# Harmothoe

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{{Short description|Genus of annelids}}
{{For|Greek mythological figure|Harmothoe (mythology)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Harmothoe sp (13984527274).jpg
| image_caption = ''Harmothoe'' sp.
| image_upright = 
| image_alt = 
| taxon = Harmothoe
| authority = [Kinberg](/source/Hjalmar_Kinberg), 1856
| synonyms = 
| type_species = ''[Harmothoe spinosa](/source/Harmothoe_spinosa)''
| type_species_authority = Kinberg, 1856
}}

'''''Harmothoe''''' is a genus of marine [Polychaete](/source/Polychaete) worms belonging to the family ''[Polynoidae](/source/Polynoidae)'' (scale worms). Species of ''Harmothoe'' are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.<ref name=read>{{Cite web| last1 = Read| first1 = Geoffrey B.| last2 = Fauchald| first2 = Kristian| title = The World Polychaeta Database| date = 2020| url = http://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/}}
</ref>

== Description ==
Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 15 pairs of [elytra](/source/elytron_(Annelida)) and up to 50 segments; the body is more or less covered by elytra, although long specimens may have a short posterior region uncovered.  The [prostomium](/source/prostomium) is rounded anteriorly and has distinct cephalic peaks on the dorsal surface.  There are three antennae, a pair of lateral antennae inserted ventrally, directly beneath the median antenna ceratophore. The [neuropodia](/source/Parapodia) are elongate and tapering.  The [notoochaetae](/source/Chaeta) are stout with transverse rows of spines and blunt tips. The [neurochaetae](/source/Chaeta) also have transverse rows of spines and both unindentate and bidentate neurochaetae are present.<ref name=barnich2000>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Revision of the Mediterranean species of Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 and Lagisca Malmgren, 1865 Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Polynoinae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species. Journal of Natural History 34: 1889–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050144783</ref>

== Biology ==

''Harmothoe'' is one of many genera in the family Polynoidae that contain bioluminescent species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herring |first1=Peter J. |title=Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms |journal=Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence |date=1987 |issue=3|volume=1 |pages=147–163|doi=10.1002/bio.1170010303 |pmid=3503524 }}</ref>

== Taxonomic comments ==

In many parts of the world, identification of species in this diverse genus is problematic, however recently published revisions provide a guides to species of ''Harmothoe'' from the [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean_Sea),<ref name=barnich2000 />  [Northeast Atlantic](/source/Atlantic_Ocean)<ref name=barnich2009>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Barnich R, Fiege D (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1</ref> and from the [Subantarctic](/source/Subantarctic) and [Antarctic](/source/Antarctic).<ref name=barnich2006>Barnich R, Fiege D, Micaletto G, Gambi MC (2006) Redescription of Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and related species from Subantarctic and Antarctic waters, with the erection of a new genus. Journal of Natural History 40: 33–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500445044</ref>

