# Harad

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Fictional land in Tolkien's Middle-earth, south of Gondor and Mordor

For other uses, see [Harad (disambiguation)](/source/Harad_(disambiguation)).

Harad J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium location Haradrim chieftain's standard First appearance The Fellowship of the Ring In-universe information Other names Haradwaith, Hyarmen, the Sunlands Type Vast hot southern region Locations Umbar, Near Harad, Far Harad

In [J. R. R. Tolkien](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien)'s [high fantasy](/source/High_fantasy) *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*, **Harad** is the immense land south of [Gondor](/source/Gondor) and [Mordor](/source/Mordor). Its main port is **Umbar**, the base of the **Corsairs of Umbar** whose ships serve as the Dark Lord [Sauron](/source/Sauron)'s fleet. Its [people](/source/Man_(Middle-earth)) are the dark-skinned **Haradrim** or Southrons; their warriors wear scarlet and gold, and are armed with swords and round shields; some ride gigantic elephants called *[mûmakil](/source/M%C3%BBmak)*.

Tolkien based the Haradrim on ancient [Aethiopians](/source/Aethiopia), people of [Sub-Saharan Africa](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa), following his [philological](/source/Philology) research on the [Old English](/source/Old_English) word *[Sigelwara](/source/Sigelwara_Land)*. He decided that this word referred to some kind of soot-black fire demon before it was applied to the Aethiopians. He based the Haradrim's use of [war elephants](/source/War_elephants), meanwhile, on that of [Pyrrhus of Epirus](/source/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus) in his war against [Ancient Rome](/source/Ancient_Rome). Critics have debated [whether Tolkien was racist](/source/Tolkien_and_race) in making the [protagonists](/source/Protagonist) white and the [antagonists](/source/Antagonist) black, but others have noted that Tolkien showed anti-[xenophobic](/source/Xenophobic) sentiments in real life, opposing any attempt to demonise the enemy in both World Wars.

In [Peter Jackson](/source/Peter_Jackson)'s 2002 film *[The Two Towers](/source/The_Two_Towers_(film))*, the Haradrim were based on 12th century [Saracens](/source/Saracens): they have turbans and flowing robes, and they ride *mûmakil*. The Haradrim appear in a variety of games and merchandise inspired by *The Lord of the Rings*.

## Middle-earth narrative

Sketch map of part of Middle-earth in the Third Age, showing Harad to the south of [Gondor](/source/Gondor) and [Mordor](/source/Mordor)

### Geography

Tolkien's Corsairs were inspired by the [Barbary Pirates or Corsairs](/source/Barbary_pirates) of the North African coast.[1] Map by [Jan Janssonius](/source/Jan_Janssonius), c. 1650

Harad is a large land in the south of [Middle-earth](/source/Middle-earth), bordered to the north by (from west to east) the lands of [Gondor](/source/Gondor), [Mordor](/source/Mordor), Khand and Rhûn. Historically the border with Gondor was to be the river Harnen, but by the time of the [War of the Ring](/source/War_of_the_Ring) all the land further north to the river Poros is under the influence of the Haradrim. The border with Mordor runs along the southern [Mountains of Shadow](/source/Mountains_of_Shadow). Harad's west coast (the nearest to Gondor) is washed by the Great Sea, the western ocean of [Middle-earth](/source/Middle-earth). Harad's eastern shores look out on the Eastern Sea, Middle-earth's eastern ocean.[T 1]

The [elves](/source/Elves_in_Middle-earth) named the land and its people *Haradwaith*, "South-folk", from the [Sindarin](/source/Sindarin) *harad*, meaning "south", and *gwaith*, meaning "people".[2] The [Quenya](/source/Quenya) word *Hyarmen* similarly means "south" in addition to being the name of the country. The hobbits called the area the *Sunlands*, and the people *[Swertings](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swarthy)*.[T 2] [Aragorn](/source/Aragorn) briefly describes his journeys in the land as being in "Harad where the stars are strange".[T 3] Tolkien confirmed that this meant that Aragorn had travelled "some distance into the [southern hemisphere](/source/Southern_Hemisphere)" in Harad.[T 4]

Tolkien called the Corsairs of Umbar's ships "[dromunds](/source/Dromund)" (galleys, as in this reconstruction) and deep ships with oars and sails.[T 5][3]

The great harbour city of Umbar lies on Harad's north-west coast; its natural harbour is the base of the Corsairs of Umbar, inspired by the [Barbary pirates](/source/Barbary_pirates),[1] who provide the Dark Lord [Sauron](/source/Sauron) with a sizeable fleet. The ships are different types of [galleys](/source/Galley), with both oars and sails; some are named as [dromunds](/source/Dromund), others as having a deep draught (requiring a deep channel), many oars, and black sails.[3][4][T 5]

Elsewhere in Harad there are "many towns";[T 6] one of these is "the inland city", the home of Queen Berúthiel (mentioned by Tolkien in an interview).[5] The Harad Road is the main overland route between Gondor and Harad.[T 7] Harad possesses jungles with apes,[T 8] grasslands,[T 9] and deserts.

