# Hasan Buzurg

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Founder of Jalayirid

Hasan Buzurg Jalayrids coinage, time of Shaykh Hasan Buzurg. Baghdad mint. Dated AH 749? (AD 1348-9). Reverse legend in Arabic al-sultan al-a‘zam /khan khallada mulkahu “The Supreme Sultan, the Khan — may his kingdom endure forever.” Viceroy of Anatolia Predecessor Amir Mahmud Successor Eretna Died July 1356 (1356-08) Burial Najaf, Jalayirid Sultanate Spouse Baghdad Khatun Dilshad Khatun Issue Shaykh Uways Jalayir House Jalayirids Father Amir Husain Jalayir Mother Chinggisid princess Öljetey Khatun

**Shaikh Hasan** ([Persian](/source/Persian_language): تاج الدين حسن بن امير حسين گوركان جلايرى, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Persian): *Tāj al-Dīn Ḥasan b. Amīr Ḥusayn Gūrkān Jalāyrī*), also known as **"Hasan Buzurg"** ("Hasan The Great"), **Hassan the Jalair**[1] or **Hassan-e Uljatâï**[2] was the first of several de facto independent [Jalayirid](/source/Jalayirids) rulers of [Iraq](/source/Iraq) and central [Iran](/source/Iran).

## Early years

He was born to [Amir Husain Jalayir](/source/Amir_Husain_Jalayir) and Öljetei Khatun, daughter of [Arghun Khan](/source/Arghun_Khan).[3] His sister Soyurghatmish Khatun was married to [Öljaitü Khan](/source/%C3%96ljait%C3%BC). He probably lived with his father during his governorate of [Arran](/source/Arran_(Caucasus)) (c. 1312)[4] and Khorasan (c. 1322).[5] Hasan Buzurg was married to [Baghdad Khatun](/source/Baghdad_Khatun) in 1323, the daughter of Amir [Chupan](/source/Chupan).[6] Chupan was the most influential person at the court of [Abu Sa'id Bahadur](/source/Abu_Sa'id_Bahadur_Khan). However, the Ilkhan soon became enamored with Baghdad Khatun, and asked Hasan Buzurg to divorce her. Chupan sent the two of them to [Qarabagh](/source/Karabakh) in an attempt to rid Baghdad Khatun from Abu Sa'id's mind, but the effort failed, and Baghdad Khatun was forced to marry the Ilkhan. After the murder of Chupan in 1327, Baghdad Khatun and the Grand Vizier [Ghiyas al-Din ibn Rashid al-Din](/source/Ghiyas_al-Din_ibn_Rashid_al-Din) competed for influence over Abu Sa'id. Ghiyas al-Din spread a rumor that Baghdad Khatun and Hasan Buzurg were plotting against the Ilkhan; Hasan Buzurg was arrested in 1331. His mother Öljetei convinced the Ilkhan to spare his life, and he was imprisoned in the castle of [Kemah](/source/Kemah%2C_Erzincan) instead.[7] In 1332, however, his name was cleared and he was dispatched as governor to [Rûm](/source/R%C3%BBm). During Abu Sa'id's lifetime, Hasan Buzurg was also called upon by Ghiyas al-Din to help stop rampant tax abuses in eastern Iran.

## Kingmakership

Jalayirid equestrian combat scene and capture of prisoners. *[Great Jalayirid Shāhnāma](/source/Great_Jalayirid_Sh%C4%81hn%C4%81ma)*, Diez Albums, c. 1335–1355, at the time of Hasan Buzurg. SBB-PK, Diez A.[8]

### Reign of Arpa Ke'un

Following the death of Abu Said in 1335, several parties competed for the Ilkhanid throne. Hasan stood neutral throughout the reign of [Arpa](/source/Arpa_Ke'un), he became supreme commander of Ilkhanate armies.[5] However, Arpa's rule was not accepted by a part of [Oirats](/source/Oirats), whose leader and the governor of [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad) - Ali Padshah was an uncle of Abu Said and had his own designs on throne. Claiming Abu Said's wife [Dilshad Khatun](/source/Dilshad_Khatun) was still pregnant, he raised [Musa](/source/Musa_(Ilkhanid_dynasty)), the grandson of [Baydu](/source/Baydu) as rightful heir to the throne. Oirat traditional rivalry with [Ariq Böke](/source/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke)'s line could also be a factor in this rebellion.[9]

