# Hel (mythological being)

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Underworld entity in Norse mythology

***Hel*** (1889) by [Johannes Gehrts](/source/Johannes_Gehrts), pictured here with her hound [Garmr](/source/Garmr)

**Hel** ([Old Norse](/source/Old_Norse)) is a female being in [Norse mythology](/source/Norse_mythology) who is said to preside over an underworld realm of the [same name](/source/Hel_(location)), where she receives a portion of the dead. Hel is attested in the *[Poetic Edda](/source/Poetic_Edda)*, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the *[Prose Edda](/source/Prose_Edda)*, written in the 13th century. In addition, she is mentioned in poems recorded in *[Heimskringla](/source/Heimskringla)* and *[Egils saga](/source/Egils_saga)* that date from the 9th and 10th centuries, respectively. An episode in the Latin work *[Gesta Danorum](/source/Gesta_Danorum)*, written in the 12th century by [Saxo Grammaticus](/source/Saxo_Grammaticus), is generally considered to refer to Hel, and Hel may appear on various [Migration Period](/source/Migration_Period) [bracteates](/source/Bracteate).

In the *Poetic Edda*, *Prose Edda*, and *Heimskringla*, Hel is referred to as a daughter of [Loki](/source/Loki). In the *Prose Edda* book *[Gylfaginning](/source/Gylfaginning)*, Hel is described as having been appointed by the god [Odin](/source/Odin) as ruler of a realm of the same name, located in [Niflheim](/source/Niflheim). In the same source, her appearance is described as half blue and half flesh-coloured and further as having a gloomy, downcast appearance. The *Prose Edda* details that Hel rules over vast mansions with many servants in her underworld realm and plays a key role in the attempted resurrection of the god [Baldr](/source/Baldr).

Scholarly theories have been proposed about Hel's potential connections to figures appearing in the 11th-century *[Old English Gospel of Nicodemus](/source/Old_English_Gospel_of_Nicodemus)* and Old Norse *[Bartholomeus saga postola](/source/Bartholomeus_saga_postola)*, that she may have been considered a [goddess](/source/Goddess) with potential [Indo-European](/source/Proto-Indo-European_religion) parallels in [Bhavani](/source/Bhavani), [Kali](/source/Kali), and [Mahakali](/source/Mahakali) or that Hel may have become a being only as a late [personification](/source/Personification) of the location of the same name.

## Etymology

The [Old Norse](/source/Old_Norse) name *Hel* is identical to the name of the [location](/source/Hel_(location)) over which she rules. It stems from the [Proto-Germanic](/source/Proto-Germanic_language) feminine noun **haljō-* 'concealed place, the underworld' (compare with [Gothic](/source/Gothic_language) *halja*, [Old English](/source/Old_English) *hel* or *hell*, [Old Frisian](/source/Old_Frisian) *helle*, [Old Saxon](/source/Old_Saxon) *hellia*, [Old High German](/source/Old_High_German) *hella*), itself a [derivative](/source/Morphological_derivation) of **helan-* 'to cover > conceal, hide' (compare with OE *helan*, OF *hela*, OS *helan*, OHG *helan*).[1][2] It derives, ultimately, from the [Proto-Indo-European](/source/Proto-Indo-European_language) verbal root **ḱel-* 'to conceal, cover, protect' (compare with [Latin](/source/Latin) *cēlō*, [Old Irish](/source/Old_Irish) *ceilid*, [Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) *kalúptō*).[2] The Old Irish masculine noun *cel* 'dissolution, extinction, death' is also related.[3]

Other related early Germanic terms and concepts include the [compounds](/source/Compound_(linguistics)) **halja-rūnō(n)* and **halja-wītjan*.*[4]* The feminine noun **halja-rūnō(n)* is formed with **haljō-* 'hell' attached to **rūno* 'mystery, secret' > [runes](/source/Runes). It has descendant [cognates](/source/Cognate) in the Old English *helle-rúne* 'possessed woman, sorceress, diviner',[5] the Old High German *helli-rūna* 'magic', and perhaps in the Latinized Gothic form *[haliurunnae](/source/Haliurunas)*,*[4]* although its second element may derive instead from *rinnan* 'to run, go', leading to Gothic **haljurunna* as the 'one who travels to the netherworld'.[6][7] The neutral noun **halja-wītjan* is composed of the same root **haljō-* attached to **wītjan* (compare with Goth. *un-witi* 'foolishness, understanding', OE *witt* 'right mind, wits', OHG *wizzi* 'understanding'), with descendant cognates in Old Norse *hel-víti* 'hell', Old English *helle-wíte* 'hell-torment, hell', Old Saxon helli-wīti 'hell', or [Middle High German](/source/Middle_High_German) *helle-wīzi* 'hell'.*[8]*

*Hel* is also etymologically related—although distantly in this case—to the Old Norse word *Valhöll* '[Valhalla](/source/Valhalla)', literally 'hall of the slain', and to the English word *hall*, both likewise deriving from Proto-Indo-European **ḱel-* via the Proto-Germanic root **hallō-* 'covered place, hall'.[9]

