Charles de Melun: 1465–1467 Charles I d'Amboise: 1467–1470 Charles de Gaucourt: 14..–1472 Antoine de Chabannes: 1472–147. Guillaume de Poitiers: 1478–14.. Louis d'Orléans: 1483–1485 Antoine de Chabannes: 1485–1488 Gilbert de Montpensier: 14..–1494 Charles II d'Amboise: 1493–1496 Antoine de La Rochefoucauld: 15..–15.. Paul de Thermes: 1559–1562 Charles de Cossé: 1562–1563 François de Montmorency: 15..–1572 René de Villequier: 1580 François d'O: 158.–1589 Charles-Emmanuel de Savoie: 1589–1590 Jean-Francois de Faudoas: 1590–1594 Charles II de Cossé: 1594 François d'O: 1594 Charles du Plessis: 1616 Hercule de Rohan: 1643–16.. François de L'Hospital: 1648–1657 Ambroise-François de Bournonville: 1657–1662 Antoine d'Aumont: 1662–1669 Gabriel de Rochechouart: 1669–1675 Charles III de Créquy: 1676–1687 Léon Potier: 1687–1704 Duc de Tresmes: 1704–1739 Bernard Potier: 1739–1757 Charles Louis d'Albert: 1757–1771 Jean de Cossé-Brissac: 1771–1780 Louis de Cossé-Brissac: 1780–1791 General commanders of the Armed Forces in Paris Louis-Auguste-Augustin d'Affry: 1791–1792 Jacques-François de Menou: 1792–1794 Jean Thierry: 1794–1795 Jacques-François de Menou: 1795 Paul de Barras: 1795 Napoléon Bonaparte: 1795–1796 Jacques Maurice Hatry: 1796–1797 Pierre Augereau: 1797 Louis Lemoine: 1797 Jean-François Moulin: 1797–1798 Joseph Gilot: 1798–1799 Barthélemy Catherine Joubert: 1799 Jean-Antoine Marbot: 1799 François Joseph Lefebvre: 1799–1800 Édouard Mortier: 1800–1803 Jean-Andoche Junot: 1803–1804 Military governors of Paris after the French Revolution Joachim Murat: 1804–1805 Louis Bonaparte: 1805–1806 Joachim Murat: 1806 Jean-Andoche Junot: 1806–1807 Pierre-Augustin Hulin: 1807–1814 Louis de Rochechouart: 1814 Louis Sébastien Grundler: 1814–1815 Nicolas-Joseph Maison: 1815 Pierre-Augustin Hulin: 1815 André Masséna: July 1815 Nicolas-Joseph Maison: 1815 Hyacinthe Despinoy: 1815–1816 Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon: 1816–1818 Nicolas-Joseph Maison: 1819–1821 Auguste de Marmont: 1821–1830 Pierre-Claude Pajol: 1830–1842 Tiburce Sébastiani: 1842–1848 Nicolas Changarnier: 1848–1851 Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers: 1851 Bernard Pierre Magnan: 1851–1865 François Certain de Canrobert: 1865–1870 Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers: 1870 Louis-Jules Trochu: 1870–1871 Joseph Vinoy: 1871 Paul de Ladmirault: 1871–1878 Édouard Aymard: 1878–1880 Justin Clinchant: 1880–1881 Alphonse Lecointe: 1882–1884 Félix-Gustave Saussier: 1884–1898 Émile Zurlinden: 1898–1899 Joseph Brugère: 1899–1900 Georges-Auguste Florentin: 1900–1901 Paul-Vincent Faure-Biguet: 1901–1903 Jean Dessirier: 1903–1906 Jean-Baptiste Dalstein: 1906–1910 Michel-Joseph Maunoury: 1910–1912 Victor-Constant Michel: 1912–1914 Joseph Gallieni: 1914–1915 Michel-Joseph Maunoury: 1915–1916 Augustin Dubail: 1916–1918 Adolphe Guillaumat: 1918 Charles Emile Moinier: 1918–1919 Pierre Berdoulat: 1919–1923 Henri Gouraud: 1923–1937 Gaston Billotte: 1937–1939 Pierre Héring: 1939–1940 Henri Dentz: 1940 Military governors of Paris under the German occupation Otto von Stülpnagel Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel Dietrich von Choltitz Military governors of Paris since 1944 Philippe Leclerc: 1944 Marie-Pierre Kœnig: 1944–1945 Paul Legentilhomme: 1945–1947 René Chouteau: 1947–1953 Henri Zeller: 1953–1957 Louis-Constant Morlière: 1957–1958 Pierre Garbay: 1958–1959 Raoul Salan: 1959–1960 Maurice Gazin: 1960 André Demetz: 1960–1962 Louis Dodelier: 1962–1965 Philippe de Camas: 1965–1968 André Meltz: 1968–1971 Bernard Usureau: 1971–1974 Philippe Clave: 1974–1975 Jean Favreau: 1975–1977 Jacques de Barry: 1977–1980 Jeannou Lacaze: 1980–1981 Roger Périer: 1981–1982 Alban Barthez: 1982–1984 Michel Fennebresque: 1984–1987 Hervé Navereau: 1987–1991 Daniel Valéry: 1991–1992 Michel Guignon: 1992–1996 Michel Billot: 1996–2000 Pierre Costedoat: 2000–2002 Marcel Valentin: 2002–2005 Xavier de Zuchowicz: 2005–2007 Bruno Dary: 2007–2012 Hervé Charpentier: 2012–2015 Bruno Le Ray: 2015–2020 Christophe Abad: 2020–2024 Loïc Mizon: 2024

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Italy 2 Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Poland Israel Belgium Croatia People Deutsche Biographie Léonore Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Henri Gouraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Gouraud) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Gouraud?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.