# Gregor Braun

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Gregor_Braun
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Gregor_Braun.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Braun
> Source revision: 1349406321
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

German cyclist (born 1955)

Not to be confused with [Grzegorz Braun](/source/Grzegorz_Braun), Polish politician or [Greg Braun](/source/Greg_Braun), Australian tennis player.

Gregor Braun Personal information Born (1955-12-31) 31 December 1955 (age 70) Neustadt an der Weinstraße, West Germany Team information Current team Retired Discipline Road Track Role Rider Professional teams 1977–1979 Peugeot–Esso–Michelin 1980 Sanson–Campagnolo 1981 Famcucine–Campagnolo 1982 Capri Sonne–Campagnolo–Merckx 1983 Vivi–Benotto 1984 La Redoute 1985 Ariostea–Oece 1986 Murella–Fanini 1987 AD Renting–Fangio–IOC–MBK 1988 Boccaccio Life–La William 1989 Titanbonifica–Benotto Major wins Grand Tours Giro d'Italia 1 individual stage (1973) Stage races Deutschland Tour (1980) One-day races and Classics National Road Race Championships (1978, 1980, 1983) Rund um den Henninger Turm (1978) Tre Valli Varesine (1981) Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne (1982) Medal record Men's cycling Representing West Germany Olympic Games 1976 Montreal Individual Pursuit 1976 Montreal Team Pursuit

**Gregor Braun** (German pronunciation: [\[ˈɡʁeːɡoːɐ̯ ˈbʁaʊn\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Gregor_Braun.ogg); born 31 December 1955) is a retired [track cyclist](/source/Track_cyclist) and [road bicycle racer](/source/Road_bicycle_racer) from Germany, who was a professional rider from 1977 to 1989 and who became a multiple Olympic Gold medaillist and track world champion. his profession was a locksmith.[1]

He represented [West Germany](/source/West_Germany) at the [1976 Summer Olympics](/source/1976_Summer_Olympics) in [Montreal](/source/Montreal), Canada, where he won the gold medal in both the men's [individual pursuit](/source/Individual_pursuit) and in the [team pursuit](/source/Team_pursuit) with [Peter Vonhof](/source/Peter_Vonhof), [Hans Lutz](/source/Hans_Lutz) and [Günther Schumacher](/source/G%C3%BCnther_Schumacher), corroborating their win a year before, also as amateurs, with capturing the gold in the men's team pursuit in the [1975 world championships](/source/1975_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships) in [Montreal](/source/Montreal).[2] The West German Olympic track team for 1976 was managed by former track champion [Gustav Kilian](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Kilian&action=edit&redlink=1). In 1977 Braun turned professional, riding mostly on the road and proving himself a capable rider on the road by winning, *inter alia*, the [Giro di Sardegna](/source/Giro_di_Sardegna) (1983, 1980), the 14th stage of the [1983 Giro d'Italia](/source/1983_Giro_d'Italia), [Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne](/source/Kuurne%E2%80%93Brussels%E2%80%93Kuurne) (1982), the [Tre Valli Varesine](/source/Tre_Valli_Varesine) (1981), [Milano–Vignola](/source/Milano%E2%80%93Vignola) (1981), the [Deutschland Tour](/source/Deutschland_Tour) (1980), the [Tour d'Indre-et-Loire](/source/Tour_d'Indre-et-Loire) (1979), the then [Rund um den Henninger-Turm](/source/Rund_um_den_Henninger-Turm), three national road championships (1983, 1980, 1978) and ending on the podium in the [1982 Paris–Roubaix](/source/1982_Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix), the 1982 [Amstel Gold Race](/source/Amstel_Gold_Race_(men's_race)) and the 1978 [Tour of Flanders](/source/Tour_of_Flanders_(men's_race)).

On the track as a professional, Braun became world champion in the (then) 5k pursuit in the [1977 world championships](/source/1977_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships) and the [1978 track world championships](/source/1978_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships) and won bronze in this discipline in [1985](/source/1985_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships). Furthermore, he won the 1979 European championships [madison](/source/Madison_(cycling)) (with [Patrick Sercu](/source/Patrick_Sercu)). Additionally, Braun started in 44 (mostly German) [six-day races](/source/Six-day_racing), 4 to 6 per season, resulting in 11 wins, with [Patrick Sercu](/source/Patrick_Sercu) (4 wins), [René Pijnen](/source/Ren%C3%A9_Pijnen) (4×), [Dietrich Thurau](/source/Dietrich_Thurau) (2×) and [Gert Frank](/source/Gert_Frank) (1×) and proving himself very well able to win these races when coupled with a top six-days rider.