### Reign of Muhammad

After defeat of Arpa by [Ali Padshah](/source/Ali_Padshah) on 29 April 1336 and subsequent murder on 15 May 1336, Hasan Buzurg saw his chance and raised a child, [Pir Husayn](/source/Muhammad_Khan_(Ilkhan)) from [Tabriz](/source/Tabriz), a great-grandson of [Möngke Temür](/source/M%C3%B6ngke_Tem%C3%BCr_(Ilkhanate)), to claim the position in alliance with Hajji Taghay, the [Sutaid](/source/Sutayids) claimant to [Diyar Bakr](/source/Diyar_Bakr) in opposition to Ali Padshah. Pir Husayn was crowned in [Anatolia](/source/Anatolia) on 20 July 1336 with the title "Muhammad Khan" and Hasan left for Iran, leaving his deputy [Eretna](/source/Eretnids) behind to act as governor.[10][11] Later on 24 July Hasan Buzurg and Muhammad met the forces of Musa Khan and 'Ali Padshah in [Battle of Qara Darra](/source/Battle_of_Qara_Darra), near Ala-Tagh area; Musa was defeated and 'Ali Padshah killed.[12] Hasan Buzurg pursued Musa on his way to [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad) and created many losses for his enemy. He then proceeded to [Tabriz](/source/Tabriz) where he put Muhammad on throne and married the granddaughter of Chupan and the wife of Abu Sa'id, [Dilshad Khatun](/source/Dilshad_Khatun), who was pregnant with Abu Sa'id's daughter.

Meanwhile, the amirs in [Khurasan](/source/Greater_Khorasan) adopted their own candidate for Ilkhan, [Togha Temür](/source/Togha_Tem%C3%BCr). Togha set off in 1337 to subdue western Persia. Azarbaijan and 'Iraq-i 'Ajam were taken. In March he arrived before Sultaniyeh, the former capital of the Ilkhans, and Hasan Buzurg withdrew to [Arran](/source/Arran_(Caucasus)). Musa's forces, initially battling Togha's, now joined the invader. Togha and Musa met Hasan Buzurg at Soghurlug in the Maragheh area on 15 June 1337; Hasan defeated them, took Musa and Togha Temür's emir Shaykh Ali prisoner shortly after, and executed them on 10 July 1337. Togha gave up the campaign and withdrew to eastern Persia. With Muhammad's and Hasan's position solidified, [Eretna](/source/Eretna) was appointed governor of Anatolia. Hasan spent the winter of 1338 in [Mughan](/source/Mugan_plain).[5]

Shortly afterwards, however, several descendants of Chupan united under his grandson [Hassan Kuchak](/source/Hassan_Kuchak), who used a slave called Qara Juri to impersonate his father [Timurtash](/source/Timurtash) in order to legitimatize his cause. Hasan didn't really pay attention when Eretna warned him of the emergence of "False Timurtash" in [Karahisar](/source/Karahisar).[11] The [Chobanids](/source/Chobanids) battled with Hasan Buzurg on July 16, 1338, at Naushahr in the Alatagh area. Hasan Buzurg was defeated; his puppet khan, Muhammad, was killed.[13]

### Reigns of Toga Temür, Jahan Temür, Sati Beg and Suleyman

Jalayirid territory in 1353

Shortly after defeat by the Chobanids, Qara Juri was dismissed by [Hassan Kuchak](/source/Hassan_Kuchak) and was later routed by Hasan Buzurg. Peace was declared in late 1338, Hasan Buzurg lost Azerbaijan to Hasan Kuchak and Anatolia to [Malik Ashraf](/source/Malek_Ashraf). Despite all loss Hasan Buzurg retained control of Diyar Bakr, Iraq, [Khuzestan](/source/Khuzestan_Province) and [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad). Nevertheless, he sought to be rid of the Chobanid threat. He offered the Ilkhanid throne to Togha Temür, who invaded early in 1339. Hassan Kuchak, however, offered the hand of [Sati Beg](/source/Sati_Beg) in marriage and handing over the province of [Iraqi Arab](/source/Iraq) when Togha responded warmly to the proposal, he forwarded the letters to Hasan Buzurg. The latter, enraged, halted his expedition to support Togha, who was forced to withdraw during the summer of that year.

