# Hamka

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Indonesian journalist and activist (1908–1981)

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In this [Indonesian name](/source/Indonesian_names#Naming_forms), there is no [family name](/source/Surname) or [patronymic](/source/Patronymic).

Buya Hamka Portrait of Hamka Born Abdul Malik (1908-02-17)17 February 1908 Agam, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies Died 24 July 1981(1981-07-24) (aged 73) Jakarta, Indonesia Other name Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah Philosophical work Main interests Al-Qur'an Exegesis, Islamic law, Islamic history, tasawuf, and literature Notable works Al-Azhar Exegesis Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijck Di Bawah Lindungan Ka'bah Signature

**Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah**, better known by his pen name **Hamka** (17 February 1908 – 24 July 1981), was an Indonesian [ʿālim](/source/Ulama), philosopher, writer, novelist, lecturer, politician and journalist.[1]

First affiliated with the [Masyumi Party](/source/Masyumi_Party), until it was disbanded due to connection to the [PRRI](/source/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia) rebellion, Hamka was jailed because he was close to other PRRI members. He also served as the inaugural chief cleric of the [Indonesian Ulema Council](/source/Indonesian_Ulema_Council), and was active in [Muhammadiyah](/source/Muhammadiyah) until he died. [Al-Azhar University](/source/Al-Azhar_University) and [Malaysian National University](/source/National_University_of_Malaysia) both granted him honorary doctorates, while [Moestopo University](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Moestopo&action=edit&redlink=1) of Jakarta appointed him a Distinguished Professor.

Hamka is further honoured by being the namesake of Hamka Muhammadiyah University in Jakarta, and is named an [Indonesian National Hero](/source/National_Hero_of_Indonesia).[2]

## Early life

Hamka's and his grandmother's residence during his childhood in [Maninjau](/source/Lake_Maninjau), it was renovated in 2001 and named the Buya Hamka Birthplace Museum. The museum now holds most of his books, publications, and related goods.

Hamka was born on 17 February 1908 in [Agam](/source/Agam_Regency), [West Sumatra](/source/West_Sumatra), the eldest of four siblings. Raised in a family of devout [Muslims](/source/Muslim), his father was [Abdul Karim Amrullah](/source/Abdul_Karim_Amrullah), a clerical reformer of Islam in Minangkabau, also known as "Haji Rasul". His mother, Sitti Shafiyah, came from a lineage of Minangkabau artists. His paternal grandfather, [Muhammad Amrullah](/source/Muhammad_Amrullah), was a member of the [Naqshbandiyah](/source/Naqshbandi).[3] Hamka had a younger brother, Abdul Wadud Karim Amrullah, whose child is the American [drag](/source/Drag_queen) performer and winner of the [third season](/source/RuPaul's_Drag_Race_(season_3)) of *[RuPaul's Drag Race](/source/RuPaul's_Drag_Race)*, [Raja Gemini](/source/Raja_Gemini).[4]

Prior to his formal education, Hamka lived with his grandmother in a house south of [Maninjau](/source/Maninjau).[3] When he was four years old, Hamka and his family moved to [Padang Panjang](/source/Padang_Panjang), where he learned to read the Qur'an and recite prayers under the guidance of his half-sister Fatimah. At the age of seven, Malik entered the Village School. In 1916, Zainuddin Labay El Yunusy opened a religious school, Diniyah School, replacing the traditional [surau](/source/Surau)-based education system. While attending lessons every morning at the Village School, Malik took afternoon classes at Diniyah School where he quickly learned Arabic.[5]

### Education

In 1918, Hamka left the Village School after three years, because he wanted to emphasize religious education, and his father registered him in a [Thawalib](/source/Sumatera_Thawalib). The school required its students to memorize classical books, rules regarding nahwu, and neuroscience. After studying at Diniyah School every morning, Malik attended Thawalib classes in the afternoon and returned to the surau in the evening. Most of the Thawalib's students were teenagers who were older than Hamka because of the heavy material that was needed to be memorized. From the lessons he attended, he was only interested in the [arudh](/source/Arabic_prosody) lessons which discussed poetry in Arabic. Although his activities from morning to evening were filled with learning, he was known to be a troublemaker, annoying his friends and cutting class to watch movies at a theater.[3]

When he was 12 years old, Hamka's parents divorced, because although his father was a devout religious Muslim, his mother's relatives still practiced traditional practices that did not comply with Islamic teachings. The first few days after his parents divorced, Hamka did not go to school. He instead spent time traveling around Padang Panjang. Hamka had been absent for fifteen days in a row until a teacher at the Thawalib came to the house to check up on him. Finding out Hamka was absent, his father got angry and hit him.[6]

Because of fear of his father, Hamka returned to the class as usual. After he discovered that his teacher, Zainuddin Labay El Yunusy, had opened a book rental library, Hamka spent most of his time reading through borrowed books. He read literary works published by [Balai Pustaka](/source/Balai_Pustaka), Chinese stories, and Arabic translations. After reading, Malik copied his own version. Running out of money to rent the books, Hamka offered to work for a printing house owned by Bagindo Sinaro, where the book collection were covered with protective cardboard. He helped cut cardboard, make glue dough as a glue for books, and make coffee, but as a reward, he asks to be allowed to read the collection of books that were to be rented out. Within three hours of returning from Diniyah before leaving for Thawalib, Hamka arranged his time to have time to read. Because of his neat work, he was allowed to bring a new book that had not been cardboard to work on at home. However, since Malik was often caught reading story books, his father reprimanded him, so every time he noticed his father was watching, Hamka would put down the story book he was reading, took a religious book while pretending to read it. Family problems caused Hamka to often travel long distances alone. He would leave his classes at Diniyah and Thawalib, and travels to Maninjau to visit his mother. Hamka was conflicted about choosing to live with his mother or father. Hamka sought association with the young people of Maninjau. He studied [silat](/source/Silat) and [randai](/source/Randai), as well as listening to kaba, stories sung with traditional Minangkabau musical instruments. He walked further to [Bukittinggi](/source/Bukittinggi) and [Payakumbuh](/source/Payakumbuh), briefly hanging out at cockfights and horse racing jockeys. He was neglected for almost a year until when he was 14 years old, his father felt restless and took him to go recite the Koran to the cleric Sheikh Ibrahim Musa in Parabek, about five kilometers from Bukittinggi. In Parabek, for the first time Hamka lived independently.[6]