Gondor described Harad as consisting of Near Harad and Far Harad. Near Harad corresponds loosely with [North Africa](/source/North_Africa) or the [Maghreb](/source/Maghreb), while Far Harad, the vastly larger of the two regions, corresponds loosely with [sub-Saharan Africa](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa). Tolkien's own annotated map of Middle-earth, used by the illustrator [Pauline Baynes](/source/Pauline_Baynes) to construct her iconic map, suggests that "Elephants appear in the great battle outside [Minas Tirith](/source/Minas_Tirith) (as they did in Italy under [Pyrrhus](/source/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus)) but they would be in place in the blank squares of Harad – also camels."[6]

### People

 [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) linked the Haradrim with ancient [Aethiopians](/source/Aethiopia).[T 10] [Black-figure](/source/Black-figure) [Attic](/source/Attica) [amphora](/source/Amphora) with the Aethiopian king [Memnon](/source/Memnon_(mythology)), a serpent emblem on his round shield, flanked by two of his warriors, c. 510 BC

The [Men](/source/Men_in_Middle-earth) of Harad are called *Haradrim* ("South-multitude"), *Haradwaith*, or *Southrons* by the people of Gondor. The Haradrim are of various ethnicities and cultures; some are organized into kingdoms.[T 11][T 12] [Frodo](/source/Frodo_Baggins) and [Sam](/source/Samwise_Gamgee) meet [Faramir](/source/Faramir) and his Rangers of Ithilien just before the latter ambush a company of Haradrim on the North Road. Frodo and Sam do not see much of the battle, since they are positioned elsewhere, but they hear the sounds of fighting, and a slain Haradrim warrior crashes at their feet. This warrior is described as having "brown" skin, with black plaits of hair braided with gold.[T 11] He wears a [scarlet tunic](/source/Scarlet_(cloth)), as do the other Haradrim, and a gold collar. He is armed with a sword and has a corslet of brazen scales. Their [standards](/source/Flag) are scarlet, and their great beasts, the *mûmakil*, have scarlet and gold trappings. They carry round spiked shields, painted yellow and black. Their leaders have a serpent emblem.[T 11] The people of Far Harad were black-skinned; a group of them is described as "black men like half-[trolls](/source/Trolls_in_Middle-earth) with white eyes and red tongues" and "troll-men".[T 13]

### History

Further information: [Númenor](/source/N%C3%BAmenor)

The Haradrim are independent peoples, but in the [Second Age](/source/Second_Age) they are caught between the ambitions of Sauron (the Dark Lord) and the [Númenóreans](/source/N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3reans), who often kill Haradrim or sell them as slaves, and who become rulers of Harad. Over the centuries many Haradrim fall under Sauron's dominion, and to "them Sauron was both king and god, and they feared him exceedingly".[T 14] They become mixed with Númenórean settlers, some of whom fall under the sway of Sauron as "Black Númenóreans".[T 15][7] Under King Hyarmendacil I "South-victor" of Gondor, Harad becomes a vassal of Gondor.[T 16] By the time of the War of the Ring, the Haradrim are again under the dominion of Sauron, and the Haradrim Corsairs provide the whole of his Black Fleet; many other Haradrim join his armies, some riding *mûmakil*. In the [Battle of the Pelennor Fields](/source/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields), the leader of the Haradrim army is killed by [King Théoden](/source/King_Th%C3%A9oden) of [Rohan](/source/Rohan_(Middle-earth)).[T 17][T 18]

Tolkien did not work out any particular [languages](/source/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien) for the Haradrim, though *mûmak*, "elephant", may be in the Harad language.[8] Despite having a meaning in Quenya ("fate"), the name *Umbar* is adapted from the natives' language and not from Elvish or [Adûnaic](/source/Ad%C3%BBnaic).[9]

## Concept and creation

### "Sigelwara Land"

Further information: [Sigelwara Land](/source/Sigelwara_Land)

Tolkien arrived at the idea of Harad, a hot Southern land, through his [philological](/source/Philology) work. The [Old English](/source/Old_English) Biblical poem *[Exodus](/source/Exodus_(poem))* in the tenth-century [Codex Junius](/source/Codex_Junius) 11 includes a passage that caught Tolkien's attention:[10]

Codex Junius 11 (Old English) Modern English[11] .. be suðan Sigelwara land, forbærned burhhleoðu, brune leode, hatum heofoncolum. "... southward lay the Ethiop's land, parched hill-slopes and a race burned brown by the heat of the sun."