Following his abandonment of Togha Temur, Hasan Buzurg recognized [Jahan Temür](/source/Jahan_Tem%C3%BCr), a grandson of [Gaykhatu](/source/Gaykhatu), as Ilkhan near [Hamadan](/source/Hamadan).[14] The conflict with the Chobanids again boiled over, and Hasan Buzurg and Jahan Temur met Hassan Kuchak and his new puppet [Suleiman Khan](/source/Suleiman_Khan) in battle on the Jaghatu. There Hasan Buzurg was defeated on June 26, 1340. He fled to Baghdad; following which he deposed Jahan Temür. With the Chobanids continuing to press him, Hasan Buzurg this time turned to [Mamluk Sultanate](/source/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)). He promised Baghdad and Diyar Bakr in return of Mamluk military assistance and capture of Azerbaijan for himself. In 1341, [Sutayid](/source/Sutayids) Barhashin (son of Hajji Taghay) and Ibrahimshah (nephew of Hajji Taghay) was sent to [Aleppo](/source/Aleppo), court of [al-Nasir](/source/Al-Nasir_Muhammad) as emissaries.[15] The alliance was a success at first but was later broken thanks to cunning of Hasan Kuchek, who instructed [Artuqid](/source/Artuqids) ruler of [Mardin](/source/Mardin) al-Malik as-Salih to write a letter to Mamluk sultan on alleged Jalayirid truce with Chobanids, advising not to aid Hasan Buzurg. In return, al-Malik was promised that his son-in-law Ibrahim Shah [Sutayid](/source/Sutayids) would be granted Diyar Bakr instead of pro-Jalayirid Hajji Taghay.

[Jalayirid dynasty](/source/Jalayirid_dynasty), and contribution from the line of [Genghis Khan](/source/Genghis_Khan).[16]

Hasan Buzurg for some time again recognized Togha Temur's suzerainty, and struck coins in his name. After he stopped recognizing Togha in 1344, he still did not proclaim himself independent, and ruled with the title of *ulus beg*, as a mere governor, simply leaving the Ilkhan throne unfilled. Nevertheless, this marks the beginning of effectively independent Jalayirid rule.

For the rest of his reign, Hasan Buzurg attempted to deal with the Chobanids. He managed to form an alliance with Hassan Kuchak's uncle Surgan, as well as the governor of [Diyarbakır](/source/Diyarbak%C4%B1r) and the [Mamluk Sultanate](/source/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)), but Surgan was soon convinced to abandon the alliance, and the Mamelukes withdrew shortly after. He also offered assistance to another of Hassan Kuchak's uncles, [Yagi Basti](/source/Yagi_Basti), as well as to Mas’ud Shah of the [Injuids](/source/Injuids), in their attempt to expel Hassan Kuchak's cousin [Pir Hosayn](/source/Pir_Hosayn) from [Shiraz](/source/Shiraz%2C_Iran). The murder of Hassan Kuchak in 1343 did not provide much relief, for his brother [Malek Ashraf](/source/Malek_Ashraf) sent an army to conquer Baghdad in 1347. Jalayirid forces, however, inflicted heavy losses on the force, which was forced to retreat by the summer. While Malek Ashraf and the Chobanids would survive until 1357, their threat to the Jalayirids was diminished. Hasan Buzurg continued to play an influential part in Persian politics; he assisted the Injuid Abu Ishaq against the [Muzaffarids](/source/Muzaffarids_(Iran)), helping him restore his rule in [Isfahan](/source/Isfahan) in 1353. The latter, however, destroyed the Injuids in 1357.

Hasan Buzurg died in July 1356 and was buried in [Najaf](/source/Najaf). He was succeeded by his son, [Shaikh Awais Jalayir](/source/Shaikh_Awais_Jalayir).

## Family

He was married at least two times:

1. [Baghdad Khatun](/source/Baghdad_Khatun) (married in 1323, divorced in 1327) — daughter of [Chupan](/source/Chupan), married to [Abu Sa'id](/source/Abu_Sa'id_Bahadur_Khan) in 1327

1. [Dilshad Khatun](/source/Dilshad_Khatun) (married in 1337) — daughter of [Demasq Kaja](/source/Demasq_Kaja) (son of Chupan) and Tursin Khatun (daughter of [Irinjin](/source/Irinjin) and Könchek Khatun) - [Shaykh Uways Jalayir](/source/Shaykh_Uways_Jalayir) (1342 - 1374) - Amir Qasim (d. 1367) - Amir Zahid (b. 3 August 1351 - d. 1371)

1. A daughter of Amir Muhammad of [Oirats](/source/Oirats), brother of Ali Padshah (m. 1338)

With unknown wives or concubines:

- A daughter was married to Amir Yusufshah — governor of Mughan and Barum

- Amir Ilkan — a commander in Jalayirid army

- Vafā Qutlugh — married to [Qara Muhammad](/source/Qara_Mahammad) of [Qara Qoyunlu](/source/Qara_Qoyunlu) by [Sultan Ahmad Jalayir](/source/Ahmad_Jalayir)[17]

## Legacy

Hasan Buzurg seemed intent on restoring unity to the Ilkhanate. This is evidenced by the fact that he used the title of ulus beg all of his life, and raised several men as Ilkhans instead of ruling in his own name. Furthermore, he attempted to unify Persia; he had sent a Muhammad-I Mulai to act as governor of Khurasan, for example; the latter was later executed by Togha Temür's military commander Arghun Shah. In attempting to maintain the Ilkhanate, he ultimately failed, and in some ways accelerated its disintegration, by preventing other forces such as the Chobanids from gaining more influence. However, he set up a strong state that would rule over Iraq and parts of Persia for over half a century, a state that would become even more powerful under his successor Shaikh Avais.

