# Hadada ibis > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Hadada_ibis > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Hadada_ibis.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadada_ibis > Source revision: 1349226404 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Species of bird}} {{Speciesbox | image = Ibis hadada (Bostrychia hagedash), parque nacional de Tarangire, Tanzania, 2024-05-24, DD 23.jpg | image_caption = In the National Park of Tarangire, Tanzania | image2 = Hadada Ibis (Bostrychia hagedash) (022A-WA03044X0019-0013M0).ogg | image2_caption = Calls recorded near [Kitale](/source/Kitale), Kenya | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = {{cite iucn |title=''Bostrychia hagedash'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |article-number=e.T22697463A93614797 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697463A93614797.en |access-date=19 November 2021}} | taxon = Bostrychia hagedash | authority = ([Latham](/source/John_Latham_(ornithologist)), 1790) | range_map = Bostrychia hagedash distribution map 2024.png | range_map_caption = range in 2024 {{leftlegend|#008000| native range ([Sub-Saharan Africa](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa))}} {{leftlegend|#FFFF00| introduced ([Malaysian Peninsula](/source/Malaysian_Peninsula))}} | synonyms = *''Tantalus hagedash'' Latham, 1790 *''Geronticus hagedash'' (Latham, 1790) *''Ibis hagedasch'' [Wagler](/source/Johann_Georg_Wagler), 1827 *''Tantalus cafrensis'' [Lichtenstein](/source/Anton_August_Heinrich_Lichtenstein), 1793 *''Ibis chalcoptera'' [Vieillot](/source/Louis_Pierre_Vieillot), 1817 | synonyms_ref = {{cite book |author=Gray, G.R. |year=1849 |title=The genera of birds: comprising their generic characters, a notice of the habits of each genus, and an extensive list of species referred to their several genera |volume=3 |page=566 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/60796#/summary |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans}}{{cite web |url=http://www.zoonomen.net/ |title=Zoonomen Zoological Nomenclature Resource |access-date=6 January 2018 |publisher=Alan P. Peterson M.D.}} }} The '''hadada ibis''' ('''''Bostrychia hagedash''''') or '''hadeda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɑː|d|iː|d|ɑː}}) is an [ibis](/source/ibis) native to [Sub-Saharan Africa](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa). It is named for its loud three to four note calls uttered in flight especially in the mornings and evenings when they fly out or return to their roost trees. Although not as dependent on water as some ibises, they are found near wetlands and often live in close proximity to humans, foraging in cultivated land and gardens. A medium-sized ibis with stout legs and a typical down-curved bill, the wing coverts are iridescent with a green or purple sheen. They are non-migratory but are known to make nomadic movements in response to rain particularly during droughts. Their ranges in southern Africa have increased with an increase in tree cover and irrigation in human-altered habitats. == Taxonomy, systematics and etymology == ''Tantalus hagedash'' was the [scientific name](/source/scientific_name) proposed by [John Latham](/source/John_Latham_(ornithologist)) in 1790 who [described](/source/Scientific_description) it from a specimen that had been collected at "Houteniquas", due north of [Mossel Bay](/source/Mossel_Bay),{{cite journal|author=Dean, W. R. J.|year=2005 |title=The type locality of the Hadeda ibis ''Bostrychia hagedash'' (Latham) |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40056339 |journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club |volume=125|issue=1|pages=42–44}} by [Anders Sparrman](/source/Anders_Sparrman) who also recorded that it was [onomatopoeically](/source/Onomatopoeia) "called by the colonists ''hagedash'', and also ''hadelde''."