# Hemigrapha > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Hemigrapha > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Hemigrapha.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemigrapha > Source revision: 1303189920 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=July 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Hemigrapha nephromatis Wedin and Diederich (AM AK241945).jpg | image_caption = ''Hemigrapha nephromatis'' | taxon = Hemigrapha | authority = ([Müll.Arg.](/source/Johannes_M%C3%BCller_Argoviensis)) [D.Hawksw.](/source/D.Hawksw.) (1975) | type_species = ''Hemigrapha asteriscus'' | type_species_authority = (Müll.Arg.) [R.Sant.](/source/R.Sant.) ex D.Hawksw. (1975) | subdivision_ranks = [Species](/source/Species) | subdivision = | synonyms = *''Melanographa'' sect. ''Hemigrapha'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1882)}} }} '''''Hemigrapha''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [fungi](/source/fungi) in the family [Hemigraphaceae](/source/Hemigraphaceae). The genus was established in 1975 and currently includes nine recognised species. These fungi are [parasites](/source/parasitism) that grow on other lichens, producing distinctive flat, star-shaped or elongated black [fruiting bodies](/source/fruiting_bodies) on their [host's](/source/host_(biology)) surface. ==Description== ''Hemigrapha'' lacks its own [thallus](/source/thallus) and instead [parasitises](/source/parasitism) other lichens. Its reproductive structures are flat, superficial [fruiting bodies](/source/fruiting_bodies) called thyriothecia. When young these appear black, round, star-shaped or elongate, and may branch or fuse together. Each thyriothecium is surrounded by a single layer of dark-brown, short rectangular cells arranged like spokes of a wheel; the covering breaks open irregularly, leaving the spore-bearing surface ([hymenium](/source/hymenium)) partly exposed while any true pore ([ostiole](/source/ostiole)) is often hard to discern. The hymenium does not [stain](/source/staining) blue in iodine tests. Threads known as {{lichengloss|paraphysoids}} weave through the [asci](/source/ascus); they branch only sparingly, sometimes fuse, and in mature fruiting bodies their tips separate and become slightly swollen and brown. Short, few-celled hairs ({{lichengloss|periphyses}}) arise from the inner wall. The [asci](/source/ascus) are thick-walled, double-layered ({{lichengloss|fissitunicate}}), club-shaped to almost spherical, and carry a distinct {{lichengloss|ocular chamber}} at the apex; they do not stain in iodine and usually contain between four and eight [ascospore](/source/ascospore)s, though two-spored asci also occur. Ascospores develop one to three internal walls ([septa](/source/septum)), are clearly pinched at each septum, and change from colourless to pale brown as they mature. Initially smooth, they become finely {{lichengloss|granular}} or even warted in over-mature specimens; they possess no surrounding {{lichengloss|perispore}}. [Asexual reproduction](/source/Asexual_reproduction) takes place in structures (pycnothyria) that are intermixed with, and macroscopically indistinguishable from, the thyriothecia. These lack [conidiophores](/source/conidiophores); instead, bottle-shaped conidiogenous cells emerge directly from the wall and produce two sizes of smooth, colourless, single-celled spores: narrowly [ellipsoid](/source/ellipsoid)al to rod-shaped [microconidia](/source/conidium) and larger ellipsoidal macroconidia. ==Species== {{As of|2025|July}}, [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) (in the [Catalogue of Life](/source/Catalogue_of_Life)) accept nine species of ''Hemigrapha'': *''[Hemigrapha asteriscus](/source/Hemigrapha_asteriscus)'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. ex D.Hawksw. (1975)}} *''[Hemigrapha atlantica](/source/Hemigrapha_atlantica)'' {{au|Diederich & Wedin (2000)}} *''[Hemigrapha