Imagemap with clickable links. Tolkien's *[Sigelwara](/source/Sigelwara_Land)* etymologies, leading to major strands of [his Legendarium](/source/Tolkien's_legendarium) including also the [Silmarils](/source/Silmaril) and [Balrogs](/source/Balrog).[T 19][12]

Tolkien was interested in particular in the Old English word used for "[Aethiopians](/source/Aethiopia)": it was *Sigelwara*, or in Tolkien's [emendation](/source/Emendation_(textual)) *Sigelhearwan*.[13] The Tolkien scholar [Tom Shippey](/source/Tom_Shippey) writes that Tolkien's philological research, described in his essay "[Sigelwara Land](/source/Sigelwara_Land)",[T 19] began from the assumption that the word could not originally have meant Aethiopian, but must have been co-opted to that usage having once meant something comparable. Tolkien approached the question by analysing the two parts of the word. *Sigel* meant, according to Tolkien, "both *sun* and *jewel*", the former as it was the Old English name of the Sun [rune](/source/Rune), [Proto-Germanic](/source/Proto-Germanic): *[*sowilō](/source/*sowil%C5%8D)* (ᛋ), the latter connotation from Latin *sigillum*, a [seal](/source/Seal_(emblem)).[12]

Tolkien decided that *Hearwa* was related to the Old English *heorð*, meaning "[hearth](/source/Hearth)", and ultimately to the Latin *carbo*, meaning "soot". The resulting meaning for *Sigelhearwan*, Tolkien decided tentatively, was "rather the sons of [Muspell](/source/Muspilli) than of [Ham](/source/Hamitic)", an ancient class of demons in Northern mythology "with red-hot eyes that emitted sparks and faces black as soot".[T 19][a] This was exactly the sort of "stray pagan concept"[15] hinting at [England's lost mythology](/source/A_mythology_for_England) that Tolkien wanted.[15]

In drafts of *The Lord of the Rings*, Tolkien toyed with names such as *Harwan* and *Sunharrowland* for Harad, which were derived from *Sigelwara*; [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) notes that these are connected to his father's *Sigelwara Land*.[T 10] The philologist [Elizabeth Solopova](/source/Elizabeth_Solopova) similarly notes that the hobbits' name for Harad, *Sunland*, suggests a similar link.[16]

## Analysis

### Moral geography

Imagemap with clickable links of Tolkien's moral geography of Middle-earth, according to John Magoun[17]

The [Germanic studies](/source/Germanic_studies) scholar Sandra Ballif Straubhaar notes that it is not clear whether Tolkien meant the Haradrim to be grouped with his "Wild Men", though he named them as ancient enemies of Gondor. They are "[ethnic others](/source/Other_(philosophy)) but not as ugly",[7] they have a rich culture and well-trained elephants. The exception would be, she suggests, the men of Far [Southern] Harad whom the people of Gondor saw as "black men like half-trolls with white eyes and red tongues".[7][18] With his "Southrons" from Harad, Tolkien had – in the view of John Magoun, writing in *[The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia](/source/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia)* – constructed a "fully expressed moral geography",[17] from the hobbits' home in the Northwest, evil in the East, and "imperial sophistication and decadence" in the South. Magoun explains that Gondor is both virtuous, being West, and has problems, being South; Mordor in the Southeast is hellish, while Harad in the extreme South "regresses into hot savagery".[17][b]

Solopova argues that the Haradrim's *mûmakil* war elephants put their country far to the East, since only India and lands to its east went on using war elephants after classical times.[16] She and [Stuart D. Lee](/source/Stuart_D._Lee) mention that Tolkien could have used the Old English version by [Ælfric](/source/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham) of the *[Book of Maccabees](/source/Book_of_Maccabees)*, which carefully introduces elephants to its Anglo-Saxon audience, using much the same phrase as Sam Gamgee, "*māre þonne sum hūs*", "bigger than a house", before describing their use in battle; the hero stabs the elephant, which is carrying a "*wīghūs*", a "[battle-house](/source/Howdah)", from below.[21] Tolkien however mentioned [Pyrrhus of Epirus](/source/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus)'s use of war elephants against [Ancient Rome](/source/Ancient_Rome) in 280–275 BC in his notes for the illustrator [Pauline Baynes](/source/Pauline_Baynes).[6]

### The stereotypical "Other"

Main article: [Tolkien and race](/source/Tolkien_and_race)

Tolkien related the Haradrim's *mûmakil* in the [Battle of the Pelennor Fields](/source/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields) to [Pyrrhus of Epirus](/source/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus)'s war elephants in his invasion of [Ancient Rome](/source/Ancient_Rome), as depicted here in an 1896 book by Helene Guerber.[6]

Commentators such as Anderson Rearick and Stephen Shapiro have identified the Haradrim as a recognisably foreign race as well as the enemy, and have accused Tolkien of racism.[22][23] Conversely, scholars such as Straubhaar have come to Tolkien's defence on the matter, noting that during the [Second World War](/source/Second_World_War) Tolkien expressed an anti-racist position. Straubhaar writes that "a polycultured, polylingual world is absolutely central"[24] to Middle-earth, and that readers and filmgoers will easily see that. From there, she notes that the "recurring accusations in the popular media" of a racist view of the story are "interesting". She quotes the Swedish cultural studies scholar David Tjeder who described [Gollum](/source/Gollum)'s account of the men of Harad ("Not nice; very cruel wicked Men they look. Almost as bad as [Orcs](/source/Orc), and much bigger."[T 20]) in *[Aftonbladet](/source/Aftonbladet)* as "stereotypical and reflective of colonial attitudes".[25] She argues instead that Gollum's view, with its "arbitrary and stereotypical assumptions about the '[Other](/source/Other_(philosophy))'",[25] is absurd, and that Gollum cannot be taken as an authority on Tolkien's opinion. Straubhaar contrasts this with [Sam Gamgee](/source/Sam_Gamgee)'s more humane response to the sight of a dead Harad warrior, which she finds "harder to find fault with": "He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil of heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home."[T 11][25] Straubhaar quotes Shapiro, who wrote in *[The Scotsman](/source/The_Scotsman)* that "Put simply, Tolkien's good guys are white and the bad guys are black, slant-eyed, unattractive, inarticulate, and a psychologically undeveloped horde".[26][23] Straubhaar concedes that Shapiro may have had a point with "slant-eyed", but comments that this was milder than that of many of his contemporary novelists such as [John Buchan](/source/John_Buchan), and notes that Tolkien had in fact made "appalled objection" when people had misapplied his story to current events.[26] She similarly observes that Tjeder had failed to notice Tolkien's "concerted effort" to change the Western European "paradigm" that speakers of supposedly superior languages were "ethnically superior".[27]