## Attestations

### *Poetic Edda*

The *Poetic Edda*, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, features various poems that mention Hel. In the *Poetic Edda* poem *[Völuspá](/source/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1)*, Hel's realm is referred to as the "Halls of Hel".[10] In stanza 31 of *[Grímnismál](/source/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l)*, Hel is listed as living beneath one of three roots growing from the world tree [Yggdrasil](/source/Yggdrasil).[11] In *[Fáfnismál](/source/F%C3%A1fnism%C3%A1l)*, the hero [Sigurd](/source/Sigurd) stands before the mortally wounded body of the dragon [Fáfnir](/source/F%C3%A1fnir), and states that Fáfnir lies in pieces, where "Hel can take" him.[12] In *[Atlamál](/source/Atlam%C3%A1l)*, the phrases "Hel has half of us" and "sent off to Hel" are used in reference to death, though it could be a reference to the location and not the being, if not both.[13] In stanza 4 of *[Baldrs draumar](/source/Baldrs_draumar)*, Odin rides towards the "high hall of Hel".[14]

Hel may also be alluded to in *[Hamðismál](/source/Ham%C3%B0ism%C3%A1l)*. Death is paraphrased as "joy of the troll-woman"[15] (or "ogress"[16]) and ostensibly it is Hel being referred to as the troll-woman or the ogre (*flagð*), although it may otherwise be some unspecified *[dís](/source/D%C3%ADs)*.[15][16]

### *Prose Edda*

A depiction of a young Hel (center) being led to the assignment of her realm, while her brother Fenrir is led forward (left) and Jörmungandr (right) is about to be cast by Odin (1906) by [Lorenz Frølich](/source/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich).

"[Hermod](/source/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r) before Hela" (1909) by [John Charles Dollman](/source/John_Charles_Dollman).

"The children of Loki" (1920) by [Willy Pogany](/source/Willy_Pogany).

"Loki's Brood" (1905) by [Emil Doepler](/source/Emil_Doepler).

Hel receives notable mention in the *[Prose Edda](/source/Prose_Edda)*. In chapter 34 of the book *[Gylfaginning](/source/Gylfaginning)*, Hel is listed by [High](/source/High%2C_Just-As-High%2C_and_Third) as one of the three children of [Loki](/source/Loki) and [Angrboða](/source/Angrbo%C3%B0a); the wolf [Fenrir](/source/Fenrir), the serpent [Jörmungandr](/source/J%C3%B6rmungandr), and Hel. High continues that, once the gods found that these three children are being brought up in the land of [Jötunheimr](/source/J%C3%B6tunheimr), and when the gods "traced prophecies that from these siblings great mischief and disaster would arise for them" then the gods expected a lot of trouble from the three children, partially due to the nature of the mother of the children, yet worse so due to the nature of their father.[17]

High says that Odin sent the gods to gather the children and bring them to him. Upon their arrival, Odin threw Jörmungandr into "that deep sea that lies round all lands", Odin threw Hel into [Niflheim](/source/Niflheim), and bestowed upon her authority over [nine worlds](/source/Norse_cosmology), in that she must "administer board and lodging to those sent to her, and that is those who die of sickness or old age". High details that in this realm Hel has "great Mansions" with extremely high walls and immense gates, a hall called [Éljúðnir](/source/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir), a dish called "Hunger", a knife called "Famine", the servant Ganglati (Old Norse "lazy walker"[18]), the serving-maid Ganglöt (also "lazy walker"[18]), the entrance threshold "Stumbling-block", the bed "Sick-bed", and the curtains "Gleaming-bale". High describes Hel as "half black and half flesh-coloured", adding that this makes her easily recognizable, and furthermore that Hel is "rather downcast and fierce-looking".[19]

In chapter 49, High describes the events surrounding the death of the god [Baldr](/source/Baldr). The goddess [Frigg](/source/Frigg) asks who among the [Æsir](/source/%C3%86sir) will earn "all her love and favour" by riding to Hel, the location, to try to find Baldr, and offer Hel herself a ransom. The god [Hermóðr](/source/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r) volunteers and sets off upon the eight-legged horse [Sleipnir](/source/Sleipnir) to Hel. Hermóðr arrives in Hel's hall, finds his brother Baldr there, and stays the night. The next morning, Hermóðr begs Hel to allow Baldr to ride home with him, and tells her about the great weeping the Æsir have done upon Baldr's death.[20] Hel says the love people have for Baldr that Hermóðr has claimed must be tested, stating:

If all things in the world, alive or dead, weep for him, then he will be allowed to return to the Æsir. If anyone speaks against him or refuses to cry, then he will remain with Hel.[21]

Later in the chapter, after the female [jötunn](/source/J%C3%B6tunn) [Þökk](/source/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk) refuses to weep for the dead Baldr, she responds in verse, ending with "let Hel hold what she has".[22] In chapter 51, High describes the events of [Ragnarök](/source/Ragnar%C3%B6k), and details that when Loki arrives at the field [Vígríðr](/source/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r) "all of Hel's people" will arrive with him.[23]