{{cite book |author=Sparrman, Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/voyagetocapeofgo00spar/page/n313/mode/1up |title=A voyage to the Cape of Good Hope. Volume I |publisher=G.G.J. and J. Robinson |year=1785 |place=London |page=280}} It was later placed in a monotypic genus as ''Hagedashia hagedash'' but has since been placed in the genus ''Bostrychia''. Three subspecies are recognized, the nominate form is found south of the Zambezi river and is paler and shorter billed than those of other subspecies. Populations to the north of the Zambezi river and towards the eastern parts of Africa including Uganda, Tanzania, Sudan and Ethiopia are larger and longer billed and designated as ''B. h. nilotica'' ([Neumann](/source/Oscar_Neumann), 1909) while to the west from Senegal to Congo and Kenya the darker brown and more brightly glossed populations are designated as ''B. h. brevirostris'' (Reichenow, 1907). A range of intermediate plumages are known and other subspecies such as ''erlangeri'' and ''guineensis'' have been proposed in the past.{{cite journal|title=Die geographischen Formen des Hagedasch-Ibis|author=Neumann, O. | year=1909| volume=13|pages=190–196|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24740190|journal=Ornis; Internationale Zeitschrift für die Gesammte Ornithologie|language=de}} The name ''hadeda'' with an ''e'' as opposed to the official IOC English name{{Cite web |title=Ibises, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans – IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pelicans/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.worldbirdnames.org}} of ''hadada'' ibis, is used in some South African works including notable regional bird lists such as Roberts VII Names Database.{{Cite web |date=2005-10-31 |title=Roberts VII Names Database |url=https://science.uct.ac.za/fitzpatrick/publications-roberts-vii-project/names-database |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=science.uct.ac.za/fitzpatrick |publisher=FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology}} ==Description== thumb|left|The nominate subspecies has a dark eye and paler grey head and neck{{cite book |last1=Hockey |first1=P. A. R. |last2=Dean |first2=W. R. J. |last3=Ryan |first3=P. G. |title=Roberts Birds of Southern Africa |date=2005 |publisher=Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund |location=Cape Town |isbn=0-620-34053-3 |pages=862–863 |edition=7th}} than the northern subspecies. It also has pink (green from certain angles) wing covert plumage, and a less distinct white cheek stripe. Its wings and bill are also shorter. The hadada is a large (about {{Convert|76|cm|in|abbr=on}} long), grey-to-partly brown species of [ibis](/source/ibis). Adults have a mean body mass of 1.2 kilograms (2.65 lbs.).{{Cite book |last=Dunning |first=John B. |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |publisher=CRC Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4200-6444-5 |edition=2nd |page=34}} Males and females are alike in plumage. It has a narrow, white, roughly horizontal stripe across its cheeks. This is sometimes called the "moustache" though it does not reach the mouth corners. The plumage over the wings has an [iridescent](/source/Iridescence) purple sheen produced by optical microstructures within the feathers.{{Cite journal |last1=Brink |first1=D. J. |last2=van der Berg |first2=N. G. |date=2004-02-11|title=Structural colours from the feathers of the bird ''Bostrychia hagedash'' |url=http://stacks.iop.org/0022-3727/37/i=5/a=025?key=crossref.9cf2bc300d65cb7eda95bd84fe7174a4 |journal= Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics|volume=37|issue=5|pages=813–818|doi=10.1088/0022-3727/37/5/025|issn=0022-3727 |bibcode= 2004JPhD...37..813B |s2cid=250769403 |url-access=subscription }} The bird has blackish legs and a large grey-to-black [bill](/source/Beak) but during the breeding season it has a red culmen on the basal half of the upper mandible. The upper surfaces of the toes are of a similar red during the onset of breeding.{{cite book|title=Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World|author1=Hancock, James|author2=Kushlan, J.A.|author3=Kahl, M.P.