In 2023, Braun was found guilty of [child sexual abuse](/source/Child_sexual_abuse) and sentenced to thirty-three months in prison.[3]

## Major results

### Road

**1974**
- 2nd [Rund um Düren](/source/Rund_um_D%C3%BCren)

**1977**
- 2nd Overall [Étoile des Espoirs](/source/%C3%89toile_des_Espoirs) - 1st Prologue ([TTT](/source/Team_time_trial))

- 2nd Overall [Circuit Cycliste Sarthe](/source/Circuit_Cycliste_Sarthe)

- 6th [Grand Prix des Nations](/source/Grand_Prix_des_Nations)

- 9th Overall [Tour Méditerranéen](/source/Tour_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en) - 1st Stage 2a

- 10th [Rund um den Henninger Turm](/source/Rund_um_den_Henninger_Turm)

**1978**
- 1st [Road race](/source/German_National_Road_Race_Championships), National Road Championships

- 1st [Rund um den Henninger Turm](/source/Rund_um_den_Henninger_Turm)

- 1st Prologue [Tour Méditerranéen](/source/Tour_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en)

- 1st Prologue ([TTT](/source/Team_time_trial)) [Tour d'Indre-et-Loire](/source/Tour_d'Indre-et-Loire)

- 3rd [Tour of Flanders](/source/1978_Tour_of_Flanders)

- 6th [Critérium des As](/source/Crit%C3%A9rium_des_As)

- 7th [Amstel Gold Race](/source/1978_Amstel_Gold_Race)

- 10th Overall [Tour of Belgium](/source/Tour_of_Belgium) - 1st Stage 3

**1979**
- 1st Overall [Tour d'Indre-et-Loire](/source/Tour_d'Indre-et-Loire)

- 1st Stage 4 [Tour Méditerranéen](/source/Tour_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en)

- 3rd [Rund um den Henninger Turm](/source/Rund_um_den_Henninger_Turm)

- 4th Overall [Four Days of Dunkirk](/source/Four_Days_of_Dunkirk)

- 9th [Grand Prix des Nations](/source/Grand_Prix_des_Nations)

**1980**
- 1st [Road race](/source/German_National_Road_Race_Championships), National Road Championships

- 1st Overall [Deutschland Tour](/source/Deutschland_Tour)

- 1st Overall [Giro di Sardegna](/source/Giro_di_Sardegna) - 1st Stage 2b ([ITT](/source/Individual_time_trial))

- 1st Stage 5 ([ITT](/source/Individual_time_trial)) [Tirreno–Adriatico](/source/1980_Tirreno%E2%80%93Adriatico)

- 1st Stage 2b [Tour d'Indre-et-Loire](/source/Tour_d'Indre-et-Loire)

- 2nd Overall Cronostaffetta ([TTT](/source/Team_time_trial)) - 1st Stage 1c ([ITT](/source/Individual_time_trial))

- 3rd [Nice–Alassio](/source/Nice%E2%80%93Alassio)

- 5th [Trofeo Pantalica](/source/Trofeo_Pantalica)

**1981**
- 1st [Tre Valli Varesine](/source/Tre_Valli_Varesine)

- 1st [Milano–Vignola](/source/Milano%E2%80%93Vignola)

- 1st [Flèche Hesbignonne](/source/Fl%C3%A8che_Hesbignonne)

- 2nd [GP Union Dortmund](/source/GP_Union_Dortmund)

- 3rd Overall [Ruota d'Oro](/source/Ruota_d'Oro)

- 4th [Gent–Wevelgem](/source/1981_Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem)

**1982**
- 1st [Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne](/source/Kuurne%E2%80%93Brussels%E2%80%93Kuurne)

- 3rd [Paris–Roubaix](/source/1982_Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix)

- 3rd [Amstel Gold Race](/source/1982_Amstel_Gold_Race)

- 5th Overall [Tirreno–Adriatico](/source/1982_Tirreno%E2%80%93Adriatico) - 1st Stage 5

- 5th [Rund um den Henninger Turm](/source/Rund_um_den_Henninger_Turm)

- 5th [Paris–Brussels](/source/Paris%E2%80%93Brussels)

- 10th [Brabantse Pijl](/source/1982_Brabantse_Pijl)

- 10th [Gent–Wevelgem](/source/1982_Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem)

**1983**
- 1st [Road race](/source/German_National_Road_Race_Championships), National Road Championships

- 1st Overall [Giro di Sardegna](/source/Giro_di_Sardegna)

- 1st Stage 14 [Giro d'Italia](/source/1983_Giro_d'Italia)