In chapter 12 of the *Prose Edda* book *[Skáldskaparmál](/source/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l)*, Hel is mentioned in a [kenning](/source/Kenning) for Baldr ("Hel's companion").[24] In chapter 23, "Hel's [...] relative or father" is given as a kenning for Loki.[25] In chapter 50, Hel is referenced ("to join the company of the quite monstrous wolf's sister") in the [skaldic](/source/Skald) poem *[Ragnarsdrápa](/source/Ragnarsdr%C3%A1pa)*.[26]

### *Heimskringla*

In the *Heimskringla* book *[Ynglinga saga](/source/Ynglinga_saga)*, written in the 13th century by [Snorri Sturluson](/source/Snorri_Sturluson), Hel is referred to, though never by name. In chapter 17, the king [Dyggvi](/source/Dyggvi) dies of sickness. A poem from the 9th-century *[Ynglingatal](/source/Ynglingatal)* that forms the basis of *Ynglinga saga* is then quoted that describes Hel's taking of Dyggvi:

I doubt not but Dyggvi's corpse Hel does hold to whore with him; for Ulf's sib a scion of kings by right should caress in death: to love lured Loki's sister [Yngvi](/source/Yngvi)'s heir o'er all Sweden.[27]

In chapter 45, a section from *Ynglingatal* is given which refers to Hel as "[howes](/source/Bowl_barrow)'-warder" (meaning "guardian of the graves") and as taking King [Halfdan Hvitbeinn](/source/Halfdan_Hvitbeinn) from life.[28] In chapter 46, King [Eystein Halfdansson](/source/Eystein_Halfdansson) dies by being knocked overboard by a sail yard. A section from *Ynglingatal* follows, describing that Eystein "fared to" Hel (referred to as "[Býleistr](/source/B%C3%BDleistr)'s-brother's-daughter").[29] In chapter 47, the deceased Eystein's son King [Halfdan](/source/Halfdan_the_Mild) dies of an illness, and the excerpt provided in the chapter describes his fate thereafter, a portion of which references Hel:

Loki's child from life summoned to her [thing](/source/Thing_(assembly)) the third liege-lord, when Halfdan of Holtar farm left the life allotted to him.[30]

In a stanza from *Ynglingatal* recorded in chapter 72 of the *Heimskringla* book *[Saga of Harald Sigurdsson](/source/Harald_Sigurdsson)*, "given to Hel" is again used as a phrase to referring to death.[31]

### *Egils saga*

The [Icelanders' saga](/source/Sagas_of_Icelanders) *[Egils saga](/source/Egils_saga)* contains the poem *[Sonatorrek](/source/Sonatorrek)*. The saga attributes the poem to 10th-century skald [Egill Skallagrímsson](/source/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson), and writes that it was composed by Egill after the death of his son Gunnar. The final stanza of the poem contains a mention of Hel, though not by name:

Now my course is tough: Death, close sister of Odin's enemy stands on the ness: with resolution and without remorse I will gladly await my own.[32]

### *Gesta Danorum*

In the account of Baldr's death in [Saxo Grammaticus](/source/Saxo_Grammaticus)' early 13th-century work *[Gesta Danorum](/source/Gesta_Danorum)*, the dying Baldr has a dream visitation from [Proserpina](/source/Proserpina) (here translated as "the goddess of death"):

The following night the goddess of death appeared to him in a dream standing at his side, and declared that in three days time she would clasp him in her arms. It was no idle vision, for after three days the acute pain of his injury brought his end.[33]

Scholars have assumed that Saxo used Proserpina as a goddess equivalent to the Norse Hel.[34]

## Archaeological record

It has been suggested that several [imitation medallions and bracteates](/source/Bracteate) of the [Migration Period](/source/Migration_Period) (ca. first centuries AD) feature depictions of Hel. In particular the bracteates IK 14 and IK 124 depict a rider traveling down a slope and coming upon a female being holding a scepter or a staff. The downward slope may indicate that the rider is traveling towards the realm of the dead and the woman with the scepter may be a female ruler of that realm, corresponding to Hel.[35]

Some B-class bracteates showing three godly figures have been interpreted as depicting Baldr's death, the best known of these is the Fakse bracteate. Two of the figures are understood to be Baldr and Odin while both Loki and Hel have been proposed as candidates for the third figure. If it is Hel she is presumably greeting the dying Baldr as he comes to her realm.[36]

## Scholarly reception

An 18th-century *Prose Edda* manuscript illustration featuring Hermóðr upon [Sleipnir](/source/Sleipnir) (left), [Baldr](/source/Baldr) (upper right), and Hel (lower right). Details include but are not limited to Hel's dish "[hunger](/source/Hunger)" and the knife "[famine](/source/Famine)".

"[Heimdallr](/source/Heimdallr) desires [Iðunn](/source/I%C3%B0unn)'s return from the Underworld" (1881) by [Carl Emil Doepler](/source/Carl_Emil_Doepler).