## In other media

Haradrim in [Peter Jackson](/source/Peter_Jackson)'s 2002 film *[The Two Towers](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings%3A_The_Two_Towers)* were based on 12th century [Saracens](/source/Saracens).[28]

In [Peter Jackson](/source/Peter_Jackson)'s 2002 film *[The Two Towers](/source/The_Two_Towers_(film))*, the Haradrim appear [Middle Eastern](/source/Middle_Eastern), with turbans, flowing robes, and riding *mûmakil*. A companion book on the film's "Creatures" states that the Haradrim were based on 12th century [Saracens](/source/Saracens).[28] The battle scene in [Ithilien](/source/Ithilien) between the rangers of Gondor and the men of Harad was shot at the Twelve Mile Delta near [Queenstown](/source/Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand), [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand).[29]

The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys, *[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Trading_Card_Game)*, and the computer game *[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings%3A_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II)*.[30][31][32] "Haradrim Slayers" feature in the computer game *[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings%3A_War_of_the_Ring)*,[33] while in the video game *[Middle-earth: Shadow of War](/source/Middle-earth%3A_Shadow_of_War)*, Baranor, a playable character who is a captain in Gondor's guard, is originally from Harad.[34]

[Iron Crown Enterprises](/source/Iron_Crown_Enterprises) produced a series of books for their [tabletop roleplaying](/source/Tabletop_roleplaying) game *[Middle-earth Role Playing](/source/Middle-earth_Role_Playing)* containing information about Harad and content allowing games to be set there. Key publications included the setting books *Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs* (1982),[35] *Far Harad* (1988),[36] and *Greater Harad* (1990),[37] as well as the [adventure books](/source/Adventure_(role-playing_games)) *Warlords of the Desert* (1989),[38] *Forest of Tears* (1989),[39] and *Hazards of the Harad Wood* (1990).[40] [Games Workshop](/source/Games_Workshop) have produced miniatures and rules relating to Harad for use in the *[Middle Earth Strategy Battle Game](/source/Middle_Earth_Strategy_Battle_Game)*, including for *mumakil* and Corsairs of Umbar.[41][42]

## See also

- [Calormenes](/source/Calormen), a race of men from a hot southern land from [C. S. Lewis](/source/C._S._Lewis)'s *[Chronicles of Narnia](/source/Chronicles_of_Narnia)*[43]

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Shippey states that this analysis of *Sigelhearwa* both "helped to naturalise the [Balrog](/source/Balrog)" (a demon of fire) and contributed to the [Silmarils](/source/Silmaril), which combined the nature of the sun and jewels.[14]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Other scholars such as Walter Scheps and Isabel G. MacCaffrey have noted Middle-earth's "spatial cum moral dimensions".[19][20]

## References

### Primary

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Tolkien 1977](#CITEREFTolkien1977) "[Akallabêth](/source/Akallab%C3%AAth)"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-The_Black_Gate_is_Closed_4-0)** [Tolkien 1954](#CITEREFTolkien1954), book 4 ch 3, "The Black Gate is Closed", [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0 04 823046 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_04_823046_4) "I've heard tales of the big folk down away in the Sunlands. Swertings we call 'em in our tales; and they ride on oliphaunts, 'tis said, when they fight."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Tolkien 1954a](#CITEREFTolkien1954a) "[The Council of Elrond](/source/The_Council_of_Elrond)"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980) part 4 ch. III "The Istari" p. 402 note 10; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-04-823179-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-823179-7)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Tolkien_Ships_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Tolkien_Ships_7-1) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), "[The Battle of the Pelennor Fields](/source/The_Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields)" "for black against the glittering stream they beheld a fleet borne up on the wind: dromunds, and ships of great draught [with deep hulls] with many oars, and with black sails bellying in the breeze."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Tolkien 1977](#CITEREFTolkien1977) '[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age](/source/Of_the_Rings_of_Power_and_the_Third_Age)', p. 290; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0 04 823139 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_04_823139_8)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), book 6 ch. 2

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [Tolkien 1954](#CITEREFTolkien1954) book 3 ch. 7 "apes in the dark forests of the South"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), Appendix A:II "the far fields of the South"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CT_Sigelwara_Land_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CT_Sigelwara_Land_16-1) [Tolkien 1989](#CITEREFTolkien1989), ch. XXV p. 435 & p. 439 note 4