|publisher=A&C Black|year=2010|pages=193–195}} The wings are powerful and broad, enabling quick take-offs and easy manoeuvring through dense tree cover. It has an extremely loud and distinctive "haa-haa-haa-de-dah" call—hence the [onomatopoetic](/source/Onomatopoeia) name. The call is often heard when the birds are flying or are startled, or when the birds communicate socially, for example early in the morning in residential suburbs. While roosting they produce a single loud "haaaa". When foraging, their contact call is a low growl similar to that made by a young puppy. ==Distribution and habitat== {{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical | width = 250px |image1=Hadada Ibis.jpg |caption1=Nominate subspecies in breeding plumage in suburban Johannesburg |image2=Bostrychia hagedash hagadash, roepe in Pta, 2022-05-24 06h53, a.mp3 |caption2=Calls of the nominate subspecies at dawn in suburban Pretoria, [Gauteng](/source/Gauteng)}} The hadada ibis occurs throughout [Sub-Saharan Africa](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa) in open [grassland](/source/grassland)s, [savanna](/source/savanna) and [wetland](/source/wetland)s, as well as urban parks, school fields, green corridors and large gardens. This bird occurs in [Sudan](/source/Sudan), [Burundi](/source/Burundi), [Ethiopia](/source/Ethiopia), [Senegal](/source/Senegal), [Uganda](/source/Uganda), [Tanzania](/source/Tanzania), [Gabon](/source/Gabon), [Democratic Republic of Congo](/source/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo), [Cameroon](/source/Cameroon), [Canary Islands](/source/Canary_Islands), [Gambia](/source/Gambia), [Kenya](/source/Kenya), [Somalia](/source/Somalia), [Lesotho](/source/Lesotho), [Eswatini](/source/Eswatini), [Botswana](/source/Botswana), [Mozambique](/source/Mozambique), [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe), [Namibia](/source/Namibia), and [South Africa](/source/South_Africa). The distribution range of the hadada has increased in southern Africa by nearly two and a half times in the 20th century following the introduction of trees in parts that were treeless. Irrigation projects may have also helped in their expansion as they appear to need moist and soft soils{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00683.x|title=Biodiversity research: Soil moisture limits foraging: A possible mechanism for the range dynamics of the hadeda ibis in southern Africa|journal=Diversity and Distributions |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=765–772 |year=2010|last1=Duckworth|first1=G. D. |last2=Altwegg|first2=R. |last3=Guo |first3=D.|s2cid=83593117 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010DivDi..16..765D }} in which to probe for food.{{cite journal|author1=Macdonald, I.A.W.|author2=Richardson, D. M. |author3=Powrie, F. J.|year=1986|title=Range expansion of the hadeda ibis ''Bostrychia hagedash'' in southern Africa |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/az/article/viewFile/153177/142768|journal=South African Journal of Zoology |volume=21|issue=4|pages=331–342 |doi=10.1080/02541858.1986.11448008|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Duckworth|first1=G. D. |last2=Altwegg|first2=R. |last3=Harebottle|first3=D. M. |s2cid=16769366 |date=2011 |title=Demography and population ecology of the Hadeda Ibis (''Bostrychia hagedash'') at its expanding range edge in South Africa |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=153 |issue=2|pages=421–430 |doi=10.1007/s10336-011-0758-2}}{{cite journal |author1=Ainsley, J. |author2=Underhill, L. G. |author3=López Gómez, M. |author4=Brooks, M. |year=2016 |title=Bird distribution dynamics 8 – Hadeda Ibis ''Bostrychia hagedash'' in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland |url=https://journals.uct.ac.za/index.php/BO/article/download/404/445 |journal=Biodiversity Observations |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=1–10 |access-date=2018-08-02 |archive-date=2018-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193230/https://journals.uct.ac.za/index.php/BO/article/download/404/445 }}{{cite journal|author1=Duckworth, G. D. |author2= Altwegg, R. |s2cid= 84326289 |year= 2014 |title= Environmental drivers of an urban Hadeda Ibis population |journal= Ardea |volume=102 |issue=1|pages=21–29 |doi=10.5253/078.102.0104|doi-access=free }} ==Behaviour and ecology== Hadada ibises roost in groups on trees. They fly out in the mornings with loud calls and return in the evenings with regularity. Hadada feed on insects, millipedes and [earthworm](/source/earthworm)s, using their long [scimitar](/source/scimitar)-like bill to probe soft soil. They also eat larger [insect](/source/insect)s, such as the [Parktown prawn](/source/Parktown_prawn), and also [spider](/source/spider)s and small [lizard](/source/lizard)s. These birds also feed readily on [snail](/source/snail)s and often clear garden beds around residential homes. They are particularly welcomed on bowling and golf greens because they are assiduous in extracting larvae of moths and beetles that feed on the roots of the grass. Like other ibis species, including [spoonbill](/source/spoonbill)s, and like some other probing feeders such as [sanderling](/source/sanderling) and [kiwi](/source/Kiwi_(bird)), hadada have sensory pits around the tips of their bills. In their foraging for unseen prey, such as shallow subterranean larvae, the pits enable them to locate feeding insects and earthworms.