### Seo Hell

The *[Old English Gospel of Nicodemus](/source/Old_English_Gospel_of_Nicodemus)*, preserved in two manuscripts from the 11th century, contains a female figure referred to as *Seo hell* who engages in [flyting](/source/Flyting) with [Satan](/source/Satan) and tells him to leave her dwelling (Old English *ut of mynre onwununge*). Regarding Seo Hell in the *Old English Gospel of Nicodemus*, Michael Bell states that "her vivid personification in a dramatically excellent scene suggests that her gender is more than grammatical, and invites comparison with the Old Norse underworld goddess Hel and the [Frau Holle](/source/Holda) of German folklore, to say nothing of underworld goddesses in other cultures" yet adds that "the possibility that these genders *are* merely grammatical is strengthened by the fact that an Old Norse version of Nicodemus, possibly translated under English influence, personifies Hell in the neutral (Old Norse *þat helvíti*)".[37]

### *Bartholomeus saga postola*

The [Old Norse](/source/Old_Norse) *[Bartholomeus saga postola](/source/Bartholomeus_saga_postola)*, an account of the life of [Saint Bartholomew](/source/Saint_Bartholomew) dating from the 13th century, mentions a "Queen Hel". In the story, a devil is hiding within a pagan idol, and bound by Bartholomew's spiritual powers to acknowledge himself and confess, the devil refers to [Jesus](/source/Jesus) as the one which "made war on Hel our queen" (Old Norse *heriaði a Hel drottning vara*). "Queen Hel" is not mentioned elsewhere in the saga.[38]

Michael Bell says that while Hel "might at first appear to be identical with the well-known pagan goddess of the Norse underworld" as described in chapter 34 of *Gylfaginning*, "in the combined light of the Old English and Old Norse versions of *Nicodemus* she casts quite a different a shadow", and that in *Bartholomeus saga postola* "she is clearly the queen of the Christian, not pagan, underworld".[39]

### Origins and development

[Jacob Grimm](/source/Jacob_Grimm) described Hel as an example of a "half-goddess": "one who cannot be shown to be either wife or daughter of a god, and who stands in a dependent relation to higher divinities", and argued that "half-goddesses" stand higher than "half-gods" in Germanic mythology.[40] Grimm regarded Hel (whom he refers to here as *Halja*, the theorized [Proto-Germanic](/source/Proto-Germanic) form of the term) as essentially an "image of a greedy, unrestoring, female deity" and theorized that "the higher we are allowed to penetrate into our antiquities, the less hellish and more godlike may *Halja* appear". He compared her role, her black color, and her name to "the [Indian](/source/Hinduism) [Bhavani](/source/Bhavani), who travels about and bathes like [Nerthus](/source/Nerthus) and [Holda](/source/Holda), but is likewise called *[Kali](/source/Kali)* or *[Mahakali](/source/Mahakali)*, the great *black* goddess" and concluded that "*Halja* is one of the oldest and commonest conceptions of our heathenism".[41] He theorized that the [Helhest](/source/Helhest), a three-legged horse that in Danish folklore roams the countryside "as a harbinger of plague and pestilence", was originally the steed of the goddess Hel, and that on this steed Hel roamed the land "picking up the dead that were her due". He also says that a wagon was once ascribed to Hel.[42]

In her 1948 work on death in Norse mythology and religion, *The Road to Hel*, [Hilda Ellis Davidson](/source/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson) argued that the description of Hel as a goddess in surviving sources appeared to be literary personification, the word *hel* generally being "used simply to signify death or the grave", which she states "naturally lends itself to personification by poets". While noting that "whether this personification has originally been based on a belief in a goddess of death called Hel [was] another question", she stated that she did not believe the surviving sources gave any reason to believe so, while they included various other examples of "supernatural women" who "seem to have been closely connected with the world of death, and were pictured as welcoming dead warriors". She suggested that the depiction of Hel "as a goddess" in *Gylfaginning* "might well owe something to these".[43]

In a later work (1998), Davidson wrote that the description of Hel found in chapter 33 of *Gylfaginning* "hardly suggests a goddess", but that "in the account of Hermod's ride to Hel later in *Gylfaginning* (49)", Hel "[speaks] with authority as ruler of the underworld" and that from her realm "gifts are sent back to [Frigg](/source/Frigg) and [Fulla](/source/Fulla) by Balder's wife [Nanna](/source/Nanna_(Norse_deity)) as from a friendly kingdom". She posited that Snorri may have "earlier turned the goddess of death into an allegorical figure, just as he made Hel, the underworld of [shades](/source/Shade_(mythology)), a place 'where wicked men go,' like the Christian Hell (*Gylfaginning* 3)". She then, like Grimm, compared Hel to [Kali](/source/Kali):

On the other hand, a goddess of death who represents the horrors of slaughter and decay is something well known elsewhere; the figure of Kali in India is an outstanding example. Like Snorri's Hel, she is terrifying to in appearance, black or dark in colour, usually naked, adorned with severed heads or arms or the corpses of children, her lips smeared with blood. She haunts the battlefield or cremation ground and squats on corpses. Yet for all this she is "the recipient of ardent devotion from countless devotees who approach her as their mother" [...].[44]

Davidson further compared Hel to early attestations of the [Irish](/source/Irish_mythology) goddesses [Badb](/source/Badb) (described in *The Destruction of Da Choca's Hostel* as dark in color, with a large mouth, wearing a dusky mantle, and with gray hair falling over her shoulders, or, alternatively, "as a red figure on the edge of the ford, washing the chariot of a king doomed to die") and [the Morrígan](/source/Morr%C3%ADgan). She concluded that, in these examples, "here we have the fierce destructive side of death, with a strong emphasis on its physical horrors, so perhaps we should not assume that the gruesome figure of Hel is wholly Snorri's literary invention".[45]

