# Heian literature > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Heian_literature > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Heian_literature.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_literature > Source revision: 1352589216 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Overview of Japanese literature of the Heian period **Heian literature** (平安文学, *Heian-bungaku*) or **Chūko literature** (中古文学, *chūko-bungaku*; "mid-ancient literature") refers to [Japanese literature](/source/Japanese_literature) of the [Heian period](/source/Heian_period), running from 794 to 1185.[1] This article summarizes its history and development. ## Overview *[Kanshi](/source/Kanshi_(poetry))* (poetry written in Chinese) and *[kanbun](/source/Kanbun)* (prose in Chinese)[2] had remained popular since the [Nara period](/source/Nara_period), and the influence of the [Tang](/source/Tang_dynasty) poet [Bai Juyi](/source/Bai_Juyi) (*Haku Kyoi* in Japanese) on Japanese *kanshi* in this period was great. Even in the *[Tale of Genji](/source/Tale_of_Genji)*, a [pure Japanese](/source/Yamato_kotoba) work composed entirely in *[kana](/source/Kana)*, particularly in the chapter "Kiritsubo", the influence of his *[Song of Everlasting Regret](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Song_of_Everlasting_Regret)* has been widely recognized. [Sugawara no Michizane](/source/Sugawara_no_Michizane), who taught at the [Daigaku-ryō](/source/Daigaku-ry%C5%8D) before becoming [Minister of the Right](/source/Udaijin), was known not only as a politician but as a leading *kanshi* poet.[3] In 905, with the imperial order to compile the [Kokinshū](/source/Kokin_Wakash%C5%AB),[4] the first [imperial anthology](/source/Imperial_anthology), *[waka](/source/Waka_(poetry))* poetry acquired a status comparable to *kanshi*. *Waka* were composed at *[uta-awase](/source/Uta-awase)* and other official events, and the [private collections](/source/Kash%C5%AB_(poetry)) of well-known poets such as [Ki no Tsurayuki](/source/Ki_no_Tsurayuki) (the *[Tsurayuki-shū](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsurayuki-sh%C5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1)*) and [Lady Ise](/source/Lady_Ise) (the *[Ise-shū](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ise-sh%C5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1)*) became well known. During this period, since the language of most official documents was Chinese, most men of the nobility used [Chinese characters](/source/Kanji) to write poetry and prose in Chinese,[5] but among women the *kana* syllabary continued to grow in popularity, and more and more men adopted this simpler style of writing as well. Most of the works of literature from the Heian period that are still well-regarded today were written predominantly in *kana*. [Diaries](/source/Nikki_Bungaku) had been written by men in Chinese for some time, but in the early tenth century Ki no Tsurayuki chose to write his *[Tosa Nikki](/source/Tosa_Nikki)* [6] from the standpoint of a woman, in *kana*. Partly due to the *Tosa Nikki'*s influence, diaries written in Japanese became increasingly common. ## Timeline of notable works - 797 – *[Shoku Nihongi](/source/Shoku_Nihongi)* by [Fujiwara no Tsuginawa](/source/Fujiwara_no_Tsuginawa), [Sugano no Mamichi](/source/Sugano_no_Mamichi) et al. (history) - 807 - *[Kogo Shūi](/source/Kogo_Sh%C5%ABi) by Inbe no Hironari (Inbe clan history)* - 814 – *[Ryōunshū](/source/Ry%C5%8Dunsh%C5%AB)*, compiled by [Ono no Minemori](/source/Ono_no_Minemori), [Sugawara no Kiyotomo](/source/Sugawara_no_Kiyotomo) et al. (*kanshi* anthology)[7] - 815 – *[Shinsen Shōjiroku](/source/Shinsen_Sh%C5%8Djiroku)* by [Prince Manda](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Manda&action=edit&redlink=1) (万多親王, *Manda-shinnō*), et al. (genealogy) - 818 – *[Bunka Shūreishū](/source/Bunka_Sh%C5%ABreish%C5%AB)*, compiled by [Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu](/source/Fujiwara_no_Fuyutsugu), [Sugawara no Kiyotomo](/source/Sugawara_no_Kiyotomo) et al. (*kanshi* anthology) [8] - 824 – *[Nihon Ryōiki](/source/Nihon_Ry%C5%8Diki)* [9] by [Kyōkai](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%8Dkai&action=edit&redlink=1) (景戒; also pronounced *Keikai*) (*[setsuwa](/source/Setsuwa)* anthology) - 827 – *[Keikokushū](/source/Keikokush%C5%AB)*, compiled by [Yoshimine no Yasuyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoshimine_no_Yasuyo&action=edit&redlink=1), [Sugawara no Kiyotomo](/source/Sugawara_no_Kiyotomo) et al. (*kanshi* anthology)[10] - 833 - Ryō no gige a commentary of the [Yoro code](/source/Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D_Code) and the source of information that modern scholars use to reconstruct law from the Heian period and Nara period - 835 – *[Shōryōshū](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dry%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1)* by [Kūkai](/source/K%C5%ABkai) (*kanshi*/*kanbun* anthology)[11] - 841 – *[Nihon Kōki](/source/Nihon_K%C5%8Dki)* by [Fujiwara no Otsugu](/source/Fujiwara_no_Otsugu) et al. (history) - 847 - *[Ennin's Diary](/source/Ennin's_Diary)* [12] - 868 - Ryo no Shuge a private commentary on the [yoro codes](/source/Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D_Code) had no legal effect like Ryō no Gige. It was written by Naomoto Koremun, a lawyer. Though 50 volumesoriginally, it is now 35. - 869 – *[Shoku Nihon Kōki](/source/Shoku_Nihon_K%C5%8Dki)* - 879 – *[Toshi Bunshū](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toshi_Bunsh%C5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1)* by [Miyako no Yoshika](/source/Miyako_no_Yoshika). a personal poetry collection but it also includes important imperial documents from his time at court and historical information about Sugawara no Michizane - 879 - Hatashi Honkeicho the history of the hata set of shrines there formation submitted to the imperial court. - 879 - [Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku](/source/Nihon_Montoku_Tenn%C5%8D_Jitsuroku) (history) - 891 - Nihonkoku Genzaisho Mokuroku a book catalog of Chinese books written by Fujiwara no Sukeyo after a fire had destroyed these books. Some of these Chinese books no longer exist today. see [List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Classical Chinese books)](/source/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(writings%3A_Classical_Chinese_books)) for more information on imported books - 892 - *[Ruijū Kokushi](/source/Ruij%C5%AB_Kokushi) (history)* - 900 – *[Kanke Bunsō](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanke_Buns%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1)* by [Sugawara no Michizane](/source/Sugawara_no_Michizane) (*kanshi*/*kanbun* anthology)[13] - 901 - [Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku](/source/Nihon_Sandai_Jitsuroku) (history) - 903 - Kanke Kōshū by [Sugawara no Michizane](/source/Sugawara_no_Michizane) (kanshi/kanbun anthology) written before his death while in exile and was shown to [Ki no Haseo](/source/Ki_no_Haseo) after being sent - 905 – *[Kokin Wakashū](/source/Kokin_Wakash%C5%AB)* - compiled by [Ki no Tsurayuki](/source/Ki_no_Tsurayuki), [Ki no Tomonori](/source/Ki_no_Tomonori), [Ōshikōchi no Mitsune](/source/%C5%8Cshik%C5%8Dchi_no_Mitsune) and [Mibu no Tadamine](/source/Mibu_no_Tadamine) on the orders of [Emperor Daigo](/source/Emperor_Daigo) (*[chokusen wakashū](/source/Nij%C5%ABichidaish%C5%AB)*) [14] - Before 910 – *[Taketori Monogatari](/source/Taketori_Monogatari)* [15](author unknown; *[monogatari](/source/Monogatari)*) - 913 - [Shinsen Manyoshu](/source/Shinsen_Man'y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB) - 927 - *[Engishiki](/source/Engishiki)*[16] - 935 – *[Tosa Nikki](/source/Tosa_Nikki)* [17] by [Ki no Tsurayuki](/source/Ki_no_Tsurayuki) ([diary](/source/Nikki_bungaku)) - 939 - Teishinkoki [18] - (date unknown) - *[Ise Monogatari](/source/Ise_Monogatari)* [19] (*[uta monogatari](/source/Uta_monogatari)*) - 951 - *[Gosen Wakashū](/source/Gosen_Wakash%C5%AB)* - [951 - Yamato monogatari](/source/Yamato_Monogatari)[20] - 952 - [Heichu Monogatari](/source/Heich%C5%AB_Monogatari)[21] - 962 - [Tonomine Shosho Monogatari](/source/T%C5%8Dnomine_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Monogatari)[22] - 972 - Toyokage Monogatari [23] - 973 - Shinsen Kisoki the first text of Japanese turtle shell divination completed in 973 but was compiled through 830. - 974 - *[Kagerō Nikki](/source/Kager%C5%8D_Nikki)* [24] - 975 - [Ochikubo Monogatari](/source/Ochikubo_Monogatari)[25] - Before 977 – *[Utsubo Monogatari](/source/Utsubo_Monogatari)* by Unknown - 977 - Honin no Jiju Shu[26] - 980 - [Sumiyoshi Monogatari](/source/Sumiyoshi_Monogatari) it was a highly influential book read by [Murasaki Shikibu](/source/Murasaki_Shikibu) and [Sei Shōnagon](/source/Sei_Sh%C5%8Dnagon)[27] - 982 - [Chiteiki](/source/Chiteiki)[28] - 984 - Sanpo-e [29] - 984 - Zokusajosho the history of the Daijo-kan inherited by Otsuki. It compiles years 984 until the 7th year of the Genroku period of the Edo period. It has some 270 documents. - 991 - *Fujiwara no Sari hitsu shojō a letter by Fujiwara no sari* - 999 - Sanekata Shu [Fujiwara no sanekata's](/source/Fujiwara_no_Sanekata) personal poetry collection. [30] - 1002 – *[The Pillow Book](/source/The_Pillow_Book)* [31] by [Sei Shōnagon](/source/Sei_Sh%C5%8Dnagon) (*[zuihitsu](/source/Zuihitsu)*) - 1004 - Izumi Shikibu Nikki [32] by [Izumi Shikibu](/source/Izumi_Shikibu) a poetic diary - 1005 - *[Shūi Wakashū](/source/Sh%C5%ABi_Wakash%C5%AB)* - 1008 – *[The Tale of Genji](/source/The_Tale_of_Genji)*[33] by [Murasaki