In Parabek, young Hamka learnt to fulfill his daily needs as a [santri](/source/Santri). During his stay at the [pesantren](/source/Pesantren), Hamka took advantage of the freed Saturday to go out to the surrounding the villages near Parabek. Interested in hearing traditional speeches, Hamka often attended the inauguration of the [penghulu](/source/Penghulu), when the traditional elders gathered. He noted down while memorizing rhymes and dictated passages in the traditional speeches he heard.[6]

### Moving to Java

Hamka travelled all over Minangkabau as a teenager, gaining the nickname Si Bujang Jauh, (the Boy from Afar) from his father.[6]

Hamka decided to leave for Java at the age of 15, when he learnt that the Islam taught there was far more advanced in terms of structure and organisation. He ran away from home, unnoticed by his father and only said goodbye to his grandmother in Maninjau. From Maninjau, Malik started his journey with the money his grandmother gave him, In [Bengkulu](/source/Bengkulu), he planned to meet a relative from his mother's tribe to ask for additional fees, however, he contracted [smallpox](/source/Smallpox). He tried to continue but was forced to go back to Meninjau where he spent two-months bedridden. He departed to Java again in July 1924, after spending two months bedridden.[6]

After arriving in Java he went to [Yogyakarta](/source/Yogyakarta) and studied under [Bagoes Hadikoesoemo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagoes_Hadikoesoemo&action=edit&redlink=1), [Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto](/source/Oemar_Said_Tjokroaminoto), [Abdul Rozak Fachruddin](/source/Abdul_Rozak_Fachruddin), and [Suryopranoto](/source/Suryopranoto); under Bagoes Hadikoesoemo, Hamka joined [Sarekat Islam](/source/Sarekat_Islam). Before returning to Minangkabau, he visited [Bandung](/source/Bandung) and met with [Masjumi](/source/Masjumi) leaders [Ahmad Hassan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Hassan_(Indonesian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Mohammad Natsir](/source/Mohammad_Natsir), which gave him the opportunity to write in the magazine *Pembela Islam* ("Defenders of Islam"). Subsequently, in 1925, he went to [Pekalongan](/source/Pekalongan), [Central Java](/source/Central_Java) to meet [Sutan Mansur Ahmad Rashid](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sutan_Mansur_Ahmad_Rashid&action=edit&redlink=1), who was the chairman of Muhammadiyah's Pekalongan branch, and learnt more about Islam from him. While in Pekalongan, he stayed at his brother's house and started giving religious talks for [Muhammadiyah](/source/Muhammadiyah).[6]

In Pekalongan, Hamka met his father who failed to leave for [Egypt](/source/Kingdom_of_Egypt) after the postponement of the International Caliphate Congress. Muhammadiyah activities attracted Haji Rasul's attention so that when he returned to Minangkabau with Jafar Amrullah and Marah Intan, Haji Rasul initiated the establishment of a Muhammadiyah branch at Batang River. The association that was founded earlier called Sendi Aman changed its name to Muhammadiyah to be recognized as a branch by Muhammadiyah in Yogyakarta. From there, Muhammadiyah spread throughout the Minangkabau area with the help of its former students. In order to prepare Muhammadiyah preachers and teachers, Haji Rasul encouraged Thawalib students to open a Muhammadiyah [Tablighi](/source/Tablighi_Jamaat) in Sungai Batang. Malik led the speech practice held by the course once a week. He made speeches for those who were not good at composing. His speeches were published in the magazine, *Khatibul Ummah,* which started with a circulation of 500 copies. Malik completed and edited portions of the speech he received before publication. His teacher Zainuddin and the owner of the printing press, Bagindo Sinaro, helped produce and distribute the magazine. From writing and editing speeches, Malik began to learn and express his writing skills. However, due to financial reasons, the printing of *Khatibul Ummah* only lasted three issues.[6]

After his first trip in Java, he claimed to have a new spirit in studying Islam. He also saw no difference between Islamic reformation missions in both the Minangkabau and Javan regions: the reformation in Minangkabau aimed at purifying Islam off regressive practices of imitation and superstition, while the Javan movement was more focused to the efforts of combating "backwardness", ignorance and poverty.[6]

### Performing the Hajj

Hamka's trip to Mecca in 1927 inspired him to write *[Di Bawah Lindungan Ka'bah](/source/Di_Bawah_Lindungan_Ka'bah_(novel))*.

In February 1927, he made the decision to go to [Mecca](/source/Mecca) to expand his religious knowledge, including learning the Arabic language and performing his first [hajj](/source/Hajj) pilgrimage. He left without saying goodbye to his father, using his own money he departed from [Belawan Harbor](/source/Port_of_Belawan) for [Jeddah](/source/Jeddah). While in Mecca, he became correspondent for the daily "Andalas Light" (*Pelita Andalas*) and also worked at a printing company owned by Hamid, son of Majid Kurdish, [Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi](/source/Ahmad_Khatib_al-Minangkabawi)'s father-in-law. His mastery of Arabic enabled him to read classic Islamic [kitab](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kitab), books, and Islamic newsletters.

