# Gyttja

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**Gyttja** (sometimes **gytta**,[1] from [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language) *[gyttja](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gyttja)*) is a mud formed from the partial [decay](/source/Decomposition) of [peat](/source/Peat). It is black and has a gel-like consistency. Aerobic digestion of the peat by bacteria forms [humic acid](/source/Humic_acid)[2] and reduces the peat in the first oxygenated metre (generally 0.5 metre) of the peat column. As the peat is buried under new peat or soil the oxygen is reduced, often by waterlogging, and further degradation by [anaerobic microbes](/source/Anaerobic_organism), [anaerobic digestion](/source/Anaerobic_digestion) can produce gyttja. The gyttja then slowly drains to the bottom of the column.[3] It pools at the bottom of the peat column, about 10 metres (33 ft) below the surface or wherever it is stopped by e.g. compacted soil/peat, [bedrock](/source/Bedrock), or [permafrost](/source/Permafrost). Gyttja accumulates as long as new material is added to the top of the column and the conditions are right for anaerobic degradation of the peat. Gyttja can form in layers reflecting changes in the environment[4] as with other [sedimentary rock](/source/Sedimentary_rock). Gyttja is the part of peat that forms [coal](/source/Coal), but it must be buried under thousands of meters for coalification to occur because it has to be hot enough to drive off the water it contains (see [dopplerite](/source/Dopplerite)). A good documented example of gyttja occurrence and its coverage change in time is the cultural heritage site in [Puck Bay](/source/Bay_of_Puck).[5]

## References

1. ["Coal formation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190502030546/http://www.pleasley-colliery.org.uk/html/formation.htm). Pleasley Colliery website. Archived from [the original](http://www.pleasley-colliery.org.uk/html/formation.htm) on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2013.

1. ["Suprahumic"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210226073240/http://www.suprahumic.unina.it/). *Suprahumic.unina.it*. Portici, Italy: Federico II University. Archived from [the original](http://www.suprahumic.unina.it/) on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 2013-12-12.

1. ["peteet_03"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100527193342/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/peteet_03/fig2.pdf). [NASA](/source/NASA). Archived from [the original](http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/peteet_03/fig2.pdf) on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2012-12-01.

1. De Klerk, P. ["A pollen diagram from a small kettle-hole near Horst (northern Vorpommern, NE Germany)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081713/http://www.pimdeklerk-palynology.eu/page108c9d270f5.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.pimdeklerk-palynology.eu/page108c9d270f5.html) on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-12-01.

1. Pydyn, Andrzej; Popek, Mateusz; Kubacka, Maria; Janowski, Łukasz (2021-05-08). "Exploration and reconstruction of a medieval harbour using hydroacoustics, 3‐D shallow seismic and underwater photogrammetry: A case study from Puck, southern Baltic Sea". *Archaeological Prospection*. **28** (4): 527–542. [doi:10.1002/arp.1823](https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1823)

## External links

- [How Swamps Produce Coal](https://web.archive.org/web/20060813121913/http://smtc.uwyo.edu/coal/swamp/how.asp)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Gyttja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyttja) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyttja?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.