[John Lindow](/source/John_Lindow) stated that most details about Hel, as a figure, are not found outside of Snorri's writing in *Gylfaginning*, and that when older skaldic poetry "says that people are 'in' rather than 'with' Hel, we are clearly dealing with a place rather than a person, and this is assumed to be the older conception". He theorizes that the noun and place *Hel* likely originally simply meant "grave", and that "the personification came later".[46] Lindow also drew a parallel between the personified Hel's banishment to the underworld and the binding of Fenrir as part of a recurring theme of the [bound monster](/source/Bound_monster), where an enemy of the gods is bound but destined to break free at Ragnarok.[47] [Rudolf Simek](/source/Rudolf_Simek) similarly stated that the figure of Hel is "probably a very late personification of the underworld Hel", that "on the whole nothing speaks in favour of there being a belief in Hel in pre-Christian times", and noted that "the first scriptures using the goddess Hel are found at the end of the 10th and in the 11th centuries". He characterized the allegorical description of Hel's house in *Gylfaginning* as "clearly ... in the Christian tradition".[48] However, elsewhere in the same work, Simek cites an argument made by [Karl Hauck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hauck&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hauck)] that one of three figures appearing together on Migration Period [B-bracteates](/source/Bracteate#Typology) is to be interpreted as Hel.[49]

## As a given name

In January 2017, the [Icelandic Naming Committee](/source/Icelandic_Naming_Committee) ruled that parents could not name their child *Hel* "on the grounds that the name would cause the child significant distress and trouble as it grows up".[50][51]

## In popular culture

Hel is one of the playable gods in the [third-person](/source/Third-person_(video_games)) [multiplayer online battle arena](/source/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena) game *[Smite](/source/Smite_(video_game))* and was one of the original 17 gods.[52] Hel is also featured in [Ensemble Studios](/source/Ensemble_Studios)' 2002 [real-time strategy](/source/Real-time_strategy) game *[Age of Mythology](/source/Age_of_Mythology)*, where she is one of 12 gods Norse players can choose to worship.[53][54]

### Hela

Hel was the inspiration for the [Marvel](/source/Marvel_Comics) comic book character [Hela](/source/Hela_(character)), created by [Stan Lee](/source/Stan_Lee) and [Jack Kirby](/source/Jack_Kirby); Hela first appeared in *[Journey into Mystery](/source/Journey_into_Mystery)* #102 (March 1964).[55] In the widely popular *[Thor: Ragnarok](/source/Thor%3A_Ragnarok)* (2017),[56] Hela is portrayed as "violent, vicious, brutal and cruel".[57]

## See also

- [Personifications of death](/source/Personifications_of_death)

- [Rán](/source/R%C3%A1n), a Norse goddess who oversees those who have drowned

- [Gefjon](/source/Gefjon), a Norse goddess who oversees those who die as virgins

- [Freyja](/source/Freyja), a Norse goddess who oversees a portion of the dead in her afterlife field, [Fólkvangr](/source/F%C3%B3lkvangr)

- [Odin](/source/Odin), a Norse god who oversees a portion of the dead in his afterlife hall, [Valhalla](/source/Valhalla)

- [Helreginn](/source/Helreginn), a [jötunn](/source/J%C3%B6tunn) whose name means "ruler over Hel"