During the pilgrimage, Hamka and several other pilgrims candidate founded the East Indian Association (*Persatuan Hindia Timur*), an organisation giving lessons to Dutch Indies pilgrims-to-be. He lived in Mecca for some time after the pilgrimage, where he met [Agus Salim](/source/Agus_Salim) and had expressed his desire to settle in Mecca, but Agus Salim instead advised him to go home reasoning: "You can do a lot more work with your study and movements that you are fighting for. Therefore, it would be better to develop yourself in your own homeland". Hamka soon returned home after seven months of living in Mecca. However, instead of going back to Padang Panjang, Hamka settled in the city of [Medan](/source/Medan), where his returning ship had anchored.

### Career in Medan

While in Medan, he wrote many articles for various magazines and had become a religious teacher for several months in [Tebing Tinggi](/source/Tebing_Tinggi). He sent his writings to the newspaper*Pembela Islam* in [Bandung](/source/Bandung) and Voice of Muhammadiyah, which was led by [Abdul Rozak Fachruddin](/source/Abdul_Rozak_Fachruddin), in Yogyakarta. In addition, he also worked as a correspondent for the daily paper *Pelita Andalas* and wrote trip reports, especially about his journey to Mecca in 1927. In 1928, he wrote the first story in [Minangkabau](/source/Minangkabau_language) titled *Sabariyah*. In the same year, he was appointed as editor of the "Progress Era" (*Kemajuan Zaman*) magazine, which was based on the results of the Muhammadiyah conference in Padang Panjang. The next year, he wrote several books, However, some of his writings were confiscated because they were considered as seditious by the Dutch colonial government.

On 28 June 1926, [earthquake](/source/1926_Padang_Panjang_earthquakes) measuring 7.6 [RS](/source/Richter_Scale) destroyed most of Padang Panjang, including houses in Gatangan Hamka's father's

When in the field, the people in the village had repeatedly asked him to send some letters home, yet he declined. This worried his father, who asked [Sutan Mansur Ahmad Rashid](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sutan_Mansur_Ahmad_Rashid&action=edit&redlink=1) to pick him up and persuade him to go home. Sutan's plea finally convinced Malik to return to his hometown in [Maninjau](/source/Maninjau), which at the time was in ruins due to the [1926 earthquake](/source/1926_Padang_Panjang_earthquakes), including his father's home in Padang Panjang Lantah. Arriving at his hometown, he finally met his father and was overcome with emotions. His father was shocked to learn that he journeyed to Hajj on his own and paid with his own money, saying "Why don't you let me know about this noble and sacred mean? I was poor and on hard times at the time." His realization of his father's honest concern for him changed his view of his father.

After about a year settling in Sungai Batang, Abdul Malik left his hometown again to go to Medan in 1936. During his time in Medan, he worked as an editor and became editor-in-chief of a magazine *[Pedoman Masyarakat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guidelines_People_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1),* which he founded with Islamic cleric [M. Yunan Nasution](/source/Yunan_Nasution). Through*Pedoman Masyarakat*, he used the penname "Hamka" for the first time. While in Medan, he wrote*[Di Bawah Lindungan Ka'bah](/source/Di_Bawah_Lindungan_Ka'bah_(novel))*, which was inspired by his trip to Mecca in 1927. After the novel was published in 1938, he wrote*[Sinking of the van der Wijck](/source/Sinking_of_the_van_der_Wijck)*, which was written as a serialised story in*Pedoman Masyarakat*. In addition, he also published several novels and books such as:*Merantau ke Deli* ("Going Away to Deli"),*Kedudukan Perempuan dalam Islam ("Women's Position in Islam"),* *[Tuan Direktur](/source/Tuan_Direktur)* ("The Director"),*New Forces,* Driven*,* In The Valley of Life*,* Father*,* Modern Mysticism*,* and *Falsafah Hidup* ("Life Philosophy")*.* The parent magazine for *Pedoman* was shut down in 1943 during the [Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies](/source/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies).

During the Japanese occupation, Hamka was appointed as a religious adviser to the Japanese. He was also a member of a makeshift assembly that handled government and Islamic matters in 1944. He accepted this position believing the Japanese promise to grant independence to Indonesia. But after occupying this position, he was regarded as a collaborator with the Japanese by his friends. He was subjected to endless criticism as the Japanese were defeated and [surrendered to the Allies](/source/Surrender_of_Japan), which drove him back to the Minangkabau after the [Indonesian Revolution](/source/Indonesian_National_Revolution) broke out in 1945, joining Indonesian guerrillas to fight against the return of the Dutch in the jungles of Medan.

## Career and later life

Hamka with his family

After his marriage to Siti Raham, Hamka's Muhammadiyah branch was active in Minangkabau, whose origin stemmed from the association Joints bakalnya Safe founded by his father in 1925 in [Batang River](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batang_River,_Tanjung_Raya,_Agam&action=edit&redlink=1). In addition, he became the head of Tablighi School, a religious school founded by the Muhammadiyah on 1 January 1930.