Hasan Buzurg is also remembered for his friendship with [Safi-ad-din Ardabili](/source/Safi-ad-din_Ardabili) (d. 1334) of the Ardabili [tariqa](/source/Tariqa). This evolved into the [Safaviyya](/source/Safaviyya) movement and Ardabili's descendants would found the [Safavid dynasty](/source/Safavid_dynasty). After Hasan Buzurg's death, the Jalayirids continued to maintain good relations with the Arbadili order. Later on, many of Hasan Buzurg's accomplishments would be accredited to his friendship with Safi al-Din.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Grousset, René (1965). "Dissolution du khanat mongol de Perse". [*L'empire des steppes*](http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/grousset_rene/empire_des_steppes/grousset_steppes.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["JALAYERIDS – Encyclopaedia Iranica"](https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jalayerids). *iranicaonline.org*. Retrieved 2021-01-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** De Nicola, Bruno (2017), ["Political Involvement and Women's Rule in the Ilkhanate"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g09twn.10), *Women in Mongol Iran*, The Khatuns, 1206-1335, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 90–129, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4744-1547-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1547-7), [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [10.3366/j.ctt1g09twn.10](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g09twn.10), retrieved 2021-01-10{{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWing201667_4-0)** [Wing 2016](#CITEREFWing2016), p. 67.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_5-2) [*Ta'rīkh-i Shaikh Uwais : (History of Shaikh Uais) : Am important source for the history of Adharbaijān in the fourteenth century*](https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfShaikhUwais).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalkesen2007183_6-0)** [Dalkesen 2007](#CITEREFDalkesen2007), p. 183.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWing201670_7-0)** [Wing 2016](#CITEREFWing2016), p. 70.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [*The Diez Albums: Contexts and Contents*](https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Diez_Albums/PBL0DQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA477). BRILL. 14 November 2016. pp. 477–479. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-32348-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32348-3). Jalayirid Diez Album Paintings: However, in the Diez albums there are several candidates for royal painting in the 1340s-1350s, in particular a series of illustrations from Shāhnāma-like epics. (...) This is exceeded in a couple of paintings that make use of the margin, a clear sign, as discussed above, of post-Ilkhanid painting.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Landa, Ishayahu (2016). ["Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment (MSR XIX, 2016)"](https://doi.org/10.6082/m1b27sg2). *Mamlūk Studies Review*. The Middle East Documentation Center (MEDOC). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.6082/m1b27sg2](https://doi.org/10.6082%2Fm1b27sg2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWing201678_10-0)** [Wing 2016](#CITEREFWing2016), p. 78.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200994_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200994_11-1) [Melville 2009](#CITEREFMelville2009), p. 94.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWing201683_12-0)** [Wing 2016](#CITEREFWing2016), p. 83.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWing201687_13-0)** [Wing 2016](#CITEREFWing2016), p. 87.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["JAHĀN TIMÜR – Encyclopaedia Iranica"](https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jahan-timur). *iranicaonline.org*. Retrieved 2021-01-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWing201689_15-0)** [Wing 2016](#CITEREFWing2016), p. 89.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWing2016231_16-0)** [Wing 2016](#CITEREFWing2016), p. 231.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWing2016156_17-0)** [Wing 2016](#CITEREFWing2016), p. 156.

## Sources

- Wing, Patrick (2016), [*The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East*](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bgzbrm), Edinburgh University Press, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781474402255](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474402255), [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [10.3366/j.ctt1bgzbrm](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1bgzbrm)

- Dalkesen, Nilgün (2007), [*Genger Roles and Women's Status in Central Asia and Anatolia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries*](https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608663/index.pdf) (PDF)

- Melville, Charles (2009), ["Anatolia under the Mongols"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-turkey/anatolia-under-the-mongols/73C5FC788C55900D12455E170F5535C8), *The Cambridge History of Turkey*, Cambridge University Press (published 2010), pp. 51–101, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/CHOL9780521620932.004](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521620932.004), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781139055963](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139055963)

- Peter Jackson (1986). *The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Six: The Timurid and Safavid Periods*. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-20094-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20094-6)

Preceded by – Jalayirid Ruler 1336–1356 Succeeded by Shaikh Uvais

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hasan Buzurg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Buzurg) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Buzurg?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.