- [Hell](/source/Hell), abode of the dead in various cultures

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003156,_168_1-0)** [Orel 2003](#CITEREFOrel2003), pp. 156, 168.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013204,_218_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013204,_218_2-1) [Kroonen 2013](#CITEREFKroonen2013), pp. 204, 218.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013204_3-0)** [Kroonen 2013](#CITEREFKroonen2013), p. 204.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003155–156_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003155–156_4-1) [Orel 2003](#CITEREFOrel2003), pp. 155–156.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Dictionary of Old English"](https://tapor.library.utoronto.ca/doe/?E14975). *University of Toronto*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225010901/https://tapor.library.utoronto.ca/doe/?E14975) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Scardigli, Piergiuseppe, Die Goten: Sprache und Kultur (1973) pp. 70–71.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Lehmann, Winfred, A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2003156,_464_8-0)** [Orel 2003](#CITEREFOrel2003), pp. 156, 464.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HELL-HALL_9-0)** This is highlighted in Watkins (2000:38).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LARRINGTON9_10-0)** Larrington (1999:9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LARRINGTON56_11-0)** Larrington (1999:56).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LARRINGTON161_12-0)** Larrington (1999:61).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LARRINGTON225-232_13-0)** Larrington (1999:225 and 232).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LARRINGTON243_14-0)** Larrington (1999:243).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-LARRINGTON240_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-LARRINGTON240_15-1) Larrington (1999:240 and notes).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-DRONKE164_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-DRONKE164_16-1) Dronke (1969:164).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FAULKES26-27_17-0)** Faulkes (1995:26–27).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ORCHARD79_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ORCHARD79_18-1) Orchard (1997:79).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FAULKES27_19-0)** Faulkes (1995:27).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FAULKES49-50_20-0)** Faulkes (1995:49–50).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BYOCK68_21-0)** Byock (2005:68).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BYOCK69_22-0)** Byock (2005:69).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FAULKES54_23-0)** Faulkes (1995:54).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FAULKES74_24-0)** Faulkes (1995:74).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FAULKES76_25-0)** Faulkes (1995:76).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FAULKES123_26-0)** Faulkes (1995:123).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HOLLANDER20_27-0)** Hollander (2007:20).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HOLLANDER46_28-0)** Hollander (2007:46).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HOLLANDER47_29-0)** Hollander (2007:47).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HOLLANDER20-21_30-0)** Hollander (2007:20–21).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HOLLANDER638_31-0)** Hollander (2007:638).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SCUDDER159_32-0)** Scudder (2001:159).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Fisher (1999:I 75).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Davidson (1999:II 356); Grimm (2004:314).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PESCH67_35-0)** Pesch (2002:67).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BRACTEATES_36-0)** Simek (2007:44); Pesch (2002:70); Bonnetain (2006:327).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BELL263_37-0)** Bell (1983:263).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BELL263-264_38-0)** Bell (1983:263–264).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BELL265_39-0)** Bell (1983:265).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GRIMM397_40-0)** Grimm (1882:397).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GRIMM315_41-0)** Grimm (1882:315).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GRIMM314_42-0)** Grimm (1882:314).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ELLIS90_43-0)** Ellis (1968:84).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-DAVIDSON178_44-0)** Davidson (1998:178) quoting 'the recipient ...' from Kinsley (1989:116).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-DAVIDSON179_45-0)** Davidson (1998:179).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LINDOW172_46-0)** Lindow (1997:172).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LINDOW82-83_47-0)** Lindow (2001:82–83).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SIMEK138_48-0)** Simek (2007:138).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SIMEK44_49-0)** Simek (2007:44).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["Naming committee stops parents from naming daughter after goddess of the underworld"](http://icelandmag.visir.is/article/naming-committee-stops-parents-naming-daughter-after-goddess-underworld). *[Iceland Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceland_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1)*. 10 January 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191127205509/http://icelandmag.visir.is/article/naming-committee-stops-parents-naming-daughter-after-goddess-underworld) from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2017. Cf. ["Not allowed to name after Nordic goddess Hel"](http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2017/01/09/not_allowed_to_name_after_nordic_goddess_hel/). *[Iceland Monitor](/source/Iceland_Monitor)*. 9 January 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181218021712/http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2017/01/09/not_allowed_to_name_after_nordic_goddess_hel/) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["Mál nr. 98/2016 Úrskurður 6. janúar 2017"](https://www.stjornarradid.is/default.aspx?pageid=0e3c47f7-5369-11e8-9428-005056bc4d74&newsid=f58005d9-606e-11e8-942c-005056bc530c) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180705175814/https://www.stjornarradid.is/default.aspx?pageid=0e3c47f7-5369-11e8-9428-005056bc4d74&newsid=f58005d9-606e-11e8-942c-005056bc530c) 5 July 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *Mannanafnanefnd*, 6 January 2017

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["The Gods of Smite - Archived copy"](https://www.smitegame.com/gods/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210731071415/https://www.smitegame.com/gods/) from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["The Minor Gods: Norse – Age of Mythology Wiki Guide – IGN"](https://www.ign.com/wikis/age-of-mythology/The_Minor_Gods:_Norse). 27 March 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210801152352/https://www.ign.com/wikis/age-of-mythology/The_Minor_Gods:_Norse) from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** ["Age of Mythology"](https://archive.org/details/Age_of_Mythology/page/n15/mode/2up).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** [Rovin, Jeff](/source/Jeff_Rovin) (1987). *[The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains](/source/The_Encyclopedia_of_Super-Villains)*. New York: Facts on File. p. 155. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8160-1356-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1356-X).[\[1\]](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsu0000rovi_h5r9/page/154/mode/2up)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** D'Alessandro, Anthony (20 March 2018). ["No. 8 'Thor: Ragnarok' Box Office Profits – 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament"](https://deadline.com/2018/03/thor-ragnarok-box-office-profit-2017-1202349475/). *[Deadline Hollywood](/source/Deadline_Hollywood)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180322130832/http://deadline.com/2018/03/thor-ragnarok-box-office-profit-2017-1202349475/) from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Marin, Gabiann (January 2020). ["The Hidden Goddess: The Erasure and Pseudo-Empowerment Narrative of the Goddess in Wonder Woman 2017"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2619675936). *[Hecate](/source/Hecate)*. **46** (1/2): 210. [ProQuest](/source/ProQuest) [2619675936](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2619675936).

## References

- Bell, Michael (1983). "Hel Our Queen: An Old Norse Analogue to an Old English Female Hell" as collected in *[The Harvard Theological Review](/source/The_Harvard_Theological_Review)*, Vol. 76, No. 2 (April 1983), pages 263–268. [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press).