After attending the congress of Muhammadiyah in [Solo](/source/Surakarta) in 1928, Hamka never missed attending congresses of Muhammadiyah. Upon his return from Solo, he began to assume various positions, until finally he was appointed as Chairman of the Muhammadiyah branch at Padang Panjang. After the 19th Muhammadiyah Congress in [Bukittinggi](/source/Bukittinggi) in 1930, followed by the next congress in [Yogyakarta](/source/Yogyakarta), he met an invitation to set up a branch of the Muhammadiyah in [Bengkalis](/source/Bengkalis), [Riau](/source/Riau), after the establishment of school at Parit Bangkong Grand Mosque by Tuan Guru Haji Ahmad, in 1927.[7] He later appointed Muhammad Rasami as secretary of the Muhammadiyah Bengkalis Branch Management.[7] Subsequently, in 1932, he was sent by the Muhammadiyah to [Makassar](/source/Makassar) to prepare for the 21st Muhammadiyah Congress. While in Makassar, he had published *Al-Mahdi*, a monthly Islamic science magazine. In 1934, a year after attending a congress of Muhammadiyah in [Semarang](/source/Semarang), he was made a permanent member of the Muhammadiyah Council for the region of [Central Sumatra](/source/Central_Sumatra).

Hamka had an increasingly uphill career when he moved to Medan. In 1942, along with the fall of the Dutch East Indies to the Japanese Empire, Hamka was elected as leader of East Sumatra's Muhammadiyah branch to replace H. Mohammad Said. But in December 1945, he decided to return to the Minangkabau and to resign from the position. The following year, he was elected Chairman of the Assembly of West Sumatra Muhammadiyah leaders replacing [S.Y. Sutan Mangkuto](/source/Saalah_Yusuf_Sutan_Mangkuto), holding this position until 1949.

In 1953, he was elected as the leader of the central Muhammadyiah Council at the 32nd Muhammadiyah Congress at [Purwokerto](/source/Purwokerto), holding the position until 1971, although he was still appointed as an adviser to the central leadership of Muhammadiyah until the end of his life .

Hamka was imprisoned by Sukarno, because he refused to condemn his party members joining in the PRRI rebellion against the state.

In 1962, as senior member of the [Masyumi Party](/source/Masyumi_Party) which was disbanded due to connection to [PRRI](/source/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia) rebellion, Hamka was jailed two years because he refused to condemn his party members' involvement in the rebellion against the state that was supported by a number of Masyumi leaders.[8][9]

In 1973, he testified in support of [Vivian Rubiyanti Iskandar](/source/Vivian_Rubianti)'s petition before the West Jakarta District Court for legal recognition of her gender, saying that "[her desire to transition] does not run contrary to [Allah](/source/Allah)'s law, but in keeping with the teachings of Islam, which holds good will to all in high esteem".[10]

## Death

Hamka's health started to decline after his resignation as chairman of MUI. Following the advice of Hamka's family doctor, doctor Karnen Bratawijaya, Hamka was hospitalized at [Pertamina Central Hospital](/source/Pertamina_Central_Hospital) on 18 July 1981. On the sixth day of treatment, Hamka had time to perform the [Duha prayer](/source/Duha) with the help of his daughter, Azizah, for [tayammum](/source/Tayammum). That afternoon, several doctors came to check his condition, stating that he was in a coma. The team of doctors stated that his kidneys, lungs, and central nervous system were no longer functioning, and his condition could only be maintained with a pacemaker. At ten o'clock the next morning, the children agreed to remove the pacemaker, and not long after that Hamka died.[6]

Hamka died on Friday, 24 July 1981 at 10:37 WIB at the age of 73. His body was buried at his home on Jalan Raden Fatah III. Among the people who attended to pay their last respects were President [Suharto](/source/Suharto) and Vice President [Adam Malik](/source/Adam_Malik), State Minister for the Environment [Emil Salim](/source/Emil_Salim), and Minister of Transportation [Azwar Anas](/source/Azwar_Anas) who served as imam for the funeral prayer. Hamka's body was taken to the Al-Azhar Grand Mosque and prayed for again, before being buried in the Tanah Kusir Public Cemetery, [South Jakarta](/source/South_Jakarta), led by the Minister of Religion [Alamsyah Ratu Perwiranegara](/source/Alamsyah_Ratu_Perwiranegara).[6]

After Hamka's death, the government awarded the Mahaputra Utama Star posthumously to Hamka. Since 2011, he has been declared a [National Hero of Indonesia](/source/National_Hero_of_Indonesia). In 2016, the Indonesian Ulema Council started production on a movie about Hamka's life, titled *Buya Hamka*.[6]

## Bibliography

A prolific writer, apart from his magnum opus, the thirty-volumes Qur'anic commentary called *Tafsir Al-Azhar*, he was known to have written "over 100 books, ranging from philosophy, politics, Minangkabau adat, history and biography, Islamic doctrine, ethics, mysticism, tafsir, and fiction."[11]

1. Khatibul Ummah - written in Arabic.

1. Pembela Islam ("Defender of Islam") - 1929

1. Ringkasan Tarikh Ummat Islam (" (1929).

1. Kepentingan Melakukan Tabligh ("The Importance of the Tabligh") - 1929

1. Tasawuf Modern ("The Modern [Tasawuf](/source/Tasawuf)") - 1939

1. Hikmat Isra' dan Mikraj

1. *[Di Bawah Lindungan Ka'bah](/source/Di_Bawah_Lindungan_Ka'bah_(novel))* ("Beneath the Aegis of the Ka'bah") - 1938

1. *[Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijck](/source/Tenggelamnya_Kapal_van_der_Wijck)* ("The Sinking of the van der Wijck") - 1938