==Species==
The genus ''Harmothoe'' includes 152 species as of June 2020<ref name=read/>
{{Columns-list|
*''[Harmothoe abyssicola](/source/Harmothoe_abyssicola)'' Bidenkap, 1895
*''[Harmothoe aculeata](/source/Harmothoe_aculeata)'' Andrews, 1891
*''[Harmothoe acuminata](/source/Harmothoe_acuminata)'' Willey, 1902
*''[Harmothoe aequespina](/source/Harmothoe_aequespina)'' (Langerhans, 1884)
*''[Harmothoe africana](/source/Harmothoe_africana)'' Augener, 1918
*''[Harmothoe africanus](/source/Harmothoe_africanus)'' (Hartman, 1976)
*''[Harmothoe anoculata](/source/Harmothoe_anoculata)'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1975)
*''[Harmothoe antarctica](/source/Harmothoe_antarctica)'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[Harmothoe antilopes](/source/Harmothoe_antilopes)'' McIntosh, 1876
*''[Harmothoe areolata](/source/Harmothoe_areolata)'' (Grube, 1860)
*''[Harmothoe asiatica](/source/Harmothoe_asiatica)'' Uschakov & Wu, 1962
*''[Harmothoe aspera](/source/Harmothoe_aspera)'' (Hansen, 1878)
*''[Harmothoe assimilis](/source/Harmothoe_assimilis)'' (Örsted, 1843)
*''[Harmothoe atra](/source/Harmothoe_atra)'' Horst, 1915
*''[Harmothoe augeneri](/source/Harmothoe_augeneri)'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[Harmothoe australis](/source/Harmothoe_australis)'' Kirkegaard, 1995
*''[Harmothoe balboensis](/source/Harmothoe_balboensis)'' Monro, 1928
*''[Harmothoe bellani](/source/Harmothoe_bellani)'' Barnich & Fiege, 2000
*''[Harmothoe benthaliana](/source/Harmothoe_benthaliana)'' McIntosh, 1885
*''[Harmothoe benthophila](/source/Harmothoe_benthophila)'' Ehlers, 1913
*''[Harmothoe beringiana](/source/Harmothoe_beringiana)'' Annenkova, 1952
*''[Harmothoe borealis](/source/Harmothoe_borealis)'' (Théel, 1879)
*''[Harmothoe branchiata](/source/Harmothoe_branchiata)'' Hartman, 1976
*''[Harmothoe campoglacialis](/source/Harmothoe_campoglacialis)'' Hilbig & Montiel, 2000
*''[Harmothoe capensis](/source/Harmothoe_capensis)'' (Willey, 1904)
*''[Harmothoe capitulifera](/source/Harmothoe_capitulifera)'' Ditlevsen, 1911
*''[Harmothoe casabullicola](/source/Harmothoe_casabullicola)'' Brito, Nuñez & Bacallado, 1991
*''[Harmothoe cascabullicola](/source/Harmothoe_cascabullicola)'' Brito, Núñez & Bacallado, 1991
*''[Harmothoe cedrici](/source/Harmothoe_cedrici)'' Barnich, Beuck & Freiwald, 2013
*''[Harmothoe charlottae](/source/Harmothoe_charlottae)'' Hutchings & Murray, 1984
*''[Harmothoe ciliata](/source/Harmothoe_ciliata)'' Monro, 1936
*''[Harmothoe cilielytris](/source/Harmothoe_cilielytris)'' Uschakov, 1962
*''[Harmothoe clavigera](/source/Harmothoe_clavigera)'' (M. Sars, 1863)
*''[Harmothoe coeliaca](/source/Harmothoe_coeliaca)'' de Saint-Joseph, 1888
*''[Harmothoe commensalis](/source/Harmothoe_commensalis)'' Rozbaczylo & Cañete, 1993
*''[Harmothoe cornuta](/source/Harmothoe_cornuta)'' (Potts, 1910)
*''[Harmothoe craigsmithi](/source/Harmothoe_craigsmithi)'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[Harmothoe crassicirrata](/source/Harmothoe_crassicirrata)'' Johnson, 1897
*''[Harmothoe crosetensis](/source/Harmothoe_crosetensis)'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[Harmothoe crucis](/source/Harmothoe_crucis)'' (Grube, 1856)
*''[Harmothoe cylindrica](/source/Harmothoe_cylindrica)'' Imajima, 1997
*''[Harmothoe dannyi](/source/Harmothoe_dannyi)'' Barnich, Beuck & Freiwald, 2013
*''[Harmothoe dearborni](/source/Harmothoe_dearborni)'' Pettibone, 1955
*''[Harmothoe derjugini](/source/Harmothoe_derjugini)'' (Annenkova, 1937)
*''[Harmothoe dictyophora](/source/Harmothoe_dictyophora)'' (Grube, 1878)
*''[Harmothoe dinardensis](/source/Harmothoe_dinardensis)'' Nolte, 1936
*''[Harmothoe discoveryae](/source/Harmothoe_discoveryae)'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[Harmothoe eltanina](/source/Harmothoe_eltanina)'' (Hartman, 1967)
*''[Harmothoe ernesti](/source/Harmothoe_ernesti)'' Augener, 1931
*''[Harmothoe evei](/source/Harmothoe_evei)'' Kirkegaard, 1980
*''[Harmothoe exanthema](/source/Harmothoe_exanthema)'' (Grube, 1856)