- 2nd [Trofeo Laigueglia](/source/Trofeo_Laigueglia)

- 6th [Gent–Wevelgem](/source/1983_Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem)

- 10th Overall [Three Days of De Panne](/source/Three_Days_of_De_Panne)

**1984**
- 5th [Paris–Roubaix](/source/1984_Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix)

- 7th [Tour of Flanders](/source/1984_Tour_of_Flanders)

**1985**
- 2nd [Firenze–Pistoia](/source/Firenze%E2%80%93Pistoia)

**1987**
- 1st Stage 1a (ITT) [Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme](/source/Setmana_Catalana_de_Ciclisme)

### Track

**1973**
- National Junior Track Championships - 1st Madison - 1st Individual pursuit

- 2nd Individual pursuit, [European Junior Track Championships](/source/UEC_European_Track_Championships_(under-23_%26_junior))

**1975**
- 1st [Team pursuit](/source/UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men's_team_pursuit), [UCI Amateur Track World Championships](/source/1975_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships)

- National Amateur Track Championships - 1st Individual pursuit - 1st Madison

**1976**
- [Olympic Games](/source/1976_Summer_Olympics) - 1st [Individual pursuit](/source/Cycling_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_individual_pursuit) - 1st [Team pursuit](/source/Cycling_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_team_pursuit)

- National Amateur Track Championships - 1st Individual pursuit - 1st Madison

**1977**
- 1st [Individual pursuit](/source/UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men's_individual_pursuit), [UCI Track World Championships](/source/1977_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships)

**1978**
- 1st [Individual pursuit](/source/UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men's_individual_pursuit), [UCI Track World Championships](/source/1978_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships)

- 1st [Madison](/source/UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men's_madison) (with [Patrick Sercu](/source/Patrick_Sercu)), [European Track Championships](/source/European_Track_Championships)

- 1st [Six Days of Munich](/source/Six_Days_of_Munich) (with Patrick Sercu)

**1979**
- 1st [Six Days of Cologne](/source/Six_Days_of_Cologne) (with Patrick Sercu)

- 1st [Six Days of Frankfurt](/source/Six_Days_of_Frankfurt) (with [René Pijnen](/source/Ren%C3%A9_Pijnen))

**1980**
- 1st [Six Days of Dortmund](/source/Six_Days_of_Dortmund) (with Patrick Sercu)

- 1st [Six Days of Berlin](/source/Six_Days_of_Berlin) (with Patrick Sercu)

- 1st [Six Days of Frankfurt](/source/Six_Days_of_Frankfurt) (with René Pijnen)

**1981**
- 1st [Six Days of Berlin](/source/Six_Days_of_Berlin) (with [Dietrich Thurau](/source/Dietrich_Thurau))

- 1st [Six Days of Frankfurt](/source/Six_Days_of_Frankfurt) (with Dietrich Thurau)

- 1st [Six Days of Bremen](/source/Six_Days_of_Bremen) (with René Pijnen)

**1983**
- 1st Madison (with [Henry Rinklin](/source/Henry_Rinklin)), National Track Championships

- 1st [Six Days of Bremen](/source/Six_Days_of_Bremen) (with René Pijnen)

**1984**
- 1st [Six Days of Stuttgart](/source/Six_Days_of_Stuttgart) (with [Gert Frank](/source/Gert_Frank))

**1985**
- 3rd [Individual pursuit](/source/2021_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men's_individual_pursuit), [UCI Track World Championships](/source/2021_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Kraus, Rainer (2016). *Die Welt hat Pedale und Freunde, die sie treten* (in German). Bielefeld: Delius Klasing. p. 128. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-667-10706-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-667-10706-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SportsRef_2-0)** ["Gregor Braun Olympic Results"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150711025619/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/br/gregor-braun-1.html). *Sports Reference*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/br/gregor-braun-1.html) on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Former Olympic gold medal cyclist convicted in German child sex abuse case"](https://apnews.com/article/germany-cycling-olympics-child-sexual-abuse-cc78434c4704c2b401d7f080b764fa43). *AP News*. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2025.

