# Hemotoxin > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Hemotoxin > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Hemotoxin.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemotoxin > Source revision: 1223712492 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Toxins that destroy red blood cells This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Hemotoxin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) **Haemotoxins**, **hemotoxins** or **hematotoxins** are [toxins](/source/Toxin) that destroy [red blood cells](/source/Red_blood_cell), disrupt [blood](/source/Blood) [clotting](/source/Thrombus), and/or cause [organ](/source/Organ_(anatomy)) degeneration and generalized [tissue](/source/Biological_tissue) damage. The term *haemotoxin* is to some degree a [misnomer](/source/Misnomer) since toxins that damage the blood also damage other tissues. Injury from a haemotoxic agent is often very painful and can cause permanent damage and in severe cases death. Loss of an affected limb is possible even with prompt treatment. Haemotoxins are frequently employed by [venomous](/source/Venom_(poison)) animals, including snakes ([vipers](/source/Viperidae) and [pit vipers](/source/Crotalinae)) and spiders ([brown recluse](/source/Brown_recluse)). Animal venoms contain [enzymes](/source/Enzyme) and other [proteins](/source/Protein) that are haemotoxic or [neurotoxic](/source/Neurotoxin) or occasionally both (as in the [Mojave rattlesnake](/source/Crotalus_scutulatus), the [Japanese mamushi](/source/Gloydius_blomhoffii),[1] and similar species). In addition to killing the prey, part of the function of a haemotoxic venom for some animals is to aid digestion. The venom breaks down protein in the region of the bite, making prey easier to digest. The process by which a haemotoxin causes death is much slower than that of a [neurotoxin](/source/Neurotoxin). Snakes which envenomate a prey animal may have to track the prey as it flees. Typically, a [mammalian](/source/Mammal) prey will stop fleeing not because of death, but due to shock caused by the venomous bite. Symptoms are dependent upon species, size, location of bite and the amount of venom injected. In humans, symptoms include nausea, disorientation, and headache; these may be delayed for several hours. Haemotoxins are used in [diagnostic](/source/Medical_diagnosis) studies of the [coagulation](/source/Coagulation) system. [Lupus anticoagulant](/source/Antiphospholipid_syndrome) is detected by changes in the [dilute Russell's viper venom time](/source/Dilute_Russell's_viper_venom_time), which is a [laboratory](/source/Laboratory) assay based on—as its name indicates—venom of the [Russell's viper](/source/Daboia). ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-igari_1-0)** Igari, R; Iseki, K; Abe, S; Syoji, M; Sato, M; Shimomura, K; Hayashida, A; Sugiura, A; Iwashita, Y; Midorikawa, S (2010). [症例報告 マムシ咬傷により複視・眼瞼下垂をきたした1例](http://medicalfinder.jp/ejournal/openUrl.do?issn=18816096&genre=article&volume=62&issue=3&spage=273) [Binocular diplopia and ptosis due to snakebite (Agkistrodon blomhoffi "mamushi")--a case report]. *Brain and Nerve* (in Japanese). **62** (3): 273–7. [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20297733](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20297733).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)) ## External links Look up ***[hemotoxin](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hemotoxin)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. - [Introduction to the special edition of *Journal of Toxicology - Toxin Reviews*, 21(1 & 2)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203155/http://www.unco.edu/nhs/biology/faculty_staff/mackessy/toxinology.pdf) v t e Toxins cardiotoxin cytotoxin enterotoxin hemotoxin hepatotoxin neurotoxin phototoxin Bacterial toxins Exotoxin Gram positive Bacilli Clostridium: tetani Tetanospasmin Tetanolysin perfringens Alpha toxin Enterotoxin difficile A B botulinum Botox Other: Anthrax toxin Listeriolysin O Cocci Streptolysin Leukocidin Panton–Valentine leukocidin Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus alpha/beta/delta Exfoliatin Toxic shock syndrome toxin Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) Actinomycetota Cord factor Diphtheria toxin Gram negative Shiga toxin/Verotoxin E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin Pertussis toxin Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide Lipid A Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin Cry1Ac Cry3Bb1 Other B. thuringiensis toxins Cry6Aa Cry34Ab1 Virulence factor Clumping factor A Fibronectin binding protein A Mycotoxins Aflatoxin Amatoxin (alpha-amanitin, beta-amanitin, gamma-amanitin, epsilon-amanitin, Amanullin, Amanullinic acid, Amaninamide, Amanin, Proamanullin) beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine Muscimol Orellanine Ochratoxin Patulin Phallotoxin (Phalloidin) Satratoxin-H Sterigmatocystin T-2 mycotoxin Trichothecene Vomitoxin Zeranol Zearalenone Plant toxins Amygdalin Anisatin Antiarin Brucine Chaconine Cicutoxin Coniine Daphnin Delphinine Divicine Djenkolic acid Falcarinol Gossypol Helenalin Ledol Linamarin Lotaustralin Mimosine Oenanthotoxin Oleandrin Persin Protoanemonin Pseudaconitine Retronecine Resiniferatoxin Scopolamine Solamargine Solanidine Solanine Solasodamine Solasodine Solasonine Solauricidine Solauricine Strychnine Swainsonine Tagetitoxin Tinyatoxin Tomatine Toxalbumin Abrin Ricin Tutin Invertebrate toxins Scorpion: Androctonus australis hector insect toxin Charybdotoxin Maurotoxin Agitoxin Margatoxin Slotoxin Scyllatoxin Hefutoxin HgeTx1 HsTx1 Kaliotoxin Lq2 Birtoxin Bestoxin BmKAEP Phaiodotoxin Imperatoxin Pi3 Spider: Latrotoxin Alpha-latrotoxin CSTX Cupiennins PhTx3 Stromatoxin Vanillotoxin Huwentoxin Mollusca: Conotoxin Eledoisin Onchidal Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Vertebrate toxins Fish: Ciguatoxin Tetrodotoxin Amphibian: (+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A Batrachotoxin Bufotoxins Arenobufagin Bufotalin Bufotenin Cinobufagin Marinobufagin Epibatidine Histrionicotoxin Pumiliotoxin 251D Samandarin Samandaridine Tarichatoxin Zetekitoxin AB Reptile/ Snake venom: Bungarotoxin α-Bungarotoxin β-Bungarotoxin κ-Bungarotoxin Calciseptine Taicatoxin Calcicludine Cardiotoxin III note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species Category --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hemotoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemotoxin) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemotoxin?action=history)). 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