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Of_Herbs_and_Stewed_Rabbit_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Of_Herbs_and_Stewed_Rabbit_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Of_Herbs_and_Stewed_Rabbit_17-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Of_Herbs_and_Stewed_Rabbit_17-3) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), book 4 ch 4, "Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Tolkien 1954](#CITEREFTolkien1954), Appendix A §I(iv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields_19-0)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), book 5 ch 6, "Battle of the Pelennor Fields"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [Tolkien 1977](#CITEREFTolkien1977), "[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age](/source/Of_the_Rings_of_Power_and_the_Third_Age)"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), Appendix A §I(iv) footnote

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), Appendix A §I(iv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), book 5 ch. 6 and book 6 ch. 4

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), book 6 ch. 5

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sigelwara_Land_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sigelwara_Land_30-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Sigelwara_Land_30-2) [The essay](/source/Sigelwara_Land) was published in two parts, [Tolkien 1932](#CITEREFTolkien1932) and [Tolkien 1934](#CITEREFTolkien1934).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** [Tolkien 1954](#CITEREFTolkien1954), book 4, ch. 3 "The Black Gate is Closed"

### Secondary

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bowers_2019_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bowers_2019_1-1) Bowers, John M. (2019). [*Tolkien's Lost Chaucer*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5OwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170). [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). p. 170. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-258029-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-258029-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tyler2002_p307_3-0)** [Tyler, J. E. A.](/source/Tony_Tyler) (2002). [*The Complete Tolkien Companion*](https://books.google.com/books?id=J-WWMtIVl_gC&pg=PA307). Pan Books. pp. 307–308. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-330-41165-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41165-3).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Morwinsky_2008_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Morwinsky_2008_8-1) Morwinsky, Thomas (January 2008). "Númenórean Maritime Technology". *Other Minds Magazine* (2): 28–29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Cole, Michael (March 2015). ["Pirates of Middle Earth"](http://rpgreview.net/files/rpgreview_26.pdf) (PDF). *RPG Review* (26–27): 56–73.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-interview_11-0)** ["The Realms of Tolkien"](https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien). *originally published in New Worlds in November 1966, reprinted in Carandaith in 1969 and again in Fantastic Metropolis in 2001*. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kennedy_2016_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kennedy_2016_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Kennedy_2016_15-2) [Kennedy, Maev](/source/Maev_Kennedy) (3 May 2016). ["Tolkien annotated map of Middle-earth acquired by Bodleian library"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/03/jrr-tolkien-annotated-map-middle-earth-bodleian-lord-rings-hobbit). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Straubhaar_Men_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Straubhaar_Men_22-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Straubhaar_Men_22-2) [Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif](/source/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar) (2006). "Men, Middle-Earth". In [Drout, Michael D. C.](/source/Michael_D._C._Drout) (ed.). *[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment](/source/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia)*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 415–417. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-135-88034-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-135-88034-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tyler2002_p446_26-0)** Tyler, J. E. A. (2002). [*The Complete Tolkien Companion*](https://books.google.com/books?id=J-WWMtIVl_gC&pg=PA446). Pan Books. p. 446. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-330-41165-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41165-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Flieger2009_27-0)** [Flieger, Verlyn](/source/Verlyn_Flieger) (2009). "The Music and the Task: Fate and Free Will in Middle-earth". *[Tolkien Studies](/source/Tolkien_Studies)*. **6**: 157. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/tks.0.0051](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.0.0051). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [143443789](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143443789). ...in primitive Quenya *umbar*, 'fate,' ...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey200554_28-0)** [Shippey 2005](#CITEREFShippey2005), p. 54.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Exodus_29-0)** ["Junius 11 "Exodus" ll. 68-88"](http://mcllibrary.org/Junius/exodus.html). The Medieval & Classical Literature Library. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey200548–49_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey200548–49_31-1) [Shippey 2005](#CITEREFShippey2005), pp. 48–49.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey200548_32-0)** [Shippey 2005](#CITEREFShippey2005), p. 48.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey200549_33-0)** [Shippey 2005](#CITEREFShippey2005), p. 49.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey200554,_63_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey200554,_63_35-1) [Shippey 2005](#CITEREFShippey2005), pp. 54, 63.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2016_36-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2016_36-1) [Lee, Stuart](/source/Stuart_D._Lee); [Solopova, Elizabeth](/source/Elizabeth_Solopova) (2016). ["Völuspá"](https://books.google.com/books?id=foEYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66). [*The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature Through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien*](/source/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth). [Palgrave Macmillan](/source/Palgrave_Macmillan). pp. 66–67, 217, 223–225. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-137-45470-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45470-6).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Magoun_37-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Magoun_37-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Magoun_37-2) Magoun, John F. G. (2006). "South, The". In [Drout, Michael D. C.](/source/Michael_D._C._Drout) (ed.). *[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia](/source/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia)*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 622–623. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-135-88034-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-135-88034-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Straubhaar_Saracens_38-0)** [Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif](/source/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar) (2006). "Saracens and Moors". In [Drout, Michael D. C.](/source/Michael_D._C._Drout) (ed.). *[The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment](/source/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia)*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 588–589. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-135-88034-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-135-88034-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Scheps_1975_39-0)** Scheps, Walter (1975). "The Interlace Structure of 'The Lord of the Rings'". In [Lobdell, Jared](/source/Jared_Lobdell) (ed.). *[A Tolkien Compass](/source/A_Tolkien_Compass)*. [Open Court](/source/Open_Court_Publishing_Company). pp. 44–45. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0875483030](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875483030).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MacCaffrey_1959_40-0)** MacCaffrey, Isabel G. (1959). *Paradise Lost as Myth*. [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press). p. 55. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1041902253](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041902253).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** [Lee, Stuart D.](/source/Stuart_D._Lee); [Solopova, Elizabeth](/source/Elizabeth_Solopova) (2005). [*The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature Through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien*](https://archive.org/details/keysmiddleearthd00lees_471). [Palgrave](/source/Palgrave_Macmillan). pp. [223](https://archive.org/details/keysmiddleearthd00lees_471/page/n235)-225, 228–231. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1403946713](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403946713). translating the *Homily on the Maccabees*. II, 499-519.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Rearick_2004_43-0)** Rearick, Anderson (2004). "Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc? The Dark Face of Racism Examined in Tolkien's World". *[Modern Fiction Studies](/source/Modern_Fiction_Studies)*. **50** (4): 866–867. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/mfs.2005.0008](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmfs.2005.0008). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [26286382](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26286382). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [162647975](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162647975).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Shapiro_2002_44-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Shapiro_2002_44-1) Shapiro, Stephen (14 December 2002). ["Lord of the Rings labelled racist"](https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/lord-rings-labelled-racist-2461845). *[The Scotsman](/source/The_Scotsman)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraubhaar2004112_45-0)** [Straubhaar 2004](#CITEREFStraubhaar2004), p. 112.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraubhaar2004113_47-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraubhaar2004113_47-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraubhaar2004113_47-2) [Straubhaar 2004](#CITEREFStraubhaar2004), p. 113.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraubhaar2004114_48-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraubhaar2004114_48-1) [Straubhaar 2004](#CITEREFStraubhaar2004), p. 114.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraubhaar2004115_49-0)** [Straubhaar 2004](#CITEREFStraubhaar2004), p. 115.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ibata_2003_50-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ibata_2003_50-1) Ibata, David (12 January 2003). ["'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/chi-030112epringsrace-story.html). *[Chicago Tribune](/source/Chicago_Tribune)*. The Haradrim are more recognizable. They are garbed in turbans and flowing crimson robes. They ride giant elephants. They resemble nothing other than North African or Middle Eastern tribesmen. A recently released "Towers" companion book, "The Lord of the Rings: Creatures," calls the Haradrim "exotic outlanders" whose costumes "were inspired by the twelfth-century Saracen warriors of the Middle East."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["3 Most Photographed Lord of the Rings Locations"](http://pureglenorchy.com/3-most-photographed-lord-of-the-rings-locations/). *Pure Glenorchy Scenic Film Location & Lord of the Rings Tours*. 18 December 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200928051410/http://pureglenorchy.com/3-most-photographed-lord-of-the-rings-locations/) from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** Radcliffe, Doug. ["The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-earth II Game Guide. Walkthrough: Evil Campaign"](http://www.gamespot.com/features/6146219/p-21.html). *Gamespot*. CBS Interactive.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** Kerkhove, Devon (21 September 2005). ["The Lord of the Rings: Online Trading Card Game – Starter Deck Guide"](https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/pc/921814-the-lord-of-the-rings-online-trading-card-game/faqs/39070). GameFAQs.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Rorie, Matthew (17 July 2006). ["The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-earth II Walkthrough"](https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth-ii-walkthrough/1100-6146219/). Gamespot.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring - Perfect Walkthrough"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200202161619/https://uk.ign.com/faqs/2011/the-lord-of-the-rings-war-of-the-ring-perfect-walkthrough-1110162). IGN. 2010. Archived from [the original](https://uk.ign.com/faqs/2011/the-lord-of-the-rings-war-of-the-ring-perfect-walkthrough-1110162) on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** Carter, Chris (8 May 2015). ["Review: Middle-earth: Shadow of War - Desolation of Mordor"](https://www.destructoid.com/review-middle-earth-shadow-of-war-desolation-of-mordor-501457.phtml). *[Destructoid](/source/Destructoid)*. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Spielman, Brenda Gates (1982). *Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs*. Iron Crown Enterprises.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Crutchfield, Charles (1988). *Far Hara d*. Iron Crown Enterprises.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** Wilson, William E. (1990). *Greater Harad*. Iron Crown Enterprises.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** Crutchfield, Charles (1989). *Warlords of the Desert*. Iron Crown Enterprises.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Crutchfield, Charles (1989). *Forest of Tears*. Iron Crown Enterprises.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** Crowdis, John (1990). *Hazards of the Harad Wood*. Iron Crown Enterprises.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** ["War Mûmak Of Harad"](https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/War-Mumak-Of-Harad-2018). [Games Workshop](/source/Games_Workshop). Retrieved 9 February 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** ["Corsairs of Umbar"](https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Corsairs-Of-Umbar-2018). [Games Workshop](/source/Games_Workshop). Retrieved 9 February 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** Ford, Paul F. (2005) [1980]. [*Companion to Narnia: A Complete Guide to the Enchanting World of C.S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia*](https://archive.org/details/pocketcompaniont00ford_509) (5th ed.). HarperCollins. p. [127](https://archive.org/details/pocketcompaniont00ford_509/page/n140). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-06-079127-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-079127-6).