- Bonnetain, Yvonne S. (2006). "[Potentialities of Loki](https://books.google.com/books?id=gjq6rvoIRpAC)" in *Old Norse Religion in Long Term Perspectives* edited by A. Andren, pp. 326–330. Nordic Academic Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [91-89116-81-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89116-81-X)

- Byock, Jesse (Trans.) (2005). *The Prose Edda*. [Penguin Classics](/source/Penguin_Classics). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-14-044755-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044755-5)

- [Davidson, Hilda Ellis](/source/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson) (commentary), Peter Fisher (Trans.) 1999. *[Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I–IX](https://books.google.com/books?id=QWQUcg39P3wC): I. English Text; II. Commentary*. D. S. Brewer. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-85991-502-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85991-502-6)

- [Davidson, Hilda Ellis](/source/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson) (2002 [1998]). *[Roles of the Northern Goddess](https://books.google.com/books?id=9IAyyYi0OC4C)*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-415-13611-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13611-3)

- [Dronke, Ursula](/source/Ursula_Dronke) (1969). *[The Poetic Edda 1: Heroic poems](https://books.google.com/books?id=SjpcAAAAMAAJ)*. [Clarendon Press](/source/Clarendon_Press)

- [Ellis, Hilda Roderick](/source/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson) (1968). *The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature*. [Greenwood Press Publishers](/source/Greenwood_Press).

- Faulkes, Anthony, trans. (1987). *Edda* (1995 ed.). Everyman. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-460-87616-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3).

- [Grimm, Jacob](/source/Jacob_Grimm) (James Steven Stallybrass Trans.) (1882). *[Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix](/source/Deutsche_Mythologie)* Vol. I. London: George Bell and Sons.

- [Grimm, Jacob](/source/Jacob_Grimm) (2004). *Teutonic Mythology*, vol. IV. Courier Dover Publications. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-486-43546-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43546-6)

- [Hollander, Lee Milton](/source/Lee_M._Hollander). (Trans.) (2007). *[Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway](https://books.google.com/books?id=qHpwje7-wNkC) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170126123912/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHpwje7-wNkC) 26 January 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)*. [University of Texas Press](/source/University_of_Texas_Press) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-292-73061-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73061-8)

- Kinsley, D. (1989). *[The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East to West](https://books.google.com/books?id=b0jmXOPBXkwC) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102120/https://books.google.com/books?id=b0jmXOPBXkwC) 17 February 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)*. [State University of New York Press](/source/State_University_of_New_York_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-88706-835-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-835-9)

- Kroonen, Guus (2013). [*Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic*](https://books.google.com/books?id=cgmFRAAACAAJ). Brill. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004183407](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004183407). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200801140636/https://books.google.com/books?id=cgmFRAAACAAJ) from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

- [Larrington, Carolyne](/source/Carolyne_Larrington) (Trans.) (1999). *The Poetic Edda*. [Oxford World's Classics](/source/Oxford_World's_Classics). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-283946-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283946-2)

- [Orchard, Andy](/source/Andy_Orchard) (1997). [*Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend*](https://books.google.com/books?id=uIujQgAACAAJ). Cassell. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-304-34520-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-34520-5).

- [Orel, Vladimir E.](/source/Vladimir_Orel) (2003). [*A Handbook of Germanic Etymology*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LY1iAAAAMAAJ). Brill. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-12875-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200729190640/https://books.google.com/books?id=lY1iAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

- Pesch, Alexandra (2002). "Frauen und Brakteaten – eine Skizze". In Rudolf Simek; Wilhelm Heizmann (eds.). *Mythological Women*. Vienna: Verlag Fassbaender. pp. 33–80. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-900538-73-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-900538-73-5).

- Scudder, Bernard (Trans.) (2001). *Egils saga*. [Penguin Group](/source/Penguin_Group). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-141-00003-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-00003-9)

- [Simek, Rudolf](/source/Rudolf_Simek) (1996). [*Dictionary of Northern Mythology*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ24QgAACAAJ). D.S. Brewer. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-85991-513-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200614180744/https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ24QgAACAAJ) from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

- [Watkins, Calvert](/source/Calvert_Watkins) (2000). *The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots*. [Houghton Mifflin Company](/source/Houghton_Mifflin_Company). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-395-98610-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-98610-9)

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Hel (being)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hel_(being)).

Look up ***[Hel](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hel)***, ***[Hell](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hell)***, or ***[Hela](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hela)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

- [MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository)](https://myndir.uvic.ca/Hel01.html) Illustrations of Hel from manuscripts and early print books.

