# Hainanese

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Min Chinese dialects spoken on the island of Hainan

For the Hainanese people, see [Hainan people](/source/Hainan_people). For the Kra-Dai languages, see [Hlai languages](/source/Hlai_languages) and [Be language](/source/Be_language).

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Hainanese Qiongwen, Hainan Min 海南話, Hhai3 nam2 ue1, Hái-nâm-oe Pronunciation [hai˨˩˧ nam˨˩ ue˨˧] (Haikou dialect) Native to China, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Region Hainan Ethnicity Hainanese (Han Chinese subgroup) Native speakers Around 5 million in China (2002)[1] Language family Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Southern Min? Qiong–Lei Hainanese Early forms Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese[a] Proto-Min Dialects Haikou Wenchang Writing system Chinese characters[citation needed] Hainanese Pinyin Bǽh-oe-tu Language codes ISO 639-3 hnm Glottolog hain1238 Linguasphere 79-AAA-k Hainanese Varieties of the Hainanese spoken in Hainan. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

***[Hainanese test](https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/hnm)*** of [Wikipedia](/source/Wikipedia) at [Wikimedia Incubator](https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator)

The [Book of Genesis](/source/Book_of_Genesis) in *Bǽh-oe-tu*, published by the Bible Society of Great Britain

**Hainanese**[b] is a [variety](/source/Variety_(linguistics)) of [Min Chinese](/source/Min_Chinese) spoken in the [island](/source/Island) of [Hainan](/source/Hainan) and regional [overseas Chinese](/source/Overseas_Chinese) communities.

In the classification by [Yuan Jiahua](/source/Yuan_Jiahua), it was added to the [Southern Min](/source/Southern_Min) group by him despite being [mutually unintelligible](/source/Mutually_unintelligible) with Southern Min varieties such as [Hokkien](/source/Hokkien) and [Teochew](/source/Teochew_dialect).[6] In the classification of [Li Rong](/source/Li_Rong_(linguist)), used by the *[Language Atlas of China](/source/Language_Atlas_of_China)*, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.[7] Hou Jingyi combined it with [Leizhou Min](/source/Leizhou_Min), spoken on the [Leizhou Peninsula](/source/Leizhou_Peninsula), in a Qiong–Lei group.[8] "Hainanese" is also used for the language of the [Li people](/source/Li_people) living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.

## Phonology

The phonologies of the different varieties of Hainanese are highly divergent,[9] with the [Wenchang dialect](/source/Wenchang_dialect) being the [prestige dialect](/source/Prestige_dialect), and often used as a reference.[10]

### Consonants

Below is a table for the consonants of Hainanese across the dialects of [Wenchang](/source/Wenchang_dialect), [Haikou](/source/Haikou_dialect) and the dialect of [Banqiao Town, in Dongfang](/source/Dongfang%2C_Hainan).[9] For more information on a specific variety, please consult the relevant article.

Labial Dental Alveolo- palatal Velar Glottal Plosive voiceless /p/[i] 爸 pa /t/ 洗 toi /k/ 公 kong /ʔ/ 啊 a aspirated /pʰ/[i][ii] 婆 pho /tʰ/[i] /kʰ/[i][ii] 去 khu voiced /b/[iii] /d/[iii] /g/[iv] 我 gua implosive /ɓ/[iii][ii] 北 ɓak /ɗ/[iii][ii] 茶 ɗei (/ɠ/)[v] Affricate voiceless /ts/[i][ii] /tɕ/[iv] 食 tsia aspirated /tsʰ/[i] voiced /dz/[i] /dʑ/[iv] 日 jit Fricative voiceless /ɸ/[iv] 皮 fi /θ/[i] /s/ 事 sei /ɕ/[iv][ii] /x/ /h/ 海 hai voiced /v/[i][ii] 文 vun /z/[ii] 欲 zok /ɦ/[iv] Nasal /m/ 目 mak /n/ 念 niam /ŋ/ 乐 ngak Approximant /w/[iv] 发 wat /l/ 老 lao /j/[iv] 肉 yok