## External links

- [Gregor Braun](https://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche/coureuri/2661.html) at *Cycling Archives* ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/2023/http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=2661))

- [Gregor Braun](https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/113196) at *ProCyclingStats*

- [Gregor Braun](https://www.cyclebase.nl/cb-content/index.php?lang=en&page=renner&id=2030) at *CycleBase* ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/1/https://www.cyclebase.nl/cb-content/index.php?lang=en&page=renner&id=2030))

- [Gregor Braun](https://olympics.com/en/athletes/gregor-braun) at [Olympics.com](/source/International_Olympic_Committee)

- [Gregor Braun](https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/13708) at [Olympedia](/source/Olympedia)

Awards Preceded by Peter-Michael Kolbe German Sportsman of the Year 1976 Succeeded by Dietrich Thurau

v t e Olympic Cycling Champions in Men's Individual Pursuit 1964: Jiří Daler (TCH) 1968: Daniel Rébillard (FRA) 1972: Knut Knudsen (NOR) 1976: Gregor Braun (FRG) 1980: Robert Dill-Bundi (SUI) 1984: Steve Hegg (USA) 1988: Gintautas Umaras (URS) 1992: Chris Boardman (GBR) 1996: Andrea Collinelli (ITA) 2000: Robert Bartko (GER) 2004: Bradley Wiggins (GBR) 2008: Bradley Wiggins (GBR)

v t e Olympic Cycling Champions in Men's Team Pursuit 1908: Jones, Kingsbury, Meredith, Payne (GBR) 1920: Carli, Ferrario, Giorgetti, Magnani (ITA) 1924: De Martini, Dinale, Menegazzi, Zucchetti (ITA) 1928: Facciani, Gaioni, Lusiani, Tasselli (ITA) 1932: Cimatti, Pedretti, Ghilardi, Borsari (ITA) 1936: Charpentier, Goujon, Lapébie, Le Nizerhy (FRA) 1948: Adam, Blusson, Coste, Decanali (FRA) 1952: Campana, De Rossi, Messina, Morettini (ITA) 1956: Domenicali, Faggin, Gandini, Gasparella, Pizzali (ITA) 1960: Arienti, Testa, Vallotto, Vigna (ITA) 1964: Claesges, Henrichs, Link, Streng (EUA) 1968: Frey, Asmussen, Lyngemark, Olsen (DEN) 1972: Schumacher, Colombo, Haritz, Hempel (FRG) 1976: Vonhof, Braun, Lutz, Schumacher (FRG) 1980: Manakov, Movchan, Osokin, Petrakov, Krasnov (URS) 1984: Grenda, Nichols, Turtur, Woods (AUS) 1988: Ekimov, Kasputis, Nelyubin, Umaras (URS) 1992: Steinweg, Walzer, Fulst, Glöckner, Lehmann (GER) 1996: Capelle, Ermenault, Monin, Moreau (FRA) 2000: Fulst, Bartko, Becke, Lehmann, Pollack (GER) 2004: Brown, Lancaster, McGee, Roberts (AUS) 2008: Clancy, Manning, Thomas, Wiggins (GBR) 2012: Clancy, Thomas, Burke, Kennaugh (GBR) 2016: Clancy, Burke, Doull, Wiggins (GBR) 2020: Consonni, Ganna, Lamon, Milan (ITA) 2024: Bleddyn, Welsford, Leahy, O'Brien (AUS)

v t e UCI Track Cycling World Champions – Men's individual pursuit 1946: Gerard Peters (NED) 1947: Fausto Coppi (ITA) 1948: Gerrit Schulte (NED) 1949: Fausto Coppi (ITA) 1950: Antonio Bevilacqua (ITA) 1951: Antonio Bevilacqua (ITA) 1952: Sid Patterson (AUS) 1953: Sid Patterson (AUS) 1954: Guido Messina (ITA) 1955: Guido Messina (ITA) 1956: Guido Messina (ITA) 1957: Roger Rivière (FRA) 1958: Roger Rivière (FRA) 1959: Roger Rivière (FRA) 1960: Rudi Altig (FRG) 1961: Rudi Altig (FRG) 1962: Henk Nijdam (NED) 1963: Leandro Faggin (ITA) 1964: Ferdinand Bracke (BEL) 1965: Leandro Faggin (ITA) 1966: Leandro Faggin (ITA) 1967: Tiemen Groen (NED) 1968: Hugh Porter (GBR) 1969: Ferdinand Bracke (BEL) 1970: Hugh Porter (GBR) 1971: Dirk Baert (BEL) 1972: Hugh Porter (GBR) 1973: Hugh Porter (GBR) 1974: Roy Schuiten (NED) 1975: Roy Schuiten (NED) 1976: Francesco Moser (ITA) 1977: Gregor Braun (FRG) 1978: Gregor Braun (FRG) 1979: Bert Oosterbosch (NED) 1980: Tony Doyle (GBR) 1981: Alain Bondue (FRA) 1982: Alain Bondue (FRA) 1983: Steele Bishop (AUS) 1984: Hans-Henrik Ørsted (DEN) 1985: Hans-Henrik Ørsted (DEN) 1986: Tony Doyle (GBR) 1987: Hans-Henrik Ørsted (DEN) 1988: Lech Piasecki (POL) 1989: Colin Sturgess (GBR) 1990: Viatcheslav Ekimov (URS) 1991: Francis Moreau (FRA) 1992: Mike McCarthy (USA) 1993: Graeme Obree (GBR) 1994: Chris Boardman (GBR) 1995: Graeme Obree (GBR) 1996: Chris Boardman (GBR) 1997: Philippe Ermenault (FRA) 1998: Philippe Ermenault (FRA) 1999: Robert Bartko (GER) 2000: Jens Lehmann (GER) 2001: Alex Symonenko (UKR) 2002: Bradley McGee (AUS) 2003: Bradley Wiggins (GBR) 2004: Sergi Escobar (ESP) 2005: Robert Bartko (GER) 2006: Robert Bartko (GER) 2007: Bradley Wiggins (GBR) 2008: Bradley Wiggins (GBR) 2009: Taylor Phinney (USA) 2010: Taylor Phinney (USA) 2011: Jack Bobridge (AUS) 2012: Michael Hepburn (AUS) 2013: Michael Hepburn (AUS) 2014: Alex Edmondson (AUS) 2015: Stefan Küng (SUI) 2016: Filippo Ganna (ITA) 2017: Jordan Kerby (AUS) 2018: Filippo Ganna (ITA) 2019: Filippo Ganna (ITA) 2020: Filippo Ganna (ITA) 2021: Ashton Lambie (USA) 2022: Filippo Ganna (ITA) 2023: Filippo Ganna (ITA) 2024: Jonathan Milan (ITA) 2025: Josh Charlton (GBR)