1. *[Tuan Direktur](/source/Tuan_Direktur)* ("Mister Director") - 1939

1. Merantau ke Deli ("Bound for Deli") - 1940

1. Revolusi Agama ("The Revolution of Religion") - 1946

1. Mandi Cahaya di Tanah Suci ("Bathing in the Light of the Holy Land") - 1950

1. Mengembara di Lembah Nil ("Sojourning in the [Nile Valley](/source/Nile_valley)") - 1950

1. Ditepi Sungai Dajlah ("On the Banks of the River Tigris) - 1950

1. Kenangan-Kenangan Hidup ("Memoirs") - 1950

1. Sejarah Ummat Islam ("The History of the Muslims")

1. 1001 Soal Hidup ("1001 Questions About Life") - 1950

1. Pelajaran Agama Islam ("Lessons in Islam") - 1956

1. Sayid Jamaluddin Al-Afghani - 1965

1. Ekspansi Ideologi ("The Expansion of Ideology") - 1963

1. Hak Asasi Manusia Dipandang dari Segi Islam ("Human Rights from a Muslim Perspective") - 1968

1. Falsafah Ideologi Islam ("Tenets of Islamic Ideology") - 1950

1. Keadilan Sosial Dalam Islam ("Social Justice in Islam") - 1950

1. Studi Islam ("Islamic Studies") - 1973

1. Himpunan Khutbah-Khutbah.

1. Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau ("Muhammadiyah in Minangkabau") (1975).

1. Pandangan Hidup Muslim (1960).

1. Kedudukan Perempuan dalam Islam ("The Status of Women in Islam") - 1973

1. [Tafsir Al-Azhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tafsir_Al-Azhar&action=edit&redlink=1)

1. Falsafah hidup

1. Falsafah ketuhanan

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Hadler, Jeffrey (1998). ["Home, Fatherhood, Succession: Three Generations of Amrullahs in Twentieth-Century Indonesia"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351407). *Indonesia* (65): 123–154. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3351407](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3351407). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1813/54136](https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F54136). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0019-7289](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7289). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3351407](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351407).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Zakky, Oleh (4 March 2018). ["Daftar Nama Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia & Asal Daerahnya Lengkap"](https://www.zonareferensi.com/daftar-nama-pahlawan-nasional-indonesia/). *ZonaReferensi.com* (in Indonesian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220918133638/https://www.zonareferensi.com/daftar-nama-pahlawan-nasional-indonesia/) from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2019.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CAVR_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CAVR_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-CAVR_3-2) ["FKIP UMRI: Biografi Singkat Buya Hamka"](https://fkip.umri.ac.id/2019/10/biografi-singkat-buya-hamka.html). *FKIP UMRI*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220619040819/https://fkip.umri.ac.id/2019/10/biografi-singkat-buya-hamka.html?m=1) from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Amrullah, Abdul Wadud Karim (2016). [*Sumatran Warrior: Mighty Man of Love and Courage*](https://books.google.com/books?id=R19ADAAAQBAJ&q=Sutan+Amrull+hamka&pg=PT237). Westbow Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781512731835](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781512731835).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Sufyan, Fikrul Hanif (27 October 2019). ["Buya Hamka dan Kauman Padang Panjang"](https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/1451062/29/buya-hamka-dan-kauman-padang-panjang). *SINDOnews.com* (in Indonesian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220918133946/https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/1451062/29/buya-hamka-dan-kauman-padang-panjang) from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-ETAN_6-10) Hamka, Irfan (2013). *Ayah... : kisah Buya Hamka* (in Indonesian). Chairul, Teuku Wisal, Muhammad Iqbal Santosa, Andriyati (Cetakan I, Mei 2013 ed.). Pasar Minggu, Jakarta. pp. 273–287. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-602-8997-71-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-8997-71-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [855202470](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855202470).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_7-1) Pahlefi, Riza (11 August 2022). [*BENGKALIS: NEGERI JELAPANG PADI*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_TCJEAAAQBAJ&q=Zakaria+&pg=PA158) (in Indonesian). CV. DOTPLUS Publisher. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-623-6428-59-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-623-6428-59-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981], A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 (4th ed.), Palgrave MacMillan, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-230-54686-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54686-8), p. 411.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Ward, Ken (1970). The Foundation of the Partai Muslimin Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University. pp. 12-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_10-0)** Rajagukguk, Erman. ["Hakim Indonesia Mengesahkan Penggantian dan Penyempurnaan Kelamin"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210320090556/https://pascasarjana.uai.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1.-HAKIM-INDONESIA-MENGESAHKAN-PERUBAHAN-KELAMIN-edited1.pdf) (PDF). *Universitas Al-Azhar Indonesia*. Archived from [the original](https://pascasarjana.uai.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1.-HAKIM-INDONESIA-MENGESAHKAN-PERUBAHAN-KELAMIN-edited1.pdf) (PDF) on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Zaid Ahmad, "Hamka (1326–1401 / 1908–81)" in [Oliver Leaman](/source/Oliver_Leaman) (ed.), "The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy", Bloomsbury Publishing (2015), p. 138

## Further reading

- Jeffrey Hadler, "[Home, Fatherhood, Succession: Three Generations of Amrullahs in Twentieth-Century Indonesia"](https://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS?service=Repository&version=1.0&verb=Disseminate&view=body&content-type=pdf_1&handle=seap.indo/1106953923#).