*''[Harmothoe extenuata](/source/Harmothoe_extenuata)'' (Grube, 1840)
*''[Harmothoe fernandi](/source/Harmothoe_fernandi)'' Barnich & Fiege, 2009
*''[Harmothoe flaccida](/source/Harmothoe_flaccida)'' (Potts, 1910)
*''[Harmothoe forcipata](/source/Harmothoe_forcipata)'' (Marenzeller, 1902)
*''[Harmothoe fragilis](/source/Harmothoe_fragilis)'' Moore, 1910
*''[Harmothoe fraserthomsoni](/source/Harmothoe_fraserthomsoni)'' McIntosh, 1897
*''[Harmothoe fuligineum](/source/Harmothoe_fuligineum)'' (Baird, 1865)
*''[Harmothoe fullo](/source/Harmothoe_fullo)'' (Grube, 1878)
*''[Harmothoe fusca](/source/Harmothoe_fusca)'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[Harmothoe fuscaspinae](/source/Harmothoe_fuscaspinae)'' Salazar-Silva, 2003
*''[Harmothoe gilchristi](/source/Harmothoe_gilchristi)'' Day, 1960
*''[Harmothoe glabra](/source/Harmothoe_glabra)'' (Malmgren, 1865)
*''[Harmothoe globifera](/source/Harmothoe_globifera)'' (Sars G.O., 1873)
*''[Harmothoe globosa](/source/Harmothoe_globosa)'' Pettibone, 1990
*''[Harmothoe glomerosa](/source/Harmothoe_glomerosa)'' Imajima, 1997
*''[Harmothoe gordae](/source/Harmothoe_gordae)'' Pettibone, 1990
*''[Harmothoe goreensis](/source/Harmothoe_goreensis)'' Augener, 1918
*''[Harmothoe grisea](/source/Harmothoe_grisea)'' (Grube, 1870)
*''[Harmothoe gruzovi](/source/Harmothoe_gruzovi)'' Averincev, 1972
*''[Harmothoe hanleyi](/source/Harmothoe_hanleyi)'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[Harmothoe helderensis](/source/Harmothoe_helderensis)'' Nolte, 1936
*''[Harmothoe hirsuta](/source/Harmothoe_hirsuta)'' Johnson, 1897
*''[Harmothoe hollisi](/source/Harmothoe_hollisi)'' Pettibone, 1989
*''[Harmothoe holothuricola](/source/Harmothoe_holothuricola)'' Izuka, 1912
*''[Harmothoe hyalonemae](/source/Harmothoe_hyalonemae)'' Martin, Rossel & Uriz, 1992
*''[Harmothoe imbricata](/source/Harmothoe_imbricata)'' (Linnaeus, 1767)
*''[Harmothoe impar](/source/Harmothoe_impar)'' (Johnston, 1839)
*''[Harmothoe ingolfiana](/source/Harmothoe_ingolfiana)'' Ditlevsen, 1917
*''[Harmothoe johnstoni](/source/Harmothoe_johnstoni)'' (McIntosh, 1876)
*''[Harmothoe joubini](/source/Harmothoe_joubini)'' Fauvel, 1913
*''[Harmothoe juvenalis](/source/Harmothoe_juvenalis)'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1962
*''[Harmothoe kieliensis](/source/Harmothoe_kieliensis)'' Nolte, 1936
*''[Harmothoe lanceocirrata](/source/Harmothoe_lanceocirrata)'' Treadwell, 1928
*''[Harmothoe liaoi](/source/Harmothoe_liaoi)'' Barnich, Sun & Fiege, 2004
*''[Harmothoe longidentis](/source/Harmothoe_longidentis)'' Salazar-Silva, 2003
*''[Harmothoe longisetis](/source/Harmothoe_longisetis)'' (Grube, 1863)
*''[Harmothoe macginitiei](/source/Harmothoe_macginitiei)'' Pettibone, 1955
*''[Harmothoe macnabi](/source/Harmothoe_macnabi)'' Pettibone, 1985
*''[Harmothoe macquoriensis](/source/Harmothoe_macquoriensis)'' Averincev, 1978
*''[Harmothoe macrolepidota](/source/Harmothoe_macrolepidota)'' (Schmarda, 1861)
*''[Harmothoe madrynensis](/source/Harmothoe_madrynensis)'' Barnich, Orensanz & Fiege, 2012
*''[Harmothoe magellanica](/source/Harmothoe_magellanica)'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[Harmothoe marerubrum](/source/Harmothoe_marerubrum)'' Wehe, 2006
*''[Harmothoe mariannae](/source/Harmothoe_mariannae)'' Barnich & Fiege, 2009
*''[Harmothoe melanicornis](/source/Harmothoe_melanicornis)'' Britaev, 1981
*''[Harmothoe meteroae](/source/Harmothoe_meteroae)'' Augener, 1931
*''[Harmothoe micraspis](/source/Harmothoe_micraspis)'' Eliason, 1962
*''[Harmothoe muiri](/source/Harmothoe_muiri)'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[Harmothoe multisetosa](/source/Harmothoe_multisetosa)'' (Moore, 1902)
*''[Harmothoe norvegica](/source/Harmothoe_norvegica)'' Bidenkap, 1895
*''[Harmothoe notochaetosa](/source/Harmothoe_notochaetosa)'' Lopez & San Martín, 1996
*''[Harmothoe oculinarum](/source/Harmothoe_oculinarum)'' (Storm, 1879)
*''[Harmothoe ornatus](/source/Harmothoe_ornatus)'' (Hartman, 1967)