Shikibu](/source/Murasaki_Shikibu) (*[tsukuri-monogatari](/source/Tsukuri-monogatari)*) - 1008 - Political affairs summary a book detailing political affairs, it was completed in 1002 when Emperor Ichijo was ruling and updated until 1008. It was written by Tadasuke Koremune at the request of [Fujiwara no Sanesuke](/source/Fujiwara_no_Sanesuke) out of 130 volumes 26 remain. - 1010 - [Murasaki Shikibu Nikki](/source/The_Diary_of_Lady_Murasaki)[34] - 1011 - Ruiju - Sandaikaku a collection of laws, a compilation of the lost Engi Kyaku. The author is unknown but Engi Kyaku is said to have been written by Tokihira Fujiwara as the head of editing. - 1012 - Shinsen Zuinō[35] by [Fujiwara no kinto](/source/Fujiwara_no_Kint%C5%8D) - 1012 - Waka Kuhon[36] by [Fujiwara no kinto](/source/Fujiwara_no_Kint%C5%8D) - 1013 - *[Wakan rōeishū](/source/Wakan_r%C5%8Deish%C5%AB)*[37] - 1017 - Gonki [38][39][40] a diary by [Fujiwara no Yukinari](/source/Fujiwara_no_Yukinari) - 1020 – *[Sarashina Nikki](/source/Sarashina_Nikki)* [41] by [Takasue's daughter](/source/Takasue's_daughter) - 1021 - *Midō Kanpakuki the diary of [Fujiwara no Michinaga](/source/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga)* - 1030 - *Gengenshu by [Nōin](/source/N%C5%8Din)* - 1031 - Hosshin Wakashu [42] - 1032 - shoyuki by [Fujiwara no Sanesuke](/source/Fujiwara_no_Sanesuke) - *1043 - [Hokke Genki](/source/Hokke_Genki)* [43] - 1047 - [Enoshima engi](/source/Enoshima_Engi)[44] - 1050 - *[Sakuteiki](/source/Sakuteiki) (the first garden manual)*[45] - 1050 - *Nōin Utamakura by [Nōin](/source/N%C5%8Din)* - 1055 - [tsutsumi chunagon monogatari](/source/Tsutsumi_Ch%C5%ABnagon_Monogatari) a book of short stories [46] - *1059 - [Yoru no Nezame](/source/Yoru_no_Nezame)* - 1060 - [Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari](/source/Hamamatsu_Ch%C5%ABnagon_Monogatari)[47] - 1061 - Sagami-shū by [sagami](/source/Sagami_(poet)) - 1065 - [Shinsarugakuki](/source/Shinsarugakuki) a book presumed to been written by Fujiwara no Akihira. It is a book full of customs and possibly a biographical account but is often regarded as a work of fiction. It lists general references to each trade of Japan from performers of sarugaku to farmers. - 1065 - Meigo Orai a book of model letters by Fujiwara no Akihira. - 1076 - Sagoromo Monogatari[48] - 1081 - *Suisaki a diary by Minamoto no Toshifusa* - 1086 - *[Goshūi Wakashū](/source/Gosh%C5%ABi_Wakash%C5%AB)* - 1094 - Ruijufusensho a collection of laws. Tsuneyori Minamoto is said to have written it. - 1099 - *Go-Nijō Donoki (*Moromichi Diary) a diary by [Fujiwara no Moromichi](/source/Fujiwara_no_Moromichi) - 1100 - *Rōei gōchū a commentary on the [Wakan rōeishū](/source/Wakan_r%C5%8Deish%C5%AB) by [Ōe no Masafusa](/source/%C5%8Ce_no_Masafusa)* - 1105 - Konjaku Monogatarish - 1107 - [Eiga Monogatari](/source/Eiga_Monogatari) [49] - 1109 - Honchō shinsenden by [Ōe no Masafusa](/source/%C5%8Ce_no_Masafusa)[50] - 1109 - Sanuki no suke Nikki the diary of Sanuki no suke [51] - 1110 - [Nezame monogatari emaki](/source/Nezame_Monogatari_Emaki) - 1113 - [Nishi Honganji Sanju-rokunin Kashu](/source/Nishi_Honganji_Sanju-rokunin_Kashu) - 1113 - ise Nikki [52] - 1113 - *[Saigū no Nyōgo Shū](/source/Saig%C5%AB_no_Ny%C5%8Dgo_Sh%C5%AB)* - 1113 - *[Okikaze-shū](/source/Okikaze-sh%C5%AB)* - 1120 – *[Ōkagami](/source/%C5%8Ckagami)* [53](author unknown; *[rekishi monogatari](/source/Rekishi_monogatari)*) - 1120 – *[Konjaku Monogatarishū](/source/Konjaku_Monogatarish%C5%AB)* [54](compiler unknown; *[setsuwa](/source/Setsuwa)* anthology) - 1127 – *[Kin'yō Wakashū](/source/Kin'y%C5%8D_Wakash%C5%AB)*, compiled by [Minamoto no Toshiyori](/source/Minamoto_no_Toshiyori) (*chokusen wakashū*) - 1131 - Kohon Setsuwashu a recently discovered setsuwa (that was lost ) - 1133 - **Hosouruirin** a book of laws written by shinsai 4 volumes remain out of 230 - 1140 - [Genji Monogatari Emaki](/source/Genji_Monogatari_Emaki) - 1142 - Kikki a diary by Tsunefusa yoshida (started in 1142 finished in 1200) - 1144 - rin'yō wakashū a personal collection by [Shun'e](/source/Shun'e) - 1146 - Myobokanyosho a law book compiled and edited from old law books supposedly written by a monk named megumi - *1150 - [Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga](/source/Ch%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-jinbutsu-giga)* - 1150 - *[Kibi Daijin Nittō Emaki](/source/Kibi_Daijin_Nitt%C5%8D_Emaki)* [55][56][57][58] - 1150 - Gaki-zoshi at the [Kyoto National Museum](/source/Kyoto_National_Museum) - 1150 - Ji*gokuzōji [Hell scroll at the Nara National Museum](/source/Hell_Scroll_(Nara_National_Museum))* - 1150 - *Hekija-E ([Extermination of Evil](/source/Extermination_of_Evil))* - 1150 - Jigoku-zoshi [Hell Scroll at the Tokyo National Museum](/source/Hell_Scroll_(Tokyo_National_Museum)) - 1151 – *[Shika Wakashū](/source/Shika_Wakash%C5%AB)*, compiled