- (in Indonesian) [Ceramah Buya Hamka](http://www.masyuk.com/HidayaH/jinzora/index.php?ptype=songs&genre=&artist=&album=Koleksi+Prof+Hamka)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- (in Indonesian) [Info lain tentang Hamka](http://al-ahkam.com.my/hamka/showarticle.php?articleID=7) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220810132616/http://al-ahkam.com.my/hamka/showarticle.php?articleID=7) 10 August 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- (in Indonesian) [Tafsir Hamka Online](https://web.archive.org/web/20091026213646/http://geocities.com/hamkaonline/)

- [http://www.uhamka.ac.id/?page=info_list&id=206](http://www.uhamka.ac.id/?page=info_list&id=206)

v t e Chairperson of Indonesian Ulema Council Hamka (1975–1981) Syukri Ghozali (1981–1984) Hasan Basri (1984–1990) Ali Yafie (1990–2000) Sahal Mahfudh (2000–2014) Din Syamsuddin (2014–2015) Ma'ruf Amin (2015–2019) Miftachul Achyar (2020–2022) Anwar Iskandar (2023–)

v t e Islam in Indonesia Branches Shia Islam Ahmadiyya Kejawèn Old divisions Abangan Priyayi Santri Major figures Classic era Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari [id] Nawawi al-Bantani [id] Hamzah Fansuri Yusuf al-Makassari Malikussaleh Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi Abdullah al-Misri Padri Tuanku Imam Bonjol Tuanku Rao Tuanku Tambusai Abdus Samad al-Palimbani [id] Wali Sanga Sunan Ampel Sunan Bonang Sunan Drajat Sunan Giri Sunan Gunung Jati Maulana Malik Ibrahim Sunan Kalijaga Sunan Kudus Sunan Murya Abdurrauf Singkil Ali Mughayat Syah Tuanku Nan Tuo Burhanuddin Ulakan Usman bin Yahya National Awakening era Abdullah Ahmad Abdul Karim Amrullah Hasyim Asy'ari Ahmad Dahlan Tahir bin Jalaluddin Muhammad Jamil Jambek Mas Mansoer Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi Haji Misbach Sulaiman ar-Rasuli Mohammad Roem Rasuna Said Agus Salim Tjokroaminoto Post- independence Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif Azyumardi Azra Abu Bakar Bashir Idham Chalid Djohan Effendi Yasin al-Fadani Abdullah Gymnastiar Hamka Wahid Hasyim Kartosoewirjo Nurcholish Madjid Harun Nasution Mohammad Natsir Amien Rais Muhammad Rizieq Shihab Quraish Shihab Ma'ruf Amin Said Aqil Siradj Abdul Somad Abdurrahman Wahid Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya Organizations Civil society Alkhairaat Campus Dakwah Institute Hidayatullah Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council Indonesian Mujahedeen Council Indonesian Ulema Council Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya Islamic Defenders Front Liberal Islam Network Majelis Rasulullah Muhammadiyah Aisyiyah Muslim Students' Association Nahdlatul Ulama GP Ansor JATMAN Nahdlatul Wathan PERSIS PERTI Rabithah Alawiyah Sarekat Islam Sumatera Thawalib Wahdah Islamiyah Political parties Crescent Star Party Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party Masyumi Party National Awakening Party National Mandate Party Prosperous Justice Party Ummah Party United Development Party Militia Banser Darul Islam Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid Jamaah Islamiyah Laskar Jihad Mujahidin Indonesia Timur History Pre- independence Spread of Islam in Indonesia Ottoman expedition to Aceh Wali Sanga Islamic Kingdoms in Indonesia Aceh Sultanate Banjar Sultanate Demak Sultanate Kingdom of Kaimana Gowa Sultanate Malacca Sultanate Mataram Sultanate Samudera Pasai Sultanate Ternate Sultanate Tidore Sultanate Yogyakarta Sultanate Padri War Post- independence Jakarta Charter Petition of Fifty Tanjung Priok massacre Talangsari incident Insurgency in Aceh Maluku sectarian conflict Poso riots Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism Operation Tinombala / Madago Raya December 2016 Jakarta protests Culture Adat Architecture Bedug Tajug Babad Tanah Jawi Costumes Kupiah Songkok Sarong Hadroh Khaul [id] Kauman Lebaran Manakiban Maulid Mosques Istiqlal Mosque Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran Qasidah Rebana Sholawatan Saman Sejarah Banten Sekaten Serak Gulo Slametan Suroan [id] Suronan [id] Tabligh Akbar Tabuik Tahlilan Takbiran [id] Tausiyah Tirakatan [id] Tombo Ati Wetu Telu Yaqowiyu Yasinan Education Al-Munir Iqro Jamiat Kheir Kitab kuning Kota santri Kyai LIPIA Pesantren Tafsir Al-Mishbah Movements Islam Nusantara Islam Yes, Islamic Party No Islamic criminal law in Aceh Jama’ah Tabligh Jemaah Tarbiyah Modernist Traditionalist By region Aceh West Sumatra East Java Central Sulawesi Mosques in Indonesia History of Indonesia National Heroes of Indonesia