*''[Harmothoe pagenstecheri](/source/Harmothoe_pagenstecheri)'' Michaelsen, 1896
*''[Harmothoe panamensis](/source/Harmothoe_panamensis)'' Kirkegaard, 1995
*''[Harmothoe paraminuta](/source/Harmothoe_paraminuta)'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1984
*''[Harmothoe paxtoni](/source/Harmothoe_paxtoni)'' Averincev, 1978
*''[Harmothoe pentactae](/source/Harmothoe_pentactae)'' (Giard, 1886)
*''[Harmothoe picta](/source/Harmothoe_picta)'' Saint-Joseph, 1888
*''[Harmothoe pokoui](/source/Harmothoe_pokoui)'' Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975
*''[Harmothoe praeclara](/source/Harmothoe_praeclara)'' (Haswell, 1883)
*''[Harmothoe profunda](/source/Harmothoe_profunda)'' Day, 1963
*''[Harmothoe propinqua](/source/Harmothoe_propinqua)'' (Malmgren, 1867)
*''[Harmothoe pulchella](/source/Harmothoe_pulchella)'' (Kinberg, 1856)
*''[Harmothoe quadriceps](/source/Harmothoe_quadriceps)'' Grube in Augener, 1922
*''[Harmothoe quadrituberculata](/source/Harmothoe_quadrituberculata)'' Augener, 1922
*''[Harmothoe rarispina](/source/Harmothoe_rarispina)'' (M. Sars, 1861)
*''[Harmothoe reticulata](/source/Harmothoe_reticulata)'' (Claparède, 1870)
*''[Harmothoe rottnestensis](/source/Harmothoe_rottnestensis)'' Hanley, 1993
*''[Harmothoe ruthae](/source/Harmothoe_ruthae)'' Miranda & Brasil, 2014
*''[Harmothoe saldanha](/source/Harmothoe_saldanha)'' Day, 1953
*''[Harmothoe sanctaehelenae](/source/Harmothoe_sanctaehelenae)'' Day, 1949
*''[Harmothoe serrata](/source/Harmothoe_serrata)'' Day, 1963
*''[Harmothoe setosissima](/source/Harmothoe_setosissima)'' (Lamarck, 1818)
*''[Harmothoe sexdentata](/source/Harmothoe_sexdentata)'' (Marenzeller, 1902)
*''[Harmothoe sinensis](/source/Harmothoe_sinensis)'' Barnich, Sun & Fiege, 2004
*''[Harmothoe spinifera](/source/Harmothoe_spinifera)'' (Ehlers, 1864)
*''[Harmothoe spinosa](/source/Harmothoe_spinosa)'' Kinberg, 1856
*''[Harmothoe spongicola](/source/Harmothoe_spongicola)'' Hanley & Burke, 1991
*''[Harmothoe stephensoni](/source/Harmothoe_stephensoni)'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[Harmothoe sylliformia](/source/Harmothoe_sylliformia)'' Treadwell, 1928
*''[Harmothoe synaptae](/source/Harmothoe_synaptae)'' Saint-Joseph, 1906
*''[Harmothoe tahitiensis](/source/Harmothoe_tahitiensis)'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[Harmothoe talismani](/source/Harmothoe_talismani)'' Roule, 1898
*''[Harmothoe tenuisetis](/source/Harmothoe_tenuisetis)'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[Harmothoe triannulata](/source/Harmothoe_triannulata)'' Moore, 1910
*''[Harmothoe tridestinensis](/source/Harmothoe_tridestinensis)'' Nolte, 1936
*''[Harmothoe trimaculata](/source/Harmothoe_trimaculata)'' (Treadwell, 1924)
*''[Harmothoe turbinata](/source/Harmothoe_turbinata)'' Hanley & Burke, 1991
*''[Harmothoe vagabunda](/source/Harmothoe_vagabunda)'' Pettibone, 1985
*''[Harmothoe vesiculosa](/source/Harmothoe_vesiculosa)'' Ditlevsen, 1917
*''[Harmothoe villosa](/source/Harmothoe_villosa)'' Treadwell, 1926
*''[Harmothoe vinogradovae](/source/Harmothoe_vinogradovae)'' Averincev, 1978
*''[Harmothoe viridis](/source/Harmothoe_viridis)'' Loshamn, 1981
*''[Harmothoe viscayensis](/source/Harmothoe_viscayensis)'' Nolte, 1936
*''[Harmothoe vittata](/source/Harmothoe_vittata)'' Trautsch, 1889
*''[Harmothoe vossae](/source/Harmothoe_vossae)'' Salazar-Silva, 2003
*''[Harmothoe waahli](/source/Harmothoe_waahli)'' (Kinberg, 1856)
*''[Harmothoe watsoni](/source/Harmothoe_watsoni)'' McIntosh, 1919
*''[Harmothoe westoni](/source/Harmothoe_westoni)'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[Harmothoe yendoi](/source/Harmothoe_yendoi)'' Izuka, 1912
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3647957}}

Category:Polychaete genera
Category:Phyllodocida
Category:Bioluminescent annelids

{{annelid-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Harmothoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmothoe) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmothoe?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.