v t e Death in Germanic paganism and mythology Figures Dís Freyja Gefjon Hel (mythological being) Norns Odin Rán Sleipnir Valkyrie Locations Fólkvangr Hel (location) Náströnd Neorxnawang Valhalla Entities Draugr Einherjar Burial practices Bog body Hogback (sculpture) Horse burial in Germanic paganism Ship burial Stone ship Tumulus See also Death in Norse paganism Matres and Matronae Rebirth in Germanic paganism Soul (etymology)

v t e Old Norse religion and mythology Mythological Norse people, items and places Deities, dwarfs, jötnar, and other figures Æsir Almáttki áss Baldr Bragi Dellingr Forseti Heimdall Hermóðr Höðr Hœnir Ítreksjóð Lóðurr Loki Máni Meili Mímir Móði and Magni Odin Óðr Thor Týr Ullr Váli (son of Odin) Víðarr Vili and Vé Ásynjur Bil Eir Frigg Fulla Gefjon Gerðr Gná Hlín Iðunn Ilmr Irpa Lofn Nanna Njörun Rán Rindr Sága Sif Sigyn Sjöfn Skaði Snotra Sól Syn Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr Þrúðr Vár Vör Vanir Freyja Freyr Ingunar-Freyr Yngvi Gersemi Gullveig Hnoss Kvasir Njörðr Sister-wife of Njörðr Jötnar Ægir Alvaldi Angrboða Aurboða Baugi Beli Bergelmir Bestla Bölþorn Býleistr Eggþér Fárbauti Fjölvar Fornjót Gangr Geirröðr Gillingr Gjálp and Greip Gríðr Gunnlöð Gymir Harðgreipr Helblindi Helreginn Hljod Hræsvelgr Hrímgerðr Hrímgrímnir Hrímnir Hroðr Hrungnir Hrymr Hymir Hyrrokkin Iði Ím Járnsaxa Laufey Leikn Litr Logi Mögþrasir Narfi (father of Nott) Sökkmímir Surtr Suttungr Þjazi Þökk Þrívaldi Þrúðgelmir Þrymr Útgarða-Loki Vafþrúðnir Víðblindi Vosud Vörnir Ymir Dwarfs Alvíss Andvari Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri Billingr Brokkr Dáinn Durinn Dúrnir Dvalinn Eitri Fáfnir Fjalar and Galar Gandalf Hreiðmarr Litr Mótsognir Ótr Regin Sons of Ivaldi Heroes List of figures in Germanic heroic legend A B–C D–E F–G H–He Hi–Hy I–O P–S T–Y people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend named animals and plants named weapons, armour and treasures Others Ask and Embla Auðr Auðumbla Aurvandill Beyla Borr Búri Byggvir Dísir Landdísir Dragons Draugs Einherjar Eldir Elves Dark elves (Dökkálfar) Light elves (Ljósálfar) Black elves (Svartálfar) Fimafeng Fjalar (rooster) Fenrir Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn Fylgja Garmr Gullinbursti Hati Hróðvitnisson Hel Hildisvíni Hjúki Horses of the Æsir Árvakr and Alsviðr Blóðughófi Falhófnir Gísl Glaðr Glær Glenr Grani Gullfaxi Gulltoppr Gyllir Hamskerpir and Garðrofa Hófvarpnir Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi Sleipnir Svaðilfari Jörð Jörmungandr Líf and Lífthrasir Loddfáfnir Móðguðr Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán Nine Mothers of Heimdallr Narfi (son of Loki) Níðhöggr Norns Skuld Urðr Verðandi Personifications Dagr Elli Nótt Sumarr and Vetr Sæhrímnir Skírnir Sköll Shield-maiden Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr Troll Þjálfi and Röskva Vættir Landvættir Váli (son of Loki) Valkyries Völundr Vörðr Places (Cosmology) Underworld Hel Éljúðnir Gjallarbrú Náströnd Niflhel Niðafjöll Rivers Élivágar Gjöll Ífingr Kerlaugar Körmt and Örmt Slidr River Vadgelmir Vimur River Other locations Asgard Amsvartnir Andlang Barri Bifröst Bilskirnir Brávellir Breidablik Brimir Fensalir Fólkvangr Fornsigtuna Fyrisvellir Gálgviðr Gandvik Gastropnir Gimlé Ginnungagap Glaðsheimr Glæsisvellir Glitnir Gnipahellir Grove of fetters Heiðr Himinbjörg Hindarfjall Hlidskjalf Hnitbjorg Hoddmímis holt Iðavöllr Járnviðr Jötunheimr Mímameiðr Myrkviðr Munarvágr Nóatún Okolnir Sessrúmnir Sindri Singasteinn Þrúðheimr Þrúðvangr Þrymheimr Uppsala Útgarðar Valaskjálf Valhalla Vanaheimr Víðbláinn Vígríðr Vingólf Wells Hvergelmir Mímisbrunnr Urðarbrunnr Ýdalir Yggdrasil Events Æsir–Vanir War Fimbulvetr Fróði's Peace Hjaðningavíg Ragnarök Sources Gesta Danorum Edda Poetic Edda Prose Edda Runestones Sagas Jómsvíkinga Legendary Tyrfing Cycle Völsung Cycle Old Norse language Orthography Later influence Society Religious practice Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe Blót Hof Heitstrenging Horses Hörgr Leeks Worship Öndvegissúlur Reginnaglar Sacred trees and groves Sonargöltr Temple at Uppsala Til árs ok friðar Vé Wetlands and islands Festivals and holy periods Álfablót Dísablót Germanic calendar Þorrablót Vetrnætr Yule Other Death Ergi Félag Galdr Goði Hamingja Heiti Kenning Mead hall Nīþ Numbers Philosophy Rings Runes Seiðr Skald Viking Age Völva See also Family tree of the Norse gods Germanic paganism Heathenry (new religious movement) Nordic Bronze Age

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hel (mythological being)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.