v t e Members of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK) Java BPUPK Indonesian members Abdul Halim Abdoel Kahar Moezakir Abdul Fatah Hasan Abdul Kadir Abdul Kaffar Abdulrahim Pratalykrama Abdurrahman Baswedan Abikusno Tjokrosujoso Achmad Soebardjo Agus Muhsin Dasaad Agus Salim Ahmad Sanusi Alexander Andries Maramis Ashar Sutejo Munandar Asikin Natanegara Bagoes Hadikoesoemo Besar Mertokusumo Bintoro Boentaran Martoatmodjo Hindromartono Hoesein Djajadiningrat Jenal Asikin Wijaya Kusuma Johannes Latuharhary Ki Hajar Dewantara Kusumah Atmaja Liem Koen Hian Margono Djojohadikusumo Maria Ulfah Santoso Mas Aris Mas Mansoer Masjkur Mohammad Hatta Mohammad Noor Mohammad Yamin Oey Tiang Tjoei Oey Tjong Hauw Oto Iskandar di Nata P. F. Dahler Panji Singgih Parada Harahap Poerbonegoro Soemitro Kolopaking Purubojo Rajiman Wediodiningrat Roosseno Soerjohadikoesoemo Ruslan Wongsokusumo Samsi Sastrawidagda Samsoeddin Sartono Sastromoeljono Siti Sukaptinah Sunaryo Mangunpuspito Soekiman Wirjosandjojo Soepomo Surachman Tjokroadisurjo Soerjo Soeroso Soetardjo Kartohadikusumo Soewandi Sosrodiningrat V Sudirman Sukarjo Wiryopranoto Sukarno Suryohamijoyo Susanto Tirtoprodjo Tan Eng Hoa Wahid Hasyim Wiranatakusumah V Wongsonegoro Wuryaningrat Japanese members Ide Teitiroo Itibangase Yosio [ja] Itagaki Masamitsu [ja] Masuda Toyohiko [ja] Matsuura Mitsukiyo [ja] Miyano Shozo Tanaka Minoru (soldier) [ja] Tokonami Tokuji [ja] Sumatra BPUPK Indonesian members Teuku Nyak Arif Adnan Kapau Gani A. R. Sutan Mansur A. Sjagoff Abdul Abbas Aminoeddin Amir Azairin Chatib Soeleiman Djamaluddin Adinegoro (secretary) Ferdinand Lumban Tobing Hamka Hsu Hua Chang Ibrahim Indra Tjahaja M. A. Sjarif Daud Beureueh Teuku Mohammad Hasan Mohd. Sjafei (chairman) Perpatih Baringek Pirngadi Saibun Abdul Jalil Rahmat Sjah Sjech Mohd. Djamil Djambek Tjik Wan

v t e National Heroes of Indonesia Political Abdoel Kahar Moezakir Abdul Halim Majalengka Abdurrahman Baswedan Abdurrahman Wahid Achmad Soebardjo Adam Malik Adnan Kapau Gani Alexander Andries Maramis Andi Djemma Andi Sultan Daeng Radja Arie Frederik Lasut Arnold Mononutu Bagindo Azizchan B.W. Lapian Tjilik Riwut Djuanda Kartawidjaja Ernest Douwes Dekker Ferdinand Lumbantobing Gatot Mangkoepradja Hamengkubuwono IX Hazairin Idham Chalid Ida Anak Agung Gde Agung Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono I Gusti Ketut Pudja Iwa Koesoemasoemantri Izaak Huru Doko Johannes Leimena Kasman Singodimedjo Kusumah Atmaja Lambertus Nicodemus Palar Marsinah Maskoen Soemadiredja Masjkur Mochtar Kusumaatmadja Mohammad Hatta Mohammad Husni Thamrin Mohammad Natsir Moewardi Nani Wartabone Opu Daeng Risaju Oto Iskandar di Nata P. M. Noor Rajiman Wediodiningrat Rasuna Said Sahardjo Sam Ratulangi Samanhudi Soekarni Suharto Sukarno Sukarjo Wiryopranoto Supeno Soepomo Soeroso Ario Soerjo Soerjopranoto Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution Sutan Sjahrir Sjafruddin Prawiranegara Tan Malaka Teuku Muhammad Hasan Teuku Nyak Arif Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto Wahid Hasyim Zainul Arifin Military Abdul Haris Nasution Abdul Rahman Saleh Adisucipto Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe Basuki Rahmat Djamin Ginting Djatikoesoemo Gatot Soebroto Halim Perdanakusuma Harun Thohir Hasan Basry Iswahyudi I Gusti Ngurah Rai John Lie Keumalahayati R. E. Martadinata Mas Isman Moestopo Muhammad Mangundiprojo Muhammad Yasin Noer Alie Oerip Soemohardjo Sarwo Edhie Wibowo Slamet Rijadi Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo Sudirman Supriyadi Sutomo Syam'un T. B. Simatupang Usman Janatin Robert Wolter Mongisidi Yos Sudarso Independence Fatmawati Revolutionaries Ahmad Yani Karel Satsuit Tubun Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono Katamso Darmokusumo Donald Izacus Pandjaitan Pierre Tendean Siswondo Parman Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto Suprapto Sutoyo Siswomiharjo Resistance Alimin Dr. Soetomo Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo Wahidin Soedirohoesodo Literary Abdoel Moeis Agus Salim Amir Hamzah Mohammad Yamin Raja Ali Haji Art Ismail Marzuki Wage Rudolf Supratman Usmar Ismail Education Dewi Sartika Herman Johannes Kartini Ki Hajar Dewantara Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro Maria Walanda Maramis Rahmah el Yunusiyah Integration Frans Kaisiepo Johannes Abraham Dimara Marthen Indey Pajonga Daeng Ngalie Silas Papare Syarif Kasim II Zainal Abidin Syah Press Ilyas Yakoub Mohammad Tabrani Ruhana Kuddus Tirto Adhi Soerjo Development Suharso Siti Hartinah Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes Religion Abdul Chalim Abdul Wahab Hasbullah Ahmad Dahlan Ahmad Hanafiah Ahmad Sanusi As'ad Syamsul Arifin Albertus Soegijapranata Bagoes Hadikoesoemo Fakhruddin Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah Hasyim Asy'ari Lafran Pane Mas Mansoer Nyai Ahmad Dahlan Struggle Abdul Kadir Achmad Rifa'i Ageng Tirtayasa Andi Depu Andi Mappanyukki Aria Wangsakara Prince Antasari Sultan Agung Sultan Babullah Bataha Santiago Teungku Chik di Tiro Cut Nyak Dhien Cut Nyak Meutia Diponegoro Raja Haji Fisabilillah Hamengkubuwono I Hasanuddin Tuanku Imam Bonjol Iskandar Muda I Gusti Ketut Jelantik I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung Kiras Bangun La Maddukelleng Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan Mahmud Badaruddin II Mahmud Shah III of Johor Mangkunegara I Martha Christina Tiahahu Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin Nyi Ageng Serang Pakubuwono VI Pakubuwono X Pattimura Pong Tiku Raden Mattaher Radin Inten II Ranggong Daeng Romo Ratu Kalinyamat Sisingamangaraja XII Syech Yusuf Tajul Khalwati Tuanku Tambusai Teuku Umar Thaha Syaifuddin Untung Surapati Zainal Mustafa