by [Fujiwara no Akisuke](/source/Fujiwara_no_Akisuke) (*chokusen wakashū*) - 1151 - Sankaiki a diary by [Nakayama Tadachika](/source/Nakayama_Tadachika) (started 1151 ended 1194) - 1156 - [Hogen monogatari](/source/The_Tale_of_H%C5%8Dgen)[59] - *1157 - [Shigisan Engi Emaki](/source/Shigisan_Engi_Emaki)* - 1158 - *Nenju gyōji emaki* - 1159 - [Honcho Seiki](/source/Honch%C5%8D_Seiki) (history) - 1160 [- heiji monogatari](/source/The_Tale_of_Heiji)[60] - 1161 - Kirei Mondō a manual for writing letters by [Nakayama Tadachika](/source/Nakayama_Tadachika) - 1164 - Gyokuyo a diary by Kanezane kujo (started in 1164 finished in 1200) - 1164 - Fujiwara no Tadamichi hitsushojōan a set of 25 letters by Fujiwara no Tadamichi said to be a manual for writing letters. - 1165 - Kara monogatari a collection of tales from China [61] - 1169 - *[Fusō Ryakuki](/source/Fus%C5%8D_Ryakuki)* - 1170 –*[Imakagami](/source/Imakagami)* by [Fujiwara no Tametsune](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fujiwara_no_Tametsune&action=edit&redlink=1) (*[rekishi monogatari](/source/Rekishi_monogatari)*) - 1170 - *[Torikaebaya Monogatari](/source/Torikaebaya_Monogatari)* [62] - *1178 - Takakura tennō shinkan goshōsoku a letter by [emperor takakura](/source/Emperor_Takakura)* - *1178 - Seigan-ji urabon engi a history of the ghost festival scroll* - 1180 - *Takakura-in Itsukushima Gokōki* a travel diary by [Minamoto no Michichika](/source/Minamoto_no_Michichika) - 1180 - [Saigyo](/source/Saigy%C5%8D) Poems of a Mountain Home [63] - 1180 - [Ryōjin Hishō](/source/Ry%C5%8Djin_Hish%C5%8D)[64] - 1180 - [*Meigetsuki*](/source/Meigetsuki_(diary)) - 1181 - *[Kojijū-shū](/source/Kojij%C5%AB-sh%C5%AB)* - 1181 - *Takakura-in Shōkaki a diary by [Minamoto no michichika](/source/Minamoto_no_Michichika) mourning the death of emperor takakura* - 1182 - *[Nijōin no Sanuki Shū](/source/Nij%C5%8Din_no_Sanuki_Sh%C5%AB)* - 1183 - *[Kokawa-dera Engi Emaki](/source/Kokawa-dera_Engi_Emaki)* - *1184 - [Ban Dainagon Ekotoba](/source/Ban_Dainagon_Ekotoba)* - *1184 - [Nijō Taikō Taigōgū no Daini shu](/source/Nij%C5%8D_Taik%C5%8D_Taig%C5%8Dg%C5%AB_no_Daini)* - 1185 - [heike monogatari](/source/The_Tale_of_the_Heike)[65] - 1185 - [takamura monogatari](/source/Takamura_Monogatari)[66] - 1188 – *[Senzai Wakashū](/source/Senzai_Wakash%C5%AB)*, compiled by [Fujiwara no Shunzei](/source/Fujiwara_no_Shunzei) on the command of [Emperor Go-Shirakawa](/source/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa) in 1183 it started to be compiled (*chokusen-wakashū*) ## Notes 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Heian period"](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259482/Heian-period). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)*. Retrieved 2007-04-24. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). [*Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies). East Asia Program, Cornell University. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-885445-35-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885445-35-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Borgen, Robert (1994-01-01). [*Sugawara No Michizane and the Early Heian Court*](https://books.google.com/books?id=H0TAO98c9acC&q=sugawara+no+michizane+and+the+early+heian+period+court). University of Hawaii Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-1590-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1590-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** McCullough, Helen Craig (1985). [*Kokin WakashÅ«: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry : with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka*](https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PjRkVxrrgC&q=kokin+wakash%C5%AB). Stanford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8047-1258-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1258-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Shonagon, Sei (2006-11-30). [*The Pillow Book*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oPx5ZWlo7LUC). Penguin Publishing Group. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-14-044806-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044806-1). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Tsurayuki, Ki No (2011-12-20). [*Tosa Diary*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Di7RAgAAQBAJ&q=Tosa+Nikki). Tuttle Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4629-0336-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0336-8). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). [*Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies). East Asia Program, Cornell University. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-885445-35-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885445-35-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). [*Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies). East Asia Program, Cornell University. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-885445-35-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885445-35-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [*Record of Miraculous Events in Japan: The Nihon ryoiki*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NSI2AAAAQBAJ&q=Nihon+Ry%C5%8Diki). Columbia University Press. 2013-07-23. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-231-53516-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53516-8). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). [*Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies). East Asia Program, Cornell University. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-885445-35-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885445-35-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). [*Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies). East Asia Program, Cornell University. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-885445-35-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885445-35-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Ennin (2020-10-25). [*Ennin's Diary: The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law*](https://books.google.com/books?id=OazzzQEACAAJ). Angelico Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-62138-651-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62138-651-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). [*Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies). East Asia Program, Cornell University. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-885445-35-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885445-35-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** McCullough, Helen Craig (1985). [*Kokin WakashÅ«: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry : with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka*](https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PjRkVxrrgC&q=Tosa+Nikki). Stanford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8047-1258-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1258-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Dickins, Frederick Victor (2016-09-30). [*The Old Bamboo-Hewer's Story (Taketori Monogatari): The Earliest of the Japanese Romances, Written in the Tenth Century (Classic Reprint)*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FexPvgAACAAJ). 1kg Limited. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-333-79969-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-333-79969-4). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [*The Holy Kojiki -- Including, the Yengishiki*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PbQTeyDpbZUC&q=engishiki+kojiki+holy). Cosimo, Inc. 2007-07-01. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59605-997-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-997-9). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Tsurayuki, Ki No (2011-12-20). [*Tosa Diary*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Di7RAgAAQBAJ&q=Tosa+Nikki). Tuttle Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4629-0336-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0336-8). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Fujiwara, Tadahira (2008). [*貞信御記: The Year 939 in the Journal of Regent Fujiwara No Tadahira*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XasMAQAAMAAJ&q=Teishinkoki). East Asia Program, Cornell University. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-933947-10-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933947-10-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [*The Tales of Ise*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZioCwAAQBAJ&q=the+tale+of+ise+monogatari). Penguin UK. 2016-09-01. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-14-139258-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139258-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Tahara, Mildred M. (1980). [*Tales of Yamato: A Tenth Century Poem-tale*](https://books.google.com/books?id=68SBAAAAIAAJ&q=yamato+monogatari). University Press of Hawaii. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-0617-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0617-0). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Videen, Susan Downing (1989). [*Tales of Heichū*](https://books.google.com/books?id=K8ZG1dOT204C&dq=the+tale+of+heichu+952&pg=PA100). Harvard Univ Asia Center. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-38715-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-38715-7). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). [*At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lybyWV5DE1YC&q=at+the+house+of+gathered+leaves:+shorter+biographical+and+autobiographical+narratives+from+japanese+court+literature). University of Hawaii Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-2778-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2778-6). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). [*At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lybyWV5DE1YC&q=at+the+house+of+gathered+leaves:+shorter+biographical+and+autobiographical+narratives+from+japanese+court+literature). University of Hawaii Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-2778-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2778-6). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** [*The Gossamer Years: The Diary of a Noblewoman of Heian Japan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6nPdM95B77wC). Tuttle Publishing. 1989-12-15. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8048-1123-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1123-1). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Whitehouse (2013-10-28). [*Tale Of Lady Ochikubo*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0nssBgAAQBAJ&q=ochikubo). Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-136-22035-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22035-7). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). [*At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lybyWV5DE1YC&q=at+the+house+of+gathered+leaves:+shorter+biographical+and+autobiographical+narratives+from+japanese+court+literature). University of Hawaii Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-2778-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2778-6). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Japan, Asiatic Society of (2015-09-26). [*Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Volumes 28-30*](https://books.google.com/books?id=sJbkjgEACAAJ). Creative Media Partners, LLC. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-343-54692-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-343-54692-9). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Stavros, Matthew Gerald (2022-01-22). [*In Praise of Solitude: Two Japanese Classics on Reclusion. Chiteiki by Yoshishige No Yasutane, and Hojoki by Kamo No Chomei*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nKHozgEACAAJ). Vicus Lusorum. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-6453932-2-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6453932-2-4). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Kamens, Edward; Minamoto, Tamenori (1988). [*The Three Jewels: A Study and Translation of Minamoto Tamenori's Sanbōe*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XEDYAAAAMAAJ&q=THREE+JEWELS+Study+and+Translation+of+Minamoto+Tamenori's). Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-939512-34-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939512-34-8). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** McAuley, T. E. (2021-06-07). [*Sanekata-shū: The Personal Poetry Collection of Fujiwara No Sanekata*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EId-zgEACAAJ). Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9956948-4-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9956948-4-2). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Shonagon, Sei (2006-11-30). [*The Pillow Book*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oPx5ZWlo7LUC). Penguin Publishing Group. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-14-044806-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044806-1). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Various (2021-01-19). [*Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=RBRNDwAAQBAJ&q=Diaries+Of+Court+Ladies+Of+Old+Japan). Prabhat Prakashan. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Shikibu, Murasaki (2015-07-27). [*The Tale of Genji*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UVvZCQAAQBAJ&q=tale+of+genji). W. W. Norton & Company. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-393-24807-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24807-4). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Shikibu, Murasaki (1996-03-07). [*The Diary of Lady Murasaki*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2t2R5_ow4FkC&q=Murasaki+Shikibu+Nikki). Penguin UK. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-14-190765-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190765-9). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Teele, Nicholas J. (1976). ["Rules for Poetic Elegance. Fujiwara no Kintō's "Shinsen Zuinō" & "Waka Kuhon""](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2384458). *Monumenta Nipponica*. **31** (2): 145–164. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2384458](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2384458). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0027-0741](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-0741). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2384458](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2384458). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Teele, Nicholas J. (1976). ["Rules for Poetic Elegance. Fujiwara no Kintō's "Shinsen Zuinō" & "Waka Kuhon""](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2384458). *Monumenta Nipponica*. **31** (2): 145–164. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2384458](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2384458). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0027-0741](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-0741). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2384458](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2384458). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Rimer, J. Thomas; Chaves, Jonathan; Konishi, Jin'ichi (1997). [*Japanese and Chinese Poems to Sing: The Wakan Rōei Shū*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Snr7qdYrrY0C&dq=japanese+and+chinese+poems+to+sing:+the+wakan+r%C5%8Dei+sh%C5%AB.+new+york+:columbia+university+press.&pg=PA272). Columbia University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-231-10702-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10702-0). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** 藤原行成; 倉本一宏 (December 2011). [*藤原行成「権記」: 全現代語訳*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeyZpwAACAAJ) (in Japanese). 講談社. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-4-06-292084-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-06-292084-1). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** 倉本一宏 (2012). [*藤原行成「権記」中: 全現代語訳*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XWWbtgAACAAJ) (in Japanese). 講談社. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-4-06-292085-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-06-292085-8). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** 倉本一宏 (February 2012). [*藤原行成「権記」下: 全現代語訳*](https://books.google.com/books?id=j0GRtgAACAAJ) (in Japanese). 講談社. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-4-06-292086-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-06-292086-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Various (2021-01-19). [*Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=RBRNDwAAQBAJ&q=Diaries+Of+Court+Ladies+Of+Old+Japan). Prabhat Prakashan. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Kamens, Edward (2020-08-01). [*The Buddhist Poetry of the Great Kamo Priestess: Daisaiin Senshi and Hosshin Wakashu*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9j4LEAAAQBAJ&q=senshi). University of Michigan Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-472-03831-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03831-2). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Chingen (1987). [*Miraculous Tales of the Lotus Sutra from Ancient Japan: The Dainihonkoku Hokekyōkenki of Priest Chingen*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FusKAAAAYAAJ&q=Miraculous+Tales+of+the+Lotus+Sutra+from+Japan%22). University of Hawaii Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-0967-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0967-6). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Bemsha10"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161219073950/https://sites.google.com/site/bemsha10/intro). *sites.google.com*. Archived from [the original](https://sites.google.com/site/bemsha10/intro) on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2022-03-27. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Takei, Jiro; Keane, Marc P. (2011-04-11). [*Sakuteiki: Visions of the Japanese Garden*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UbbWAgAAQBAJ&q=Sakuteiki). Tuttle Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4629-0012-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0012-1). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** [*The Tsutsumi Chūnagon Monogatari: A Collection of 11th-century Short Stories of Japan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2dpQAQAAIAAJ&q=Tsutsumi+Ch%C5%ABnagon+Monogatari). Hokuseido Press. 1963. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** [*A Tale of Eleventh-Century Japan: Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Idr_AwAAQBAJ&q=hamamatsu+chunagon+monogatari). Princeton University Press. 2014-07-14. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4008-5668-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5668-8). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** [*Celebrating Sorrow: Medieval Tributes to "The Tale of Sagoromo"*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MIBCEAAAQBAJ). Cornell University Press. 2022-08-15. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-5017-6479-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6479-0). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** McCullough, William H.; McCullough, Helen Craig (1980). [*A Tale of Flowering Fortunes: Annals of Japanese Aristocratic Life in the Heian Period*](https://books.google.com/books?id=bf5RAQAAIAAJ). Stanford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8047-1039-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1039-8). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** [*Daoism in Japan: the Honchō Shinsen-den*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2v0hNQEACAAJ). 1999. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Suke, Sanuki no; Nagako, Fujiwara no (1977). [*The Emperor Horikawa Diary: Sanuki No Suke Nikki*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VLl7AAAACAAJ). University Press of Hawaii. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-608-00533-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-00533-1). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). [*At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lybyWV5DE1YC&q=at+the+house+of+gathered+leaves:+shorter+biographical+and+autobiographical+narratives+from+japanese+court+literature). University of Hawaii Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-2778-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2778-6). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** McCullough, Helen Craig (2014-07-14). [*OKAGAMI, The Great Mirror: Fujiwara Michinaga (966-1027) and His Times*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2s7_AwAAQBAJ&dq=Okagami&pg=PR9). Princeton University Press. 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Retrieved 2022-03-23. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** ["Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 2"](https://collections.mfa.org/objects/29078/minister-kibis-adventures-in-china--kibi-daijin-nitto-emak;jsessionid=552E37B449F9E8A8736A3CC82B97C160). *collections.mfa.org*. Retrieved 2022-03-23. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** ["Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 3"](https://collections.mfa.org/objects/29079/minister-kibis-adventures-in-china--kibi-daijin-nitto-emak;jsessionid=E85B937E19A711281E45B82037D05DF8). *collections.mfa.org*. Retrieved 2022-03-23. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** ["Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 4"](https://collections.mfa.org/objects/29080/minister-kibis-adventures-in-china--kibi-daijin-nitto-emak;jsessionid=630C6EF068BC8AFEC5EFB2EDB78B84D6). *collections.mfa.org*. Retrieved 2022-03-23. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** [*Before Heike and After: Hōgen, Heiji, Jōkyūki*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oJLOjwEACAAJ). Blue-Tongue Books. 2016. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9945715-2-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9945715-2-6). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** [*Before Heike and After: Hōgen, Heiji, Jōkyūki*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oJLOjwEACAAJ). Blue-Tongue Books. 2016. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9945715-2-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9945715-2-6). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Geddes, Ward (1984). [*Kara Monogatari: Tales of China*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LSEtAAAAMAAJ&q=kara+monogatari). Center for Asian Studies, Arizona State University. 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[ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-30306-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30306-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** [*The Tale of the Heike*](https://books.google.com/books?id=RpJPEAAAQBAJ). Penguin. 2014-03-25. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-14-310726-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310726-2). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** ["Bibliography"](https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780824846213-009), *At the House of Gathered Leaves*, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 195–200, 2017-12-31, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/9780824846213-009](https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780824846213-009), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780824846213](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824846213), retrieved 2022-02-23{{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN)) --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Heian literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_literature) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_literature?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.