### Sources

- Tolkien, J. R. R. (December 1932). ["Sigelwara Land part 1"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43625831). *[Medium Aevum](/source/Medium_Aevum)*. **1** (3).

- Tolkien, J. R. R. (June 1934). ["Sigelwara Land part 2"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43625895). *[Medium Aevum](/source/Medium_Aevum)*. **3** (2).

- [Shippey, Tom](/source/Tom_Shippey) (2005) [1982]. [*The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology*](/source/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth) (Third ed.). [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-261-10275-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0).

- [Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif](/source/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar) (2004). "Myth, Late Roman History, and Multiculturalism in Tolkien's Middle-Earth". In [Chance, Jane](/source/Jane_Chance) (ed.). [*Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: a reader*](/source/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth). [University Press of Kentucky](/source/University_Press_of_Kentucky). pp. 101–117. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8131-2301-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1954a). *[The Fellowship of the Ring](/source/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring)*. *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [9552942](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1954). *[The Two Towers](/source/The_Two_Towers)*. *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1042159111](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042159111).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1955). *[The Return of the King](/source/The_Return_of_the_King)*. *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [519647821](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1977). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[The Silmarillion](/source/The_Silmarillion)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-395-25730-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1980). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[Unfinished Tales](/source/Unfinished_Tales)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-395-29917-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1989). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[The Treason of Isengard](/source/The_Treason_of_Isengard)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-395-51562-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-51562-4).

v t e The Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien Constructing The Lord of the Rings About Volumes The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Stories "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" Translating list Swedish Reception Impact Literary Fandom Fan fiction Oxonmoot Tolkienmoot Works inspired Tolkien's impact on fantasy Annotation A Reader's Companion Elements Languages Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Westron Poetry A Elbereth Gilthoniel Namárië Song of Eärendil The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Road Goes Ever On A Walking Song Other Artwork Family trees Heraldry Maps Proverbs Scripts Cirth Tengwar Analysis Themes Addiction to power Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Company of the Ring Death and immortality Decline and fall Divination Dreams and visions Economy England Environmentalism Evil Feudal allegiance Forests Geology Hell Heroism Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Paganism Plants Prophecy Psychological journeys Quests Race Sexuality Sound and language Time Trees Women Influences Antiquarianism Beowulf Celtic Christianity Classical world Edwardian adventure stories First World War Norse Medieval Modern sources Modernism William Morris A mythology for England Philology Shakespeare Techniques Anachronism Character pairing Editorial framing Frame stories Pseudotranslation Impression of depth Narrative structure Interlacing Storytelling Prose style Ambiguity Epic Pooh Peoples Maiar Balrogs Sauron Wizards Gandalf Radagast Saruman Free peoples Dwarves Balin Gimli Elves Galadriel Glorfindel Half-elven Arwen Elrond Legolas Thranduil Ents Treebeard Hobbits Bilbo Frodo Merry Pippin Sam Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Aragorn of Gondor Boromir Denethor Faramir of Rohan Éomer Éowyn Théoden Wormtongue Monsters Barrow-wight Gollum Nazgûl Witch-king of Angmar Old Man Willow Orcs Shelob Trolls Wargs Watcher in the Water Other Eagles Goldberry Tom Bombadil World Geography Middle-earth Eriador Bree Old Forest Rivendell The Shire Bag End Gondor Minas Tirith Harad Lothlórien Mirkwood Moria Mordor Rohan Isengard Undying Lands Battles Helm's Deep Pelennor Fields Morannon Things Mithril Oliphaunts Palantírs Phial of Galadriel Rings of Power One Ring List of weapons and armour Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Errantry Fastitocalon The Sea-Bell Donald Swann The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien The History of Middle-earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin The Nature of Middle-earth Adaptations and derivative works Books Bored of the Rings (1969) The Last Ringbearer (1999) Muddle Earth (2003) Illustrations A Map of Middle-earth Pauline Baynes Barbara Remington John Howe Alan Lee Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Theatre Fellowship! (2005) The Lord of the Rings (2006) Music Bo Hansson Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972) Johan de Meij Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings (1988) Led Zeppelin "Ramble On" (1969) "Misty Mountain Hop" (1971) "The Battle of Evermore" (1971) Radio The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955) The Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979) Hordes of the Things (1980) The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981) Der Herr der Ringe (1992) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978) The Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980) The War of the Rohirrim (Kamiyama, 2024) Peter Jackson series The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) The Two Towers (2002) The Return of the King (2003) Music "Concerning Hobbits" "Into the West" "May It Be" The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films (2010 book) Approach Production Hobbiton Movie Set Peter Jackson's interpretation Picturing Tolkien Tolkien on Film Other Sagan om ringen (1971) Khraniteli (1991) Hobitit (1993) The Rings of Power (2022) music Fan-made The Hunt for Gollum (2009) Born of Hope (2009) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two: Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol. I (1990) Vol. I (SNES) Riders of Rohan Elendor Vol. II: The Two Towers The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age Game Boy Advance The Battle for Middle-earth Tactics The Battle for Middle-earth II The Rise of the Witch-king Conquest Aragorn's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle-earth Shadow of Mordor Shadow of War Gollum Return to Moria The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm's Deep Mordor Minas Morgul War of Three Peaks Fate of Gundabad Before the Shadow Tabletop role- playing games Middle-earth Role Playing The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game The One Ring Roleplaying Game Adventures in Middle-earth Board games Middle Earth War of the Ring Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith Sauron Lord of the Rings War of the Ring Card games Middle-earth Collectible Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game Other games Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game Lego The Lord of the Rings