v t e Shafi'i school by century (AH / AD) 2nd/8th Al-Shafi'i (founder of the school; 767–820) Al-Muzani (791/92–878) 3rd/9th Al-Humaydi (d. 834) Harith al-Muhasibi (781–857) Bukhari (810–870) Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875) Ibn Majah (824–887) Al-Nasai (d. 915) Ibn Khuzaymah (837–923) Ibn al-Mundhir (855–930) Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) Fakr ad-Din 4th/10th Al-Daraqutni (918–995) Abu Talib al-Makki (d. 996) Al-Hakim Nishapuri (933–1014) Ibn Furak (d. 1015) Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad (935–1025) Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 1037) Abu Nuaym (d. 1038) Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (1003–1083) Al-Lalaka'i 5th/11th Al-Tha'labi (d. 1035) Al-Mawardi (972–1058) Al-Bayhaqi (994–1066) Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1002–1071) Al-Qushayri (986–1072) Al-Juwayni (1028–1085) Al-Baghawi (d. 1122) Ahmad Ghazali (d. 1123/26) 6th/12th Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) Al-Shahrastani (1086–1153) Ibn `Asakir (1105–c. 1176) Abu Tahir al-Silafi (1079–1180) Ahmed al-Rifa`i (1119–1183) Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154–1191) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1150–1209) Sayf al-Din al-Amidi (1156–1233) Ibn Abi'l-Dam (1187–1244) Ibn al-Salah (1181–1245) 7th/13th Ibn Abil-Hadid (d. 1258) Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam (d. 1262) Ahmad al-Badawi (1200–1276) Al-Nawawi (1230–1277) Ibn Khallikan (1211–1282) Ibn Daqiq al-Id (1228–1302) Al-Baydawi (d. 1319) Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252/53–1334) Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi (1256–1341) Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn 8th/14th Safi al-Din al-Hindi (d. 1315/16) Al-Dhahabi (1274–1348) Taqi al-Din al-Subki (1284–1355) Ibn Jahbal al-Kilabi (d. 1333) Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) Taj al-Din al-Subki (1327–1370) Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) Taftazani (1322–1390) Badr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi (1344–1392) Zain al-Din al-Iraqi (1325–1403) Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami (1335–1404) Ibn Nuhaas (d. 1411) Ibn al-Jazari (1350–1429) 9th/15th Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1449) Al-Mahalli (d. 1460) Al-Sakhawi (1428–1497) Al-Suyuti (1445–1505) Al-Qastallani (1448–1517) Zakariyya al-Ansari (1420–1520) Ali ibn Ahmad al-Samhudi (1466–1533) 10th/16th Al-Sha`rani (1492/93–1565) Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (1503–1566) Al-Khaṭib ash-Shirbiniy (d. 1570) 11th/17th Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720) 13th/19th Ibrahim al-Bajuri (1784–1860) Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla`i (1820–1882) Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (1816–1886) Shaykh Sufi (1828–1904) Uways al-Barawi (1847–1909) Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi (1860–1916) 14th/20th Yusuf al-Nabhani (1849–1932) Hasyim Asy'ari (1875-1947) Abdallah al-Qutbi (1879–1952) Said Nursî (1877–1960) Sulaiman ar-Rasuli (1871-1970) Abd al-Malik Karim Amrullah (1908–1981) Yasin al-Fadani (1916-1990) Muhammad Hamidullah (1908–2002) Ahmed Kuftaro (1915–2004) Abdullah al-Harari (1906–2008) 15th/21st Wahbah al-Zuhayli (1932–2015) Taha Jabir Alalwani (1935–2016) Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar (1937–2016) Hasyim Muzadi (1944–2017) Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif (1935–2022) Abdul Azeez Madani (1950–2022) Naqib al-Attas (1931–2026) Kanthapuram A. P. Abu Bakr Musliyar (b. 1932) Mohammad Salim Al-Awa (b. 1942) K. Ali Kutty Musliyar (b. 1945) Ali Gomaa (b. 1952) Nuh Ha Mim Keller (b. 1954) Zaid Shakir (b. 1956) Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal (b. 1957) Gibril Haddad (b. 1960) Umar bin Hafiz (b. 1963) Ibrahim Khalil al-Bukhari (b. 1964) Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy (b. 1970) Ali al-Jifri (b. 1971) Afifi al-Akiti (b. 1976) Awn Al-Qaddoumi (b. 1982) Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence Hanafi Hanbali Maliki Zahiri

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 GND FAST WorldCat National United States Italy Netherlands Israel Academics ORCID People Trove Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef Open Library İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hamka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamka) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamka?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.