{{cite journal |author1=Cunningham, S.J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Alley, M.R. |author3=Castro, I. |author4=Potter, M.A. |author5=Cunningham, M. |author6=Pyne, M.J. |year=2010 |title=Bill morphology of ibises suggests a remote-tactile sensory system for prey detection |journal=The Auk |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=308–316 |doi=10.1525/auk.2009.09117 |jstor=10.1525/auk.2009.09117|s2cid=85254980 |doi-access=free }} Hadada have become very common in many African cities and tolerate the closeness of humans.{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=P. |last2=Downs|first2=C. T. |s2cid=14574463 |date=2016 |title=Hadedas in the hood: Hadeda Ibis activity in suburban neighbourhoods of Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=Urban Ecosystems |volume=19 |issue=3|pages=1283–1293|doi=10.1007/s11252-016-0540-6|bibcode=2016UrbEc..19.1283S }} They are able to judge the direction of gaze of humans and the speed of approach to decide their escape strategies.{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00846.x |title=Who are you looking at? Hadeda ibises use direction of gaze, head orientation and approach speed in their risk assessment of a potential predator |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=285 |issue=4 |pages=316–323 |year=2011 |last1=Bateman |first1=P. W. |last2=Fleming|first2=P. A.}} Hadada ibises have been involved in several bird-hits at airports in Kenya and South Africa.{{Cite journal |last1=Owino |first1=A. |last2=Biwott|first2=N.|last3=Amutete|first3=G.|date=2004 |title=Bird strike incidents involving Kenya Airways flights at three Kenyan airports, 1991-2001 |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=42|issue=2|pages=122–128|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2004.00507.x|bibcode=2004AfJEc..42..122O }}{{Cite journal |last1=Viljoen|first1=I. M. |last2=Bouwman|first2=H. |date=2016 |title=Conflicting traffic: characterization of the hazards of birds flying across an airport runway|journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=308–316|doi=10.1111/aje.12267|bibcode=2016AfJEc..54..308V }} Hadada are monogamous and pair bonds are thought to persist throughout the year. Breeding begins after the rains. In the Cape province, they breed mainly from October to November. The nest is a platform of twigs placed in a major branch of a large tree, typically in a fork, and unlike most ibis species, in spite of their moderately gregarious nature, they do not nest in groups. Both parents take part in incubating the clutch of three to four eggs. Incubation takes about 26 days. The parents feed the young by regurgitating food. Many young birds die by falling off the nest. The survivors fledge in about 33 days.{{Cite journal |last1=Skead |first1=C. J.|year=1951 |title=A study of the Hadedah Ibis ''Hagedashia h. hagadash'' |journal=Ibis |volume=93|issue=3|pages=360–382|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1951.tb05440.x}} == In culture == The calls of hadada ibises are considered as a sign of impending rains in parts of Lesotho.{{cite journal|author1=Mokuku, T. |author2=Mokuku, C. |year=2004|title=The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Biodiversity Conservation in the Lesotho Highlands: Exploring indigenous epistemology |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajee/article/download/122680/112226 |journal=Southern African Journal of Environmental Education|volume=21|pages=37–49}} The [Xhosa](/source/Xhosa_people) people use the name ing'ang'ane or ingagane which means black ibis as opposed to the white [sacred ibis](/source/African_sacred_ibis). The name in many African languages is onomatopoeic. It is known as Zililili in [Chewa](/source/Chewa_language), Chinawa in [Chiyao](/source/Yao_language), Chihaha or Mwanawawa in Tumbuka, and Mwalala in Khonde.