v t e German National Road Race Champions (men) 1900–1919 Karl Wittig (1910) Ernst Franz (1913) Richard Golle (1919) 1920–1939 Paul Koch (1920) Adolf Huschke (1921) Richard Huschke (1922) Richard Golle (1923) Paul Kohl (1924) Richard Huschke (1925) Felix Manthey (1928) Kurt Stöpel (1934) Bruno Roth (1935) Georg Umbenhauer (1936) Erich Bautz (1937) Jupp Arents (1938) Walter Löber (1939) 1940–1959 Georg Stach (1940) Erich Bautz (1941) Karl Kittsteiner (1946) Georg Voggenreiter (1947) Otto Schenk (1948) Otto Ziege (1949) Erich Bautz (1950) Ludwig Hörmann (1951–1952) Heinz Müller (1953) Hermann Schild (1954) Hans Preiskeit (1955) Valentin Petry (1956) Franz Reitz (1957) Klaus Bugdahl (1958) Hans Junkermann (1959) 1960–1979 Hans Junkermann (1960–1961) Dieter Puschel (1962) Sigi Renz (1963) Rudi Altig (1964) Winfried Bölke (1965–1967) Rolf Wolfshohl (1968) Peter Glemser (1969) Rudi Altig (1970) Jürgen Tschan (1971) Wilfried Peffgen (1972) Günter Haritz (1974) Dietrich Thurau (1975–1976) Jürgen Kraft (1977) Gregor Braun (1978) Hans-Peter Jakst (1979) 1980–1999 Gregor Braun (1980) Hans Neumayer (1981–1982) Gregor Braun (1983) Reimund Dietzen (1984) Rolf Gölz (1985) Reimund Dietzen (1986) Peter Hilse (1987) Hartmut Bölts (1988) Darius Kaiser (1989) Udo Bölts (1990) Falk Boden (1991) Heinrich Trumheller (1992) Bernd Gröne (1993) Jens Heppner (1994) Udo Bölts (1995) Christian Henn (1996) Jan Ullrich (1997) Erik Zabel (1998) Udo Bölts (1999) 2000–2019 Rolf Aldag (2000) Jan Ullrich (2001) Danilo Hondo (2002) Erik Zabel (2003) Andreas Klöden (2004) Gerald Ciolek (2005) Dirk Müller (2006) Fabian Wegmann (2007–2008) Martin Reimer (2009) Christian Knees (2010) Robert Wagner (2011) Fabian Wegmann (2012) André Greipel (2013–2014) Emanuel Buchmann (2015) André Greipel (2016) Marcus Burghardt (2017) Pascal Ackermann (2018) Max Schachmann (2019) 2020–2039 Marcel Meisen (2020) Max Schachmann (2021) Nils Politt (2022) Emanuel Buchmann (2023) Marco Brenner (2024) Georg Zimmermann (2025) Felix Engelhardt (2026)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Gregor Braun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Braun) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Braun?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.