v t e Middle-earth J. R. R. Tolkien Bibliography Canon Legendarium Outline Works In Tolkien's lifetime The Hobbit (1937) The Lord of the Rings (1954–55) The Fellowship of the Ring "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" The Two Towers The Return of the King "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962) Posthumous The Silmarillion (1977) "Ainulindalë" Unfinished Tales (1980) The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981) Bilbo's Last Song (1990) The three "Great Tales" The Children of Húrin (2007) Beren and Lúthien (2017) The Fall of Gondolin (2018) The Fall of Númenor (2022) History of composition History of Middle-earth [1–2] The Book of Lost Tales (1983–84) Ælfwine [3] The Lays of Beleriand (1985) [4] The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986) [5] The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987) The Etymologies Lhammas [6–9] The History of The Lord of the Rings (1988–1992) The Notion Club Papers [10] Morgoth's Ring (1993) [11] The War of the Jewels (1994) [12] The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996) Others John D. Rateliff The History of The Hobbit (2007) Carl F. Hostetter The Nature of Middle-earth (2021) Fictional universe Peoples, monsters Ainur Maiar Balrogs Wizards Valar Dragons Ancalagon Smaug Dwarves Eagles Elves Half-elven Noldor Sundering Ents Hobbits Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Orcs Trolls Characters First and Second Ages Celebrimbor Eärendil and Elwing Elendil Fëanor Fingolfin Finwë and Míriel Gil-galad Húrin Isildur Lúthien and Beren Melian Morgoth Thingol Tuor and Idril Túrin Turambar Ungoliant Third Age Elrond Galadriel Gandalf Glorfindel Goldberry Gollum Saruman Sauron Tom Bombadil Places First and Second Ages Beleriand Númenor Valinor Third Age Bree Esgaroth Gondor Harad Isengard Lonely Mountain Lothlórien Mirkwood Mordor Moria Rivendell Rohan The Shire Bag End Objects Mithril Palantír Red Book of Westmarch Rings of Power One Ring Silmarils Two Trees of Valinor List of weapons and armour Analysis Elements Artwork Family trees Heraldry Languages Adûnaic Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Valarin Westron Maps Tolkien's poetry Scripts Cirth Sarati Tengwar Themes Anachronism Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Christianity Cosmology Round World dilemma Death and immortality Decline and fall Dreams and visions Economy England Environmentalism Evil First World War Forests Frame stories Hell Heroism Light Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Modernism Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Old Straight Road Paganism Plants Psychological journeys Quests Sound and language Time Trees Literary Tolkien's impact on fantasy Influences Beowulf Celtic Classical world Finnish language and literature Medieval Modern William Morris Norse Philology Shakespeare Prose style Ambiguity A mythology for England Geographic Geology The Atlas of Middle-earth Journeys of Frodo A Map of Middle-earth Adaptations, legacy Illustrators Pauline Baynes Cor Blok Anke Eißmann Brothers Hildebrandt Jenny Dolfen Mary Fairburn Donato Giancola John Howe Tove Jansson Alexander Korotich Alan Lee Tom Loback Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Composers Bo Hansson Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings Leonard Rosenman Music of The Lord of the Rings, 1978 Johan de Meij Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings Howard Shore Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Music of The Hobbit film series Music of The Rings of Power TV series Bear McCreary Music of The Rings of Power TV series Stephen Gallagher Music of The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim Blind Guardian Nightfall in Middle-Earth Settings Donald Swann The Road Goes Ever On Poems and Songs of Middle Earth The Tolkien Ensemble An Evening in Rivendell A Night in Rivendell At Dawn in Rivendell Leaving Rivendell Other media Impact Middle-earth Enterprises Works inspired by Tolkien Fan fiction Film Calendars Video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Literary criticism The Complete Guide to Middle-earth A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien Interrupted Music Master of Middle-Earth Picturing Tolkien A Question of Time J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion Perilous Realms The Road to Middle-Earth Splintered Light Tolkien and the Invention of Myth Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings A Tolkien Compass Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth Tolkien, Race and Cultural History Tolkien's Legendarium Tolkien and the Great War The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Harad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harad) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harad?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.