{{Cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=J. |date=2011|title=Vernacular Names of Malawi's Birds|journal=The Society of Malawi Journal|volume=64|issue=2|pages=36–51|jstor=41289181}} Colonial hunters considered it as a good bird for eating.{{cite book|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38376937|title=The Game-birds & Water-fowl of South Africa|author=Horsbrugh, B. |publisher=Witherby & Co. |year=1912|place=London|pages=152–153}} The Bantu people of Uganda have an origin story where a man and wife starved themselves during a drought while letting their children eat whatever little they had. The man and his wife were then turned into ibises that go by the name of ''Mpabaana''.{{cite journal|author=Stereo|year=1910|title=Fishing on Lake Victoria, with notes on the Hagedash Ibis |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/content/part/EANHS/Vol.%20I%20(No.1)_44_1910_Stereo.pdf|journal=Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society |volume=1|pages=44–49|doi=10.5962/p.140243 }} In Zululand the name ''ingqangqamathumba'' indicates that anyone who mocks the bird will break out in abscesses. When they fly continually, they are said to foretell a rich harvest in that year. A saying ''utahthisele amathole eng'ang'ane'' which means "he has taken the hadada's nestlings" is an idiom used to indicate that someone has offended a vindictive man and that he would have to be careful.{{cite book|title=Bird-lore of the Eastern Cape Province |author=Godfrey, R. |publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|year=1941|place=Johannesburg|pages=19–20 |url=https://archive.org/stream/BirdLoreEasternCape#page/n24/mode/1up}} Some bird depictions on bronze plaques and ceremonial staffs from Benin that were kept in German museums were examined by [Ernst Schüz](/source/Ernst_Sch%C3%BCz) who found them confusingly similar to the hadada but also showing a wattle prominently as in the [wattled ibis](/source/wattled_ibis).{{Cite journal |last=Schüz |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Schüz |date=1969 |title=The riddle of the so-called "Benin Ibis" and the artificial wattled birds |journal=Ostrich |volume=40 |issue=sup1 |pages=15–19 |doi=10.1080/00306525.1969.9639102 |bibcode=1969Ostri..40S..15S |issn=0030-6525}} ==Conservation status== As the hadada ibis is widespread and common throughout its large [range](/source/range_(biology)), it has been evaluated as [Least Concern](/source/Least_Concern) on the [IUCN Red List](/source/IUCN_Red_List). Day 67 Hadada Ibis (Bostrychia hagedash) taking off, after Egyptian Goose landing ... (53355021310), crop.jpg|Taking flight from a river Hadeda Ibis (Bostrychia hagedash) in flight, from side.jpg|In flight in South Africa Hadada Ibis (Bostrychia hagedash) catching a worm in rhino dung heap ... (51138925225).jpg|Foraging for [invertebrate](/source/invertebrate) prey in [rhino](/source/Southern_white_rhinoceros) dung heap Bostrychia hagedash in South Africa.webm|Foraging on a beach in South Africa Bostrychia hagedash MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.62.7.jpg|Eggs from same clutch in [Guinée-Bissau](/source/Guin%C3%A9e-Bissau) == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Bostrychia hagedash}} *{{cite web |author=BirdLife International |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3786&m=0 |title=BirdLife species factsheet: Hadada Ibis}} * [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/094.pdf Hadeda Ibis] - ''[The Atlas of Southern African Birds](/source/Southern_African_Bird_Atlas_Project)'' *[https://thebdi.org/2022/03/24/hadada-ibis-bostrychia-hagedash/ Hadada ibis] Structured guide to the species in southern Africa {{Threskiornithidae}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q301777}} hadada ibis Category:Ibises Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa Category:Birds of the Gulf of Guinea hadada ibis --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Hadada ibis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadada_ibis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadada_ibis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.