graphidicola](/source/Hemigrapha_graphidicola)'' {{au|Diederich & Common (2019)}} *''[Hemigrapha nephromatis](/source/Hemigrapha_nephromatis)'' {{au|Wedin & Diederich (2000)}} *''[Hemigrapha phaeospora](/source/Hemigrapha_phaeospora)'' {{au|Matzer & Lücking (1996)}} *''[Hemigrapha pilocarpacearum](/source/Hemigrapha_pilocarpacearum)'' {{au|M.Cáceres & Lücking (2000)}} *''[Hemigrapha pseudocyphellariae](/source/Hemigrapha_pseudocyphellariae)'' {{au|Diederich & Wedin (2000)}} *''[Hemigrapha strigulae](/source/Hemigrapha_strigulae)'' {{au|Matzer (1996)}} *''[Hemigrapha tenellula](/source/Hemigrapha_tenellula)'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. ex Matzer (1996)}} ==References== {{Reflist|refs= {{cite journal |last1=Cáceres |first1=M. |last2=Lücking |first2=R. |year=2000 |title=Three new species and one new combination of foliicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Atlantic rainforest in Pernambuco state, Brazil |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=70 |issue=1–2 |pages=217–226 |doi=10.1127/nova.hedwigia/70/2000/217 |bibcode=2000NovaH..70..217C }} {{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Coppins |first2=B. |last3=Aptroot |first3=A. |last4=Sanderson |first4=N. |last5=Simkin |first5=J. |year=2025 |title=Miscellaneous lichens and lichenicolous fungi, including ''Aphanopsis'' and ''Steinia'' (Aphanopsidaceae), ''Arthrorhaphis'' (Arthrorhaphidaceae), ''Buelliella'', ''Hemigrapha'', ''Melaspileella'', ''Stictographa'' and ''Taeniolella'' (Asterinales, family unassigned), ''Phylloblastia'' (Chaetothyriales, family unassigned) ''Cystocoleus'' (Cystocoleaceae), ''Sclerococcum'' (Dactylosporaceae), ''Eiglera'' (Eigleraceae), ''Epigloea'' (Epigloeaceae), ''Euopsis'' (Harpidiaceae), ''Lichenothelia'' (Lichenotheliaceae), ''Lichinodium'' (Lichinodiaceae), ''Melaspilea'' (Melaspileaceae), ''Epithamnolia'' and ''Mniaecia'' (Mniaeciaceae), ''Lichenostigma'' (Phaeococcomycetaceae), ''Pycnora'' (Pycnoraceae), ''Racodium'' (Racodiaceae), ''Chicitaea'' and ''Loxospora'' (Sarrameanaceae), ''Schaereria'' (Schaereriaceae), ''Strangospora'' (Strangosporaceae), ''Botryolepraria'' and ''Stigmidium'' (Verrucariales, family unassigned), and ''Biatoridium'', ''Mycoglaena'', ''Orphniospora'', ''Piccolia'', ''Psammina'' and ''Wadeana'' (order and family unassigned) |series=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=57 |page=5}} {{Catalogue of Life |id=4V63 |title=''Hemigrapha'' |access-date=18 March 2024}} {{cite journal |last1=Diederich |first1=P. |last2=Wedin |first2=M. |year=2000 |title=The species of ''Hemigrapha'' (lichenicolous Ascomycetes, Dothideales) on Peltigerales |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=203–214 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01571.x |bibcode=2000NorJB..20..203D }} {{cite journal |last1=Diederich |first1=Paul |last2=Common |first2=Ralph |last3=Braun |first3=Uwe |last4=Heuchert |first4=Bettina |last5=Millanes |first5=Ana |last6=Suija |first6=Ave |last7=Ertz |first7=Damien |year=2019 |title=Lichenicolous fungi from Florida growing on Graphidales |journal=Plant and Fungal Systematics |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=249–282 |doi=10.2478/pfs-2019-0021 |doi-access=free}} {{cite book |last=Matzer |first=M. |year=1996 |title=Lichenicolous ascomycetes with fissitunicate asci on foliicolus lichens |series=Mycological Papers |volume=171 |page=107 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-0851989372}} }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q5711606}} Category:Dothideomycetes Category:Dothideomycetes genera Category:Lichenicolous fungi Category:Taxa named by Johannes Müller Argoviensis Category:Taxa described in 1882 --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hemigrapha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemigrapha) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemigrapha?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.