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fnBQ_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fnBQ_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-fnBQ_13-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-fnBQ_13-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-fnBQ_13-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-fnBQ_13-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-fnBQ_13-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-fnBQ_13-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-fnBQ_13-8) Present in the [Banqiao dialect](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fnHaikou_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fnHaikou_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-fnHaikou_14-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-fnHaikou_14-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-fnHaikou_14-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-fnHaikou_14-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-fnHaikou_14-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-fnHaikou_14-7) Present in the [Haikou dialect](/source/Haikou_dialect).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fnWCh1_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fnWCh1_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-fnWCh1_15-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-fnWCh1_15-3) Present in the [Wenchang dialect](/source/Wenchang_dialect), where there is a phonemic distinction between voiced and implosive stop consonants.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fnWCh2_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fnWCh2_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-fnWCh2_16-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-fnWCh2_16-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-fnWCh2_16-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-fnWCh2_16-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-fnWCh2_16-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-fnWCh2_16-7) Present in the [Wenchang dialect](/source/Wenchang_dialect).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Amritas_18-0)** Not usually transcribed as /ɠ/, and not phonemically distinct from /g/ in the [Wenchang dialect](/source/Wenchang_dialect) or from /ŋ/ in other Hainanese varieties.[11]

Many of the most widely spoken varieties of Hainanese notably have a series of [implosive consonants](/source/Implosive_consonant), /ɓ/ and /ɗ/, which were acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probably [Hlai](/source/Hlai_language). However, more conservative varieties of Hainanese such as Banqiao remain closer to Leizhou Peninsula Min and other varieties, lack them.[9]

The consonant system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of [Leizhou Peninsula Min](/source/Leizhou_Min), but it has had some restructuring. In particular:[9]

- Etymological *plain* stops have undergone implosivization (*p > [ɓ], *t > [ɗ]) in the more innovative varieties such as Wenchang and Haikou.

- Etymological *aspirated* stops have [spirantized](/source/Lenition) (*pʰ > [ɸ], *tʰ > [h], *tsʰ > [ɕ], *kʰ > [h~x]) in more innovative varieties.

- The [lenition](/source/Lenition) of an historic *b into [v] in Banqiao and Haikou, though not in Wenchang.

- Former *s has hardened into a stop (*s > [t]), although in the more conservative Banqiao dialect some instances have only undergone fortition to (*s > [θ]), and others have remained [s].

- Former *h has become [ɦ] in Wenchang.

Additionally, [ʑ] is an allophone of /j/.

These changes also make Hainanese fairly close to [Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary](/source/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary).

English meaning Hainamese Standard Chinese Taiwanese Hokkien eye mak jɛn bak tsiu sticky niam niɛn liam low ɗɔi ti te

### Vowels

Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Front Central Back Close /i/ /u/ Close-mid /e/ /o/ Open-mid /ɛ/ /ɔ/ Open /a/

### Tones

Tone chart of the Hainan dialect Tone number Tone name Tone contour Example 1 yin ping (阴平) ˨˦ (24) 诗 2 yang ping (阳平) ˨˩ (21) 时 3 yin shang (阴上) ˨˩˩ (211) 死 4 yin qu (阴去) ˧˥ (35) 四 5 yang qu (阳去) ˧ (33) 是 6 yin ru (阴入) ˥ (5) 失 7 yang ru (阳入) ˧ (3) 实 8 chang ru (长入) ˥ (55) 视

## Romanization

### Hainanese Pinyin

Main article: [Hainanese Transliteration Scheme](/source/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme)

Not to be confused with [Hainan Romanized](/source/Hainan_Romanized).

Hainanese Pinyin (海南话拼音方案) is a phonetic system announced by the Education Administration Department of Guangdong Province in September 1960. It marks tones with numbers.

#### Initials

IPA Hainanese Pinyin Bǽh-oe-tu Example /ɓ/ b b 北 /p/ b p 波 /pʰ/ p ph 坡 /ɸ/ p f 皮 /m/ m m 摩 /b/ v b ? /v/ v v 无 /t/ d t 装 /ɗ/ dd d 刀 /n/ n n 挪 /l/ l l 罗 /k/ g k 哥 /ŋ/ ng g 俄 /x/ h kh 可 /h/ hh h 号 /ɠ/ gh g 我 /ts/ z c 支 /s/ s s 妻 /z/ y j 余

#### Finals

IPA Hainanese Pinyin Bǽh-oe-tu Example /a/ a a 亚 /o/ o o 荷 /ɛ/ e e 摩 /i/ i i 医 /u/ u u 呜 ai ai ai 哀 ɔi oi oi 鞋 au ao au 喉 ia ia ia 也 iɔ io io 腰 ua ua oa 换 ue ue oe 话 ui ui oi 威 uai uai oai 坏 ɔu ou ou 黑 iu iu iu 柚 iau iao iau 妖 iam iam iam 厌 im im im 音 am am am 暗 an an an 安 in in in 烟 un un un 温 uan uan oan 弯 aŋ ang ag 红 eŋ eng eg 英 ɔŋ ong og 翁 iaŋ iang iag 央 uaŋ uang oag 汪 iɔŋ iong iog 匈 ip ib ib 邑 iap iab iab 协 at ad at 遏 it id it 乙 ut ud ut 核 uat uad oat 挖 ak ag ak 鹤 ek eg ek 益 ok og ok 喔 iok iog iok 育 uak uag oak 廓 -ʔ -h -h 不

## Grammar

Hainanese is known for having *post-verbal* locative prepositional phrases,[12] as opposed to having such phrases in the pre-verbal position, as is common in most other varieties of Chinese. For example:

伊

ʔi24

3SG

大聲

ɗua24 tia24

loudly

啼

hi21

cry

佇

ɗu33

in

房裡

ɓaŋ21-lɛ33

room-LOC

(Haikou)

伊 大聲 啼 佇 房裡

ʔi24 ɗua24 tia24 hi21 ɗu33 ɓaŋ21-lɛ33

3SG loudly cry in room-LOC

He was crying loudly in the room.

This has been attributed to contact with the [Kra–Dai languages](/source/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages) of Hainan, such as [Hlai](/source/Hlai_language) and [Be](/source/Be_language).[12]

## See also

- [Hainanese people](/source/Hainanese_people)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-minClassification_5-0)** Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[2][3][4]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** or **Hainamese** ([Hainan Romanised](/source/Hainan_Romanised): *Hái-nâm-oe*, [Hainanese Pinyin](/source/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme): *Hhai3 nam2 ue1*, [simplified Chinese](/source/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 海南话; [traditional Chinese](/source/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 海南話; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): *Hǎinánhuà*), also known as **Kengbun/Kengvun** ([simplified Chinese](/source/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 琼文话; [traditional Chinese](/source/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 瓊文話), **Keng language** (琼语; 瓊語) or **Hainam Min** (海南闽语; 海南閩語) [5]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-hou207_1-0)** Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (2002). *Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn* 现代汉语方言概论 [*An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects*]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社. pp. 207–208.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Mei, Tsu-lin](/source/Mei_Tsu-lin) (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", *Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies*, **30**: 86–110, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2718766](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718766), [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2718766](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718766)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Pulleyblank, Edwin G.](/source/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank) (1984), *Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology*, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7748-0192-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-glottoMin_4-0)** [Hammarström, Harald](/source/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m); Forkel, Robert; [Haspelmath, Martin](/source/Martin_Haspelmath); Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). ["Glottolog 4.8 - Min"](https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248). *[Glottolog](/source/Glottolog)*. [Leipzig](/source/Leipzig): [Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5281/zenodo.7398962](https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248) from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["为新加坡琼属"寻根"的热心人——王振春"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180304/http://www.hainan.gov.cn/hn/zjhn/dfts/dwjlyhz/hnqqqw/201504/t20150402_1542361.html). *Hainan.gov* (in Chinese). 中新海南网. Archived from [the original](http://www.hainan.gov.cn/hn/zjhn/dfts/dwjlyhz/hnqqqw/201504/t20150402_1542361.html) on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. 他组织演出琼语话剧《海南四条街》，搬上新琼舞台，引起两地海南人的共鸣。

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). *Ethnologue: Languages of the World* (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Chinese, Min Nan.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Kurpaska, Maria (2010). *Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"*. [Walter de Gruyter](/source/Walter_de_Gruyter). pp. 54–55, 86. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-11-021914-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021914-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-hou238_10-0)** Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (2002). *Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn* 现代汉语方言概论 [*An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects*]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社. p. 238.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Huang_2006_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Huang_2006_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Huang_2006_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Huang_2006_11-3) Huang, Karen (2006). ["Contact-induced changes in the languages of Hainan"](https://www.academia.edu/26164983). *Annual Student Conference of the College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature*. University of Hawaii.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-wenchang_2015_12-0)** "其中文昌话语音清晰，影响较大，被视为海南话的标准语，是海南广播电台、电视台与社会使用的主要方言。" From ["《文昌县志·第二十九编 社会习俗·第三章 方言》"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073528/http://www.hnszw.org.cn/data/news/2015/04/77216/). Archived from [the original](http://www.hnszw.org.cn/data/news/2015/04/77216/) on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2023-10-23.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Amaravati: Abode of Amritas: 08.6.20.23:50: HAINANESE 缩气音 'SHRUNKEN BREATH SOUNDS'"](http://www.amritas.com/080621.htm). *www.amritas.com*. *Xu and Yang regard [g] (their *gz*) as an implosive, but it sounds like a regular [g] to me. I presume Li Fang-kuei also heard a regular [g], as he only reported two implosives in Haina[n]ese: [ɓ ɗ].

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ZengKwok2024_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ZengKwok2024_19-1) 曾 [Zeng], 綉薇 [Xiuwei]; 郭 [Kwok], 必之 [Bit-chee] (6 August 2024). ["從海南閩語動詞後的{在}類介詞短語看語言接觸中的句法借移"](https://brill.com/view/journals/clao/54/1/article-p60_2.xml). *Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale* (in Chinese). **54** (1): 60–96. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/19606028-bja10043](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19606028-bja10043). Retrieved 16 April 2025.

## Further reading

- Chang, Kuang-yu (1986). *Comparative Min phonology* (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley.

- Chen, Hongmai (1996). *Hǎikǒu fāngyán cídiǎn* 海口方言詞典 [*Haikou dialect dictionary*]. [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects](/source/Great_Dictionary_of_Modern_Chinese_Dialects). Vol. 16. Nanjing: [Jiangsu Education Press](/source/Jiangsu_Education_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-7-5343-2886-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5343-2886-2).

- Huang, Karen. ["Contact-induced changes in the languages of Hainan"](https://www.academia.edu/26164983). *Annual Student Conference of the College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature*. University of Hawaii.

- Kwok, Bit-chee (2006). "The role of language strata in language evolution: three Hainan Min dialects". *Journal of Chinese Linguistics*. **34** (2): 201–291. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [23754124](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23754124).

- [Miyake, Marc](/source/Marc_Miyake). 2008. [Hainanese articles](http://www.amritas.com/080621.htm).

- [Miyake, Marc](/source/Marc_Miyake). 2008. [Hainanese -om and -op](http://www.amritas.com/080628.htm#06220515).

- [Norman, Jerry Lee](/source/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)) (1969). *The Kienyang Dialect of Fukien* (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. includes a description of the phonology of the [Ding'an](/source/Ding'an_County) dialect.

- Solnit, David B. (1982). ["Linguistic Contact in Ancient South China: The Case of Hainan Chinese, Be, and Vietnamese"](https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v8i0.2041). *Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society*. **8**: 219–230. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3765/bls.v8i0.2041](https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v8i0.2041).

- Woon, Wee-Lee (1979a). "A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part I". *Journal of Chinese Linguistics*. **7** (1): 65–100. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [23753034](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23753034). describes [Wenchang dialect](/source/Wenchang_dialect).

- Woon, Wee-Lee (1979b). "A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part II". *Journal of Chinese Linguistics*. **7** (2): 268–302. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [23752923](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23752923).

- Yan, Margaret Mian (2006). *Introduction to Chinese Dialectology*. LINCOM Europa. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-89586-629-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-629-6).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Hainanese language](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hainanese_language).

Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for ***[Hainanese](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hainanese_phrasebook#Q934541)***.

- [Learn hainanese](http://www.hainanese.net/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180701153653/http://www.hainanese.net/) 2018-07-01 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

v t e Sino-Tibetan languages Sinitic Chinese Mandarin Yue Hakka Min Wu Hui Gan Xiang Jin Pinghua Bai Cai–Long Caijia Longjia Luren Tibeto-Burman Bodish Tibetan Central Amdo Khams Dzongkha Ladakhi-Balti Lahuli-Spiti Kyirong-Kagate Sherpa Jirel East Bodish Tshangla Basum Nam? Burmo-Qiangic Lolo-Burmese Burmish Burmese Standard Intha Danu Rakhine Tavoyan Achang Lhao Vo Lashi Zaiwa Mondzish Loloish Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Greater Magaric Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange Naga Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Western Naga (Zeliangrong) Sal Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish Gongduk ʼOle Kho-Bwa Puroik? Tani Chamdo Tujia Nungish Karenic Gong Kathu West Himalayish Tamangic Newaric Newar Baram–Thangmi Kiranti Dhimalish Dhimal Toto Lhokpu Lepcha Karbi Kuki-Chin Miju? Mruic Mru Hkongso Pyu Taman Bailang Proposed groupings Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Macro-Bai Mahakiranti Rung Tibeto-Kanauri Proto-languages Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Loloish Proto-Karenic Proto-Min Proto-Hakka Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

v t e Min Chinese Languages Eastern Min Houguan Fuzhou dialect Fuqing dialect Changle dialect Gutian dialect Matsu dialect Funing Xiapu dialect Fu'an dialect Ningde dialect Others Manjiang dialect Zhongshan Min Longdu dialect Nanlang dialect Southern Min Teochew Swatow dialect Hokkien Amoy dialect Quanzhou dialects Hui'an dialect Yongchun dialect Zhangzhou dialects Chawan dialect Longyan dialect Taiwanese Banana colloquial speech Northern Malacca Straits Hokkien Penang Hokkien Medan Hokkien Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien Philippine Hokkien Southern Malacca Straits Hokkien Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien Singaporean Hokkien Others Datian Min Houlu dialect Haklau Min Zhenan Min Zhongshan Min Sanxiang dialect Pu–Xian Min (Hinghwa) Putian dialect Xianyou dialect Northern Min Jian'ou dialect Jianyang dialect Shao–Jiang Min Shaowu dialect Jiangle dialect Central Min Sanming dialect Shaxian dialect Yong'an dialect Leizhou Min Zhanjiang dialect Hainanese Haikou dialect Wenchang dialect Writing system Logographic Chinese characters Alphabetic Pe̍h-ōe-jī Pe̍h-ūe-jī Hainan Romanized Foochow Romanized Hinghwa Romanized Kienning Colloquial Romanized Taiwanese Romanization System Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet Daighi tongiong pingim Bbánlám pìngyīm Peng'im Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme Hainanese Transliteration Scheme Mixed Hàn-lô Research Proto-languages Proto-Min Rime dictionaries Qi Lin Bayin Jianzhou Ba Yin

v t e Chinese language Sinitic languages Varieties Mandarin Beijing Lingua franca of modern Chinese Standard forms Standard Chinese internal differences Old National Pronunciation Regional accents and varieties Guangdong [zh] Majie [zh] Liuzhou [zh] Sichuan Taiwan Central Taiwan [zh] Singapore-Malaysia [zh] Singapore Malaysia Kluang [zh] Beijing females [zh] Jingcheng Beijing Huaicheng Chaofeng Northeastern Changchun Harbin Shenyang Taz Jilu Tianjin Jinan Jiaoliao Dalian Qingdao Weihai Central Plains Dongping Gangou Guanzhong Xi'an Luoyang Xuzhou Dungan Southwestern Sichuanese Chengdu–Chongqing (?) Minjiang Leshan Renshou–Fushun [zh] Zigong Kunming Nanping Wuhan Gui–Liu Wuming Jianghuai Nanjing Nantong Nanping Yangzhou [zh] Lanyin Lanzhou dialect [zh] Ürümqi dialect [zh] Other Junjiahua Qinjiang Gyami Jin Zhangjiakou–Hohhot Zhi–Yan Wu Taihu (Northern) Sujiahu Shanghai Urban Shanghai Shadi Suzhou Kunshan Wuxi Tiaoxi Huzhou Piling Changzhou Jiangyin Linshao Shaoxing Yongjiang Ningbo (?) Hangzhou Jinxiang Taizhou Taizhou Tiantai Oujiang Wenzhou Rui'an Wencheng Wuzhou Jinhua Chu–Qu Quzhou Jiangshan Qingtian Xuanzhou Xuancheng Hui Ji-She [zh] Xiu-Yi [zh] Qi-De [zh] Yanzhou [zh] Jing-Zhan [zh] Gan Chang–Du Nanchang Yi–Liu Ying–Yi Da–Tong Xiang Changyi Changsha Loushao Shuangfeng Xiangxiang Wugang Ji–Xu Yong–Quan Qiyang Min Eastern Houguan [zh] Fuzhou Fuqing Changle Gutian Matsu Fu–Ning [zh] Ningde Fu'an Other Manjiang Zhongshan Longdu Nanlang Pu–Xian Putian Xianyou Southern Hokkien Quanzhou Zhangzhou Amoy Chawan Taiwan Philippines Penang Medan Singapore Southern Malaysia Teochew Swatow Haklau Pontianak Other Zhongshan Sanxiang Zhenan Longyan Leizhou Zhanjiang Hainan Wenchang Haikou Banqiao Inland Northern Jian'ou Jianyang Central Shao–Jiang Hakka Huiyang [zh] Changting Meixian Pontianak Singkawang Taiwan Sixian Hailu Raoping Tingzhou Wuhua Yue Yuehai Guangzhou Hong Kong Malaysia Xiguan Jiujiang Shiqi Weitou Dapeng Yunfu Siyi Taishan Xinhui Other Gao–Yang Goulou Wu–Hua Yong–Xun Luo–Guang Qin–Lian Pinghua Northern Pinghua Tongdao Younian Southern Pinghua Yongjiang Guandao Rongjiang Unclassified Tuhua Shaozhou Xiangnan Danzhou Badong Yao Shanke Waxiang Yeheni Huizhou (Guangdong) Mai Laobeizi History, phonology, and grammar History Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Eastern Han Middle Chinese Old Mandarin Middle Mandarin Proto-Min Proto-Hakka Ba–Shu Gan Phonology Historical Old Old National Cantonese Hokkien Northern Wu Mandarin Literary and colloquial readings Grammar Numerals Classifiers Honorifics Cantonese grammar Classical grammar Idioms Chengyu Xiehouyu Written Chinese and input methods Literary forms Official Classical Adoption in Japan in Vietnam Vernacular Written Cantonese Written Dungan Written Hokkien Written Sichuanese Scripts Logographic Script styles Oracle bone Bronze Seal Clerical Semi-cursive Cursive Chinese characters Simplified Traditional Punctuation Braille Cantonese Mainland Chinese Taiwanese Two-cell Phonetic Romanization Gwoyeu Romatzyh Hanyu Pinyin MPS II Postal Tongyong Pinyin Wade–Giles EFEO Lessing-Othmer Yale Cyrillization Dungan Cyrillic Bopomofo Cantonese Bopomofo Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols Taiwanese kana Taiwanese Hangul Xiao'erjing Nüshu Input methods Logographic Biaoxingma Boshiamy [zh] Cangjie Simplified CKC Dayi Stroke count Wubi (Wang Ma) ZhengMa Q9 Pinyin Google Sogou List